Veränderungen im Fettsäuremuster von Leinsaat durch Standortfaktoren,spezifische Klimakonstellationen und mutagene Behandlung

Changes in the Fatty Acid Pattern of Linseed by Regional Factors, Specific Climatic Constellations and Mutagenic Treatment Studies on 9 varieties of linseed from a worldwide experiment at 14 locations showed distinct regional differences in the content of oleic and linolenic acid, while the content of saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid was almost constant. Since it was not evident as to which of the factors were especially effective, the effect of climatic factors, photo period, humidity of air, and temperature were studied in a phytotrone experiment using the same varieties. The intensity of the well known effect of temperature, i. e. low content of linolenic acid at higher temperatures and vice versa, was found to be dependent on the constellation of the ether two climatic factors. Greatly varying species specific responses to climatic parameters indicate strong interaction between variety and location as well as variety and weather. A mutagenic treatment by irradiation of the seeds and plants in EMS-solution yielded in the M₂ generation considerable alteration in the fatty acid pattern, especially a decrease in the linolenic acid content. Examination of the M₃ generation showed, however, that these effects were mainly due to modification. Only in two cases, mutants with lower content of linolenic acid were found after treatment with EMS.     

Die Beeinflussung der Reaktion bei der Oxäthylierung von Fettsäuremonoäthanolamiden

Influencing the Oxyethylation Reaction of Fatty Acid Mono-Ethanolamides In the reaction of fatty acids or methyl esters of fatty acids with mono-ethanolamine, fatty acid-aminoethyl esters and di-fatty acid-ethanolamide esters are formed in addition to mono-ethanolamides of fatty acids. The equilibrium is predominantly towards the mono-ethanolamide of fatty acid. This equilibrium reaction interferes considerably during the oxyethylation of ethanolamides of fatty acids, since at the temperature of oxyethylation the aforestated compounds and their oxyethylation products are formed. Furthermore, amino-oxyethylate and heterocyclic products are always formed which lead to dark and odorous reaction products. Investigations were carried out in order to determine the influence of reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and nature of starting material on the composition of oxyethylates that are formed by oxyethylation of fatty acid ethanolamides.     

Über den Einfluß des Standortes und des Anbaujahres auf Protein- und Fettgehalt sowie das Fettsäuremuster bei unterschiedlichen Sojabohnensorten

Influence of Location and the Year of Planting on the Protein-and Fat-Content and Fatty Acid Pattern of Different Varieties of Soybeans The influence of location and the year of planting on the crude protein content and crude fat content, as well as on the fatty acid composition of soybean oil was investigated and statistically evaluated. These studies were carried out using 12 different materials that were collected during a cultivation period of 2–3 years from various locations in Germany, France, Italy and Turkey. In addition, 8 Asian varieties of soybean, 4 of which were grown in Hongkong and 4 in Sweden, were investigated as well.     

Fettsäurenaufnahme des Menschen und Möglichkeiten der Beeinflussung durch die Tierernährung

Fatty acid intake of men and possibilities to influence the intake by animal nutrition. About 70% of total fat intake (≈ 100 g per person per day) are from fat of animal origin in Germany. Animal nutrition may influence fat content and fatty acid pattern in animal products. This paper summarizes the influence of feeding on fatty acid pattern of meat (pork, beef, poultry, rabbit, fish), milk and eggs. Fatty acid intake is demonstrated under consideration of fat intake of men and variation of fatty acid pattern of various fats of animal origin. Daily fat intake of men amounted to 43 g saturated, 37 g monoen and 13 g polyen fatty acids. It may vary between 38 and 46 g saturated, 33 and 45 g monoen and 11 and 17 g polyen fatty acids if variation of fatty acid pattern of animal fats is considered. By combination of lower fat intake and changed fatty acid pattern of animal products fatty acid intake may be changed to more monoen and polyen fatty acids.     

Regioselektive C-H-Funktionalisierung von Fettsäuren und Fettsäuremethylestern

Regioselective C-H-Functionalization of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters Fatty acids and thier methyl esters can be chlorinated preferentially at the terminal methylene groups with N-alkylchloroamines in sulfuric acid. With capric acid and its methyl ester the optimal reaction conditions for the selective chlorination were elaborated and then transferred to longer fatty acids up to stearic acid. The influence of the solvent, the temperature and the nature of different chlorinating reagents on the selectivity was studies. The capillary GC/MS-analysis of the isomeric chlorinated fatty acids is described.     

Synthese und physiko-chemisches Verhalten von Lecithinen mit verzweigten Fettsäureresten

Synthesis and Physico-chemical Behaviour of Lecithins with Branched Fatty Acid Chains Branched fatty acids widely occur as components of the lipids of microorganisms, plants and animals. For studying the biophysical and biochemical behaviour of lecithins with branched fatty acyl, we synthesized three series of glycerophosphocholines. For this purpose fatty acids (palmitic, stearic acid) with a methyl group in different positions and α-branched fatty acids with alkyl residues of different lenght were synthesized and incorporated into 1,2-diacyl-, 1-acyl-2-O-hexadecyl- and 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphocholines. The resulted lecithins were characterized biophysical (differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction) and biochemical (interaction with phospholipase A₂).     

Veränderungen im Plasma-Lipid-Muster bei Patienten mit Neurodermitis - Beeinflussung durch Applikation ungesättigter Fettsäuren

Influence of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Plasma Phospholipids of Atopic Patients Patients with atopic eczema and a control group received evening primrose oil (EPO) for 4 weeks. In the group with atopic eczema a statistically significant improvement was observed. The baseline fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids from the patients with atopic eczema did not differ significantly from that in the healthy subjects. After treatment the content of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was significantly higher in the group with atopic eczema. Skin roughness decreased after treatment with EPO. Roughness was assessed by use of a stylus instrument.     

Der Einfluß der Umwelt auf Fettgehalt und Fettsäuremuster verschiedener Sonnenblumensorten

Environmental Effect on Fat Content and Fatty Acid Pattern of Different Varieties of Sunflower Crude fat content and fatty acid composition have been determined for two years on experimental crops of 8 and 15 varieties respectively of sunflower grown in two different locations in Central Europe and of one variety grown in East Africa. Crude fat content in fruits varied in the different locations (29% in Mozambique compared to 35% in Europe) and also from variety to variety (24.3% upto 45.1%). No correlation existed between the fatty acid composition and oil content. A distinct negative relationship was found between the linoleic and oleic acid content (r = –0.931). Under cold growth conditions an increase in linoleic acid content and a decrease in oleic acid was observed. Under dry and warm conditions during the short days at Mozambique, the level of linoleic acid was 46% compared to 72 in Europe. The corresponding values for oleic acid were on average 17% in Europe and 44% in Mozambique. Certain variational differences were observed, however, only to minute extent compared to locational differences.     

Fettsäuremuster bei verschiedenen Ölpflanzen

Fatty Acid Pattern of Various Oil Plants The fatty acid composition of seeds of important Swedish Oil plants, namely winter and summer rape, winter and summer turnip rape, white mustard and poppy, are compared with the composition of some important vegetable oils, which are imported to Sweden, such as soybean, sunflower, peanut and cottonseed oils. The aim of the breeding experiments was to improve the quality of crucifer oils. The oil sought for was to contain little erucic and linolenic acids, and a higher amount of linoleic acid. During the breeding work at Svalöf, new varieties of rape were developed whose oil was very similar to peanut oil. These oils had little or no erucic acid, little linolenic acid and a higher content of oleic and linoleic acids. It is more difficult to attain an increase in linoleic acid content with simultaneous decrease in linolenic acid than the increase in linoleic with simultaneous decrease of erucic acid.     

Gaschromatographische und dünnschichtchromatographische Untersuchung von Fettsäuren: Die Anwendung von gepackten Glaskapillarsäulen zur Trennung von cis- und trans-ungesättigten Fettsäuren

Gas Chromatographic and Thin-Layer Chromatographic Studies on Fatty Acids: The Application of Packed Glass Capillary Columns for Separation of cis- and trans-Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Saturated Fatty Acids Packed glass capillary columns were used for the quantitative determination of trans- and cis-unsaturated fatty acids in the presence of saturated fatty acids by gas chromatography. The fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters after interesterification of the triglyceride samples. The conversion of glyceryl esters of fatty acids into methyl esters could be followed using short GC columns and by thin-layer chromatography.     

Die Beeinflussung von Desinfektions-Wirkstoffen durch nichtionische Tenside

Influencing the Disinfecting Agents by Nonionic Surfactants Points to the disadvantage by application of non-surface-active substances for disinfections are referred. The problem is indicated by three possibilities of products, which are showing the effects of using nonionics to practicable applications or to the dynamic of the disinfection. The base of this groups of disinfection-products are iodine (iodophore), quarternary ammonium-compounds, enzymes and quarternary ammonium-compounds.     

Die prozentuale Zusammensetzung der freien Fettsäuren im Vergleich zum Fettsäuremuster nach Verseifung (Gesamtfettsäuren) bei einigen frischen und gelagerten tierischen Lebensmitteln

Percent Composition of Free Fatty Acids of a Few Fresh and Stored Animal Food Products in Comparison to Their Fatty Acid Pattern after Saponification Depot fat and muscle fat of fresh and stored chickens as well as beef tallow and milk fat were analysed after saponification by gas-liquid chromatography as their methyl esters. The free fatty acids of the same fats were absorbed on alumina and examined for their composition after desorption in the same way. The amount of free fatty acids after lipolysis was not identical with the percentage of fatty acids of the fats. Palmitoleic-, oleic-, and linoleic acid showed an increase, but palmitic and stearic acid a decrease of their amounts in the liberated acids in comparison to the composition of the fatty acids of neutral fats. A remarkable amount of volatile acids could be detected in the free fatty acids only.     

Fett- und Carotingehalte im Korn sowie Fettsäuremuster und Tokopherolgehalte im Öl russischer Mais-Linien und -Hybriden mit stark unterschiedlicher Endospermfarbe

Fat- and Carotine Contents in Corn as well as Fatty Acid Patterns and Tocopherol Contents in Oil of Russian Maize Lines and Maize Hybrides with very Different Colour of Endosperm In Russian maize lines and maize hybrides with very different colour of endosperm fat and carotine contents in corn as well as fatty acid compositions and contents of tocopherol in oil were investigated. The calculation of heredity values (h²) showed that the colour of the corn is a strict genotypic attribute, which is mainly directed by male genes and hardly influenced by environment. Fat and caroline content have a closer correlation to the corresponding attributes of the mother plant, in which the fat content shows a significant environmental dependence. The fatty acid composition is mainly directed by male genes, whereas the content of tocopherol in oil is impressed by male and female genes nearly in the same way. Both attributes depend significantly on environmental influences, as it could be found in the material of Russian and German cultivations.     

Neuartige Imidazoline und ihre Derivate aus Fettsäuren und Hydroxyalkylaminen

Novel Imidazolines and Their Derivatives from Fatty Acids and Hydroxyalkylamines Epoxides, derived from terminal and internal olefins, were reacted with ethylenediamine to give N-(vic.-hydroxyalkyl)-ethylenediamines and condensed with fatty acids and aromatic as well as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids to give 2-imidazolines. Quaternation of the 2-imidazolines yields imidazolinium salts, which, according to their structure, show strong microbiocide properties; they are also of interest as textile auxiliary.     

Protein- und Fettgehalte des Kornes sowie Fettsäuremuster und Tokopherolgehalte des Öles bei Sojabohnensorten von stark differenzierten Standorten

Protein and Fat Content of the Seed and Fatty Acid Pattern and Tocopherol Content of the Oil of Soybean Varieties from Distinctly Different Locations The investigations were carried out on material from five soybean varieties that were grown for two years at locations in Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Turkey and Tunesia. Considerable differences were observed in protein and fat content, depending on variety, location and annual climatic conditions. The fatty acid composition of the oil was mainly influenced by location. Differences in tocopherol content of the oil resulted apparently from complex action of various factors.     

Die säulenchromatographische Trennung von Fettsäurepolyglykolestern

Column Chromatographic Separation of Polyglycol Esters of Fatty Acids A method is described for the investigation of polyglycol esters of fatty acids, which is based on column chromatographic separation of the various components.     

Die Reinigung von Eiprodukten mit einem Westfalia Klärseparator und das Pasteurisieren des gereinigten Produktes

Purification of Egg-Products with a Westfalia-Separator and Pasteurization of the Purified Product In the Production of egg-products difficulties are often encountered in the removal of yolk-skin, shell particles and other impurities from the product. The purification is usually carried out with sieves and filters. However, this method of purfication has been found to be inadequate. In experimental studies various amounts of egg-products were purified with a Westfalia clearing separator of the type KDD 605. In these experiments the purifying effect of the clearing machine and losses of egg-product were studied. It was also tested whether a reduction in the content of fat and dry materials occurred.     

Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Fettsäurepolyglykolestersulfaten

Production and Properties of Fatty Acid Polyglycol Ester Sulfates Fatty alcohol oxethylates, produced by reaction of fatty alcohols from hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters with ethylene oxide, are the basic material for an important class of anionic tensides, the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The fatty acid polyglycol ester sulfates are a very interesting alternative to the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The former are available by saving hydrogenation, in principle directly by fatty acid oxethylation or interesterification of fatty acids with polyglycols, followed by sulfatation. We report about the production of fatty acid ester sulfates by sulfatation of the fatty acid polyglycol monoesters by sulfurtrioxide or chlorosulfonic acid. By means of the results of physicochemical measurements and process trials it is discussed how far fatty acid polyglycol monoester sulfates are suited as alternative tenside raw material fatty alcohol ether sulfates.     

Die UV-Spektren α,β-ungesättigter Ester und ihre Beeinflussung durch Lösungsmittel und Komplexbildung

UV Spectra of α,β-Unsaturated Esters and the Influence of Solvents and Complex Formation Positions and intensities of partially overlapped π-π* and n-π* transitions in spectra of methyl and ethyl esters of acrylic, methacrylic and crotonic acid are discussed. Reproducible values were determined by graphical and mathematical band-separations. n-π* bands in gaseous methyl acrylate show vibrationally fine structures. These are compared with fine structures in the spectra of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone and α, β-dehydrobutyrolactone. In solutions with C_ester lt; 0,1 m self-associations are negligible. The transition-displacements Δv _max due to solvent effects closely correlate with the solvent parameters of KOSOWER . These correlations allow to calculate λ_max-values at which solvents absorb strongly. Equilibrium constants K of EDA-complexes with TCNE and chloranile were determined. With a competition method K was found in the range of 0.9 to 10.3 l · mol⁻¹.