Packaging aspects of high-pressure food processing technology

High-pressure (HP) technology is a novel, non-thermal food preservation and processing technology whereby food is subjected to high isostatic pressure (100–600 MPa) at or around room temperature. This paper discusses the compatibility of HP technology with existing food packages, packaging materials and closures. Based on literature data and our own research data it is shown that:

• (i) Container-lid combinations, which have sufficient flexibility to compensate the limited compression of the food and the complete compression of air at these high pressures, can be HP treated without physical damage;
• (ii) Mechanical properties and barrier properties of multilayer plastic and aluminium foil packaging materials are not affected;
• (iii) HP does not influence migration
• (iv) Heat-seal strength and integrity also are not affected

It is concluded that packaged foods can be HP treated and that HP opens up new possibilities to make plastic packaging less expensive and more environmentally friendly.     

基于SolidWorks的铁路敞车裸包装玻璃集装架设计

目的为解决铁路木箱包装玻璃运输过程中存在的包装费用贵、破损率高、耗时长、稳定性差等问题,设计一种安全稳定、可循环使用、易拆解回送、可适合多种规格玻璃运输的新型集装架。方法使用SolidWorks软件对集装架进行三维建模,确定装载加固方案,计算运输途中作用在玻璃上的各种力,对玻璃集装架进行有限元分析。结果集装架底架、侧门、档杆最薄弱部分应力分别为133.4,99.88,109.4 MPa,位移变形量分别为1.257,1.792,1.916 mm,均符合规定。结论铁路敞车裸装玻璃集装架运输,应用前景良好,可有效降低玻璃破损率,减少包装费用。     

面向物流的包装设计-宜家案例分析

目的以宜家为案例分析,提出面向物流的包装设计流程与方法。方法以宜家包装系统为研究对象,介绍宜家针对物流的包装创新,包括纸托盘、单元包装及模块、易售包装(READY-TO-SELL)、加载架(Loading Ledge),并举例介绍借助Tops Pro的面对物流包装设计的过程。结果在文中的案例中,采用针对物流的包装设计流程,KEX饼干包装总方案为托盘叠托盘易售包装,半托BL单元包装,长、宽、高为60,80,100 cm;二次包装纸托盘内放置15个一次包装,运输托盘共放置7层二次包装,每层为2×2排列;1个半托单元包装共容纳420个一次包装;纸盒尺寸长、宽、高为129.5,56.3,137.3 mm,二次包装托盘尺寸(长、宽、高)为390.5,284.1,139.7 mm。运输托盘面积率和体积率为92.5%和90.4%。结论针对物流的包装设计,使用定制尺寸的纸托盘与加载架,单元包装及模块,合理设计易售包装,可最大化托盘表面装载率和集装箱体积装载率,最小化包装材料使用量,最小化包装、运输与物流成本,最终使企业和消费者受益。     

Effect of Pallet Deckboard Stiffness on Corrugated Box Compression Strength

The packaging industry has long considered pallets to be rigid structures. However, in a unit load, the weight of the product produces compressive forces that are distributed across the pallet causing the top deckboards to deflect. Corrugated paperboard boxes are highly susceptible to changing support conditions; therefore, the deckboard deflection directly impacts the vertical compression strength of the box. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of pallet deckboard stiffness on the vertical compression strength and deflection of corrugated paperboard boxes. Additional treatments included gaps between the deckboards and location of the box relative to the pallet stringers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Galvanostatic formation of barrier-type Anodic oxides. Simplified theory of anodization

A comprehensive presentation of the theory of galvanostatic anodization has been given in order to enable interpretation and prediction of the anodization behaviour of barrier layers during technical work on various value metals. The following parameters have been considered, and the relations between them have been established:

• (i) oxide formation rate,
• (ii) reciprocal capacity,
• (iii) electric field strength,
• (iv) pre-polarization oxide thickness,
• (v) interfacial potentials,
• (vi) the height and width of energy barrier for ion transport in the oxide phase,
• (vi) the oxide growth rate as derived from the dependence of cd on time under constant potential, and
• (vii) capacity.

Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that potentiostatic curves can be derived from galvanostatic results, and the derived curves are similar to those directly measured by the potentiostatic technique. The theory has been satisfactorily applied to the experimental results based on the anodic charging curves and other complementary measurements on a large number of valve metals including Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti, Al, W, Te, Sb, and Bi.     

基于购买行为下的饮料包装设计的精准量化与分析

目的建立饮料包装设计的量化方法体系从而为包装设计开拓精准量化的全新设计模式和参考依据。方法通过分析消费者对饮料包装设计的认知体验,加工反馈量化信息,对实际案例进行分析解构,从而获得既定方向与创意设计。结论在购买行为的驱使下,分析消费者受各要素影响形成对饮料包装设计的感性认知信息,是精准化设计理论下的一次完善,也是创造高品质包装设计的一种新方法。     

包装托盘结构设计软件的开发

利用VB和AutoCAD的二次开发功能,对物流运输包装中托盘结构设计软件进行了研发。利用VB的强大界面开发功能和参数化设计功能,通过加载AutoCAD的图形绘制功能,建立了AutoCAD的最高对象,开发了托盘结构设计软件。在该软件中,只需输入托盘的类型、规格、尺寸系列等信息,就可以完成托盘结构的设计、图形的绘制和尺寸的标注。     

The effect of pallet top deck stiffness on the compression strength of asymmetrically supported corrugated boxes

During unitized shipment, the components of unit loads are interacting with each other. During floor stacking of unit loads, the load on the top of the pallet causes the top deck of the pallet to bend, which creates an uneven top deck surface resulting in uneven or asymmetrical support of the corrugated boxes. This asymmetrical support could significantly affect the strength of the corrugated boxes, and it depends on the top deck stiffness of the pallet. This study is aimed at investigating how the variations of pallet top deck stiffness and the resulting asymmetric support affect corrugated box compression strength. The study used a scaled-down unit load compression test on quarter-scale pallet designs with different deckboard thicknesses using four different corrugated box designs. Pallet top deck stiffness was determined to have a significant effect on box compression strength. There was a 27%–37% increase in box compression strength for boxes supported by high-stiffness pallets in comparison with low-stiffness pallets. The fact that boxes were weaker on low-stiffness pallets could be explained by the uneven pressure distribution between the pallet deck and bottom layer of boxes. Pressure data showed that a higher percentage of total pressure was located under the box sidewalls that were supported on the outside stringers of low-stiffness pallets in comparison with high-stiffness pallets. This was disproportionately loading one side of the box. Utilizing the effects of pallet top deck stiffness on box compression performance, a unit load cost analysis is presented showing that a stiffer pallet can be used to carry boxes with less board material; hence, it can reduce the total unit load packaging cost.     

车辆战术储备器材包装单元装载优化研究

目的通过对车辆战术储备器材包装单元化装载问题展开研究,为提高部队车辆战术储备器材包装单元装载能力提供技术与方法依据。方法分析装载优化模型的空间、质量、装载平衡和摆放稳定性等主要约束以及约束的处理方法,运用启发式算法对模型求解流程进行合理设计,并提出启发式算法和遗传算法相结合的混合遗传算法,以托盘装载为例说明具体装载过程。结果算例结果表明,托盘空间利用率达到了98.3%以上,装载单元集装稳定性高。结论该算法可减少装载容器数量,提升容器装载能力,优化器材包装单元装载,对提高车辆战术储备器材快速保障能力具有重要意义。     

纸托盘嵌入式底脚横向强度研究

根据纸质托盘结构及纸质运输包装材料的特点,提出了一种嵌入式底脚的纸质托盘结构。首先分析了嵌入式底脚与普通粘合式底脚的承载机理,研究发现,嵌入式底脚结构改善了普通粘合式底脚结构的承载方式。在横向载荷作用下,普通粘合式底脚承受剪切力作用只有一个承载面,总承载面积较小;嵌入式底脚承受多个面的剪切力及拉压力作用,承载总面积较大。随后,分别设计了开槽式、纸护角式两种嵌入式结构,并制备试样,对比分析了两种嵌入式底脚托盘与普通粘合式底脚托盘联结强度。研究表明,普通粘合式底脚横向承载能力较小;嵌入式底脚结构提高了底脚与托盘底板的胶粘面积及强度,能够承受更大的载荷及冲击力,新型结构是一种更可靠的纸质底脚与底板结合方式。     

秸秆纤维栈板的设计与研究

目的研究可用于工业包装的秸秆纤维栈板。方法通过对1/4栈板进行建模和有限元分析,而后用一定配比的秸秆纤维浆通过半湿压工艺对其进行试制,并对其进行最大压力和耐破强度试验。结果该方案测试结果与软件分析的结果比较接近,栈板的最大压力可达7424 N,材料的耐破极限达到2.833 MPa。结论通过有限元分析与试验验证,文中设计的栈板能够满足使用要求,且承重为750kg,该设计方案可行。     

Berechnung der Schwingfestigkeit festgewalzter Kurbelwellen

Predicting the fatigue strength of fillet-rolled crankshafts Since three years Darmstadt University of Technology uses finite element method for simulation of fillet rolling process. Now, together with Daimler-Benz AG, a fracture mechanics based concept has been successfully applied predicting the fatigue strength of fillet-rolled crankshafts. For these parts conventional assessment of fatigue behaviour shows several disadvantages. The new concept reduces time and costs for development and design. It consists of three parts:

• calculation of residual stresses induced by fillet rolling and affected by crankshaft and roller geometry, rolling load and work hardening data of material
• simulation of residual stress redistribution due to cyclic load
• assessment of fatigue cracks starting from notch root and propagating under compressive residual stresses by means of linearelastic fracture mechanics.

     

Packaging information system

The Packaging Information System is a basic module concerned with the creation of the expert system Risk-Engineering. The structure of this expert system was briefly described in Copenhagen at the IAPRI'92 symposium. It provides information about transport, handling and warehousing needs. The databank of this information system has the following components

• —general regulations
• —specific packaging data
• —specific goods data
• —goods and packaging testing methods

and is used to solve demanding problems, allowing the planner to concentrate on other important assignments. In combination with other modules of the expert system Risk-Engineering, it has at its disposal a range of experience and knowledge of various specialist resources.     

Graphit als Werkstoff im Apparatebau. Graphite for the Construction of Chemical Equipment

The growing interest in the use of graphite as a material for chemical equipment is occasioned by the highly corrosion resistant properties of this low-cost material. Economic and safety specifications require a thorough knowledge of the material's properties and performance and also of the effect of these factors on a particular unit. It is to be considered for instance that the material's compressive strength is 3 to 5 times higher than its tensile strength. Another important characteristic is its static strength: the smaller the stressed volume, the higher the breaking strength. This comparatively good performance is of advantage in cases of high voltage gradients as encountered as edge stresses at the openings of tube plates and nozzles. In such cases the breaking strength may reach twice the value of the rupturing strength. A third characteristic to be mentioned is the high dependence of strength on the parameters of production; the strength decreases, for technological reasons, with increasing size. The following design principles are based on the specific properties and performance of the material:

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Rißausbreitung bei Leichtbauwerkstoffen

Fatigue Crack Propagation of High Strength Alloys Investigations of the crack propagation behaviour under variable amplitude loading conditions show a strong influence of sequence effects. The fatigue crack propagation as a consequence of changes in the loading conditions is not linear. New continuum mechanical analyses enable an interpretation of the influence of sequence effects on fatigue crack propagation by considering the plastic deformations and displacements around the crack tip and their correlation to the crack closure behaviour. In order to enable a direct investigation of the crack propagation and crack closure behaviour in the scanning electron microscope a special loading equipment was designed. The investigations led to the following results:

• there existed only a weak correlation between the crack propagation rates and mechanisms at the side surfaces and on the fracture surfaces of the specimens,
• the crack propagation behaviour was significantly influenced by the microstructural constitution of the alloy,
• the continuum mechanical analyses could be corroborated in the tests.

For the tests the high strength aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and X-7075 were applied.     

纸浆模塑托盘结构强度的实验测试分析

实验研究了纸浆模塑托盘结构的力学性能,测试分析了纸浆模塑托盘的承载能力,包括纸浆模塑托盘支腿单元结构的抗压能力,纸浆模塑托盘整体结构的抗压能力、抗弯性能。结果表明:纸浆模塑托盘的抗弯能力相对较弱,实验样品的平均抗弯载荷为1.32 kN;从抗压能力来看,纸浆模塑托盘整体承载能力与各个支腿承载能力的总和相接近;纸浆模塑托盘整体结构的抗压承载能力可达47.80 kN。     

大型纸浆模塑平托盘弹塑性数值分析

基于纸浆模塑材料的弹塑性力学特性,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对大型纸浆模塑平托盘在受压情况下的应力场和应变场进行了分析。结果表明,为了准确地预测托盘的力学响应,必须考虑材料的塑性。同时,对给定尺寸的某一纸浆模塑平托盘的最大承受载荷进行了设计。研究结果以期为大型纸浆模塑平托盘的设计和制造提供指导。     

一种异形多边形瓦楞纸箱的抗压性能研究

在传统瓦楞纸箱上增加了切角结构,以构成适用于衬垫外箱一体式快装包装箱的异形多边形瓦楞纸箱。通过试验研究了切角结构对纸箱抗压强度的影响,比较了不同切角尺寸、切角角度与切角数量对纸箱抗压强度的影响。结果表明:在其他结构参数保持不变的情况下,纸箱抗压强度在一定范围内随着切角长度的增加而增大;切角角度越接近45°,抗压强度越大;切角数量越多,抗压强度增加越明显。试验结果为该一体式快装包装箱的结构设计提供了理论依据,对利用切角提高纸箱抗压强度的结构设计也有一定参考价值。     

托盘装载优化系统的研究与开发

以外包装为瓦楞纸箱的类直方体产品的托盘包装为对象,以提高托盘包装空间利用率为目的,研究托盘装载优化系统的设计,并给出了优化数学模型,利用Vc++6.0开发工具结合OpenGL技术,开发出符合我国联运托盘标准和运输仓储条件的托盘装载优化系统的应用程序。     

基于极限抗压能力的瓦楞纸箱抗压强度可靠性分析

以牛奶包装用0201型C楞三层瓦楞纸箱为例,通过试验数据分析各个设计变量的统计特征;以纸箱承载达到其极限抗压能力为主要失效模式,建立了瓦楞纸箱抗压强度可靠性分析方法;通过敏感性分析定量评估了各个设计变量对瓦楞纸箱抗压能力的影响程度;计算了随机安全系数的变动范围,指出现行的强度设计方法是偏于安全的.