Study on the dyeing properties of hemicyanine dyes. II. Cationic dyeable polyester

The absorption spectra of two hemicyanine fluorescent dyes, namely, trans‐4‐[p‐(N,N‐di(2‐hydroxyethyl))‐amino‐styryl]‐N‐ethyl pyridinium bromide (DHEASPBr‐C₂) and trans‐4‐[p‐(N,N‐di(2‐hydroxyethyl))‐amino‐styryl]‐N‐octyl pyridinium bromide (DHEASPBr‐C₈), were studied at various levels of pH and high temperatures, and were then employed to dye cationic dyeable polyester. Their dyeing properties, fluorescent reflectance and colorimetric properties were explored. The novel fluorescent dyes existed in two forms of monocation and dication in solutions at low pH and high temperature. Overall, the influence of pH on colour depth and the maximum reflectance of dyed cationic dyeable polyester was extremely small. The adsorption mechanism of DHEASPBr‐C₂ and DHEASPBr‐C₈ on cationic dyeable polyester fibres was in good accord with the Langmuir type. Compared with DHEASPBr‐C₂, DHEASPBr‐C₈ exhibited comparatively faster adsorption rate, higher affinity and dye uptake, while its fluorescence shown by cationic dyeable polyester was slightly weak.     

阳离子染料可染聚酯纤维染色工艺探讨

本文用分散型阳离子黄SD-5GL、红SD-GRL、蓝SD-GSL上染阳离子可染纤维,研究了温度、保温时间、升温速率、染浴的pH值对上染率和K/S值的影响,并讨论了分散型阳离子染料和分散染料拼混对染色性能的影响。研究结果表明,三组分阳离子可染涤纶可以在常压下染色。     

Adsorption of cationic/nonionic surfactant mixtures on polyester

Experiments were performed to characterize the adsorption of the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BZK) on polyester as well as measure the effect of the cationic surfactant on polyester surface charge. Additional studies were performed to examine the effect of adding nonionic surfactants on surface charge. In studies of adsorption of BZK on polyester, different behaviors were observed at pH values 6 and 10, with adsorption reaching a maximum at pH 10 but not at pH 6. In probing the zeta potential and isoelectric point (IEP) of polyester exposed to solutions composed of BZK (cationic surfactant) and an ethoxylated alcohol (nonionic surfactant), it was seen that the IEP could be shifted to higher pH levels by increasing the mole fraction of nonionic surfactant in a cationic/nonionic surfactant solution. A maximum in the IEP was obtained at a certain mole fraction for most cases. The shift in the IEP was hypothesized to be driven by increased deposition of the cationic, since the nonionic itself did not significantly change the IEP. The cooperative interactions between cationic and nonionic species were theorized to be driven not so much by attractive interactions, but other interactions, such as minimization of cationic charge repulsion.     

TCS法生产阳离子可染涤纶

探讨了用 TCS法生产阳离子可染涤纶时 ,CDP切片含水率、纺丝温度、冷却成形、拉伸等工艺参数的选择。结果表明 :采用合理的干燥工艺可获得含水率稳定在 2 0 μg/ g以内的 CDP干切片 ,纺丝系统采用两套联苯加热保温 ,降低侧吹风速度 ,提高侧吹风温度 ,热管温度为 168～ 175℃ ,卷绕速度为 4.5～ 4.8km/ min时 ,可生产出质量优良的阳离子改性涤纶长丝     

Electrokinetic properties of acrylic acid- and methacrylic acid-grafted polypropylene during chemically initiated graft copolymerization

Electrokinetic properties such as zeta potential (ζ), surface charge density (σ) and surface conductivity (K_s) of polypropylene fibers and those grafted with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid have been studied using the streaming potential method. At pH 7, the zeta potential of ?58.5 mV for control fibers reduced with increase in the amount of acrylic acid (16.2%) and methacrylic acid (28.2%) grafts to ?38.15 mV and ?38.30 mV, respectively. The drop in the negative zeta potential value is attributed to rendering polypropylene hydrophilic. The acrylic acid graft was found to be more effective than the equivalent amount of methacrylic acid graft in this respect due to the different chemical characters of the two graft copolymers. The negative zeta potential was also reduced to a considerable extent when cationic dye solution was streamed through the grafted polypropylene fibers, which is attributed to the deposition of dye cations on the negatively charged surface of the grafted fibers. The results on surface charge density and surface conductivity also indicated the hydrophilic character of grafted polypropylene.     

阳离子染料可染丙纶所用可染剂的干燥工艺研究

通过DSC测定,分析了用于阳离子染料可染丙纶的自制可染剂的热性能和结晶性能,提出了适当提高可染剂的干燥温度和延长干燥时间(与常规阳离子改性聚酯树脂相比),并严格控制升温速率,有利于可染剂的软化点提高,使干燥和纺丝加工顺利进行。     

Effect of comonomer on structure and properties of textured cationic dyeable polyester

Cationic dyeable polyester (CDPET) yarns were produced through melt blending of cationic dyeable chips having 2 mol % of sodium salt of dimethyl ester of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (DMS salt) and normal polyester chips in different proportions to obtain yarns having varying amount of comonomer in the fiber. These different partially oriented CDPET yarns were texturized under identical conditions on a draw-texturing machine. It has been observed that with increase in the amount of salt content in the CDPET, the dye uptake increases, but the tensile and crimp properties are adversely affected. The crystalline content, crystal size, overall orientation, and heat of fusion decrease with increase in salt content in CDPET yarns. The dyeability of CDPET yarns with both disperse dyes and cationic dyes improves with increase in DMS salt content. The changes in the mechanical and dyeing properties of textured CDPET have been explained on the basis of structural studies. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

扁平形聚酯纤维结构和性能研究

对扁平形聚酯纤维和圆形聚酯纤维的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,扁平形初生丝的双折射比圆形丝大 ;扁平丝的比表面积、沸水收缩率和功系数都比圆形丝大 ,而其杨氏模量和断裂强伸度却比圆形丝小 ,以致使扁平形聚酯纤维具有更好的干爽感和柔韧性     

The effect of heat setting on the dyeability of differentially dyeable polyester fibres

Apparent diffusion coefficients of two disperse dyes for so-called easily dyeable/cationic-dyeable polyester (ED-CDPET) and cationic-dyeable polyester (CDPET) fibres of identical linear density and sulphonic acid group content have been calculated. It was found that the diffusion coefficients of dyes for ED-CDPET were far greater than those of dyes for CDPET. The dyeability at the boil without carrier, using disperse and cationic dyes on various ED-CDPET and CDPET fibres, has been studied. ED-CDPET was found to have higher dyeability at all levels of heat setting (irrespective of the dye used). The finest ED-CDPET fibres showed maximum dye uptake as a result of increased surface area. Heat setting in the taut condition reduced dye uptake.     

Cationized milled pine bark as an adsorbent for orthophosphate anions

More efficient adsorption media are needed for removing dissolved phosphorus in surface water runoff. We studied the use of cationized pine bark as a sorbent for dissolved phosphorus in water. Cationized pine bark was prepared by treating extracted milled pine bark with polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAA HCl) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) in aqueous medium. Attachment of PAA HCl to the bark was monitored by percentage of weight gain and nitrogen content. Changes in bark surface chemistry were characterized by zeta potential and inverse gas chromatography measurements. Energy dispersive x‐ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine changes in chemical composition and morphology of the cationized bark. The cationized bark showed a decrease in the dispersive component of the surface energy and a barely measurable change in the surface acid–base properties. In the pH range 2.5 to 7.9, the cationized bark showed a positive zeta potential, which changed to negative at pH 7.9 or higher. By comparison, the zeta potential of control extracted bark remained negative throughout the pH range of 2.5 to 9. We propose that the reaction of bark with PAA HCl results in a surface network of fixed cationic sites of quaternary ammonium that have mobile chloride ions as counter anions. Preliminary results from batch adsorption experiments indicate that cationized milled bark has an estimated maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 12.65 mg phosphate/g, which compares favorably with that of other well‐known phosphorus sorbents. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1577–1583, 2004     

Grafting onto polyester fibers. III. Electrokinetic properties of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile-grafted polyester fibers in the presence of cationic dyes

The electrokinetic properties such as zeta potential, surface charge density, and surface conductivity of polyester fibers grafted with acrylic acid and acrylonitrile were measured when cationic dye solutions were streamed through. The presence of the cationic dyes on the surface of the fibers and their specific adsorption at the carboxylic groups in the acrylic acid graft copolymer produce lowering of zeta potential. The decrease in surface charge density as the percent graft increases is due to the decrease in surface area of the fibers due to the adsorption of the cationic dyes. The same trend is observed with acrylonitrile-grafted fibers. The surface conductivity of the acrylonitrile-grafted polyester fibers increases with increase in dye concentration of the streaming solution. The results for the 27.4% grafted sample differed from those of the 7.32% and 12.1% grafts, which is indicative of the formation of a three-dimensional network causing change in both the physical structure as well as the chemical nature of the surface of the substrate.     

阳离子染料可染改性聚酯连续生产工艺设计概述

重点分析了阳离子染料可染改性聚酯连续生产的工艺特点,针对这些特点,详细介绍了阳离子改性聚酯连续生产工艺技术的开发。该技术成功实现了阳离子改性聚酯大批量连续生产和熔体直接纺,提高了阳离子改性聚酯熔体和纤维的生产效率,降低了生产成本。     

阳离子染料可染改性涤纶纤维染色的研究

从纤维结构及染色工艺对阳离子染料可染涤纶纤维的染色性能进行了研究。探讨了染料用量、pH值、匀染剂用量、和染色时间对染色的影响。通过对比试验得出最佳染色处方和工艺条件为：染料用量0．5％（o．w．f），pH值3．5—4．5，醋酸钠1％（o．w．f），匀染剂12270．5％（o．w．f），浴比1：30，100％染100分钟...     

zeta电位与菌悬液絮凝活性

通过克雷伯杆菌、有机高分子絮凝剂表面zeta电位分析和絮凝实验,初步研究了有机高分子絮凝剂对克雷伯杆菌的絮凝特性和絮凝机理。zeta电位测定表明克雷伯杆菌的等电点大致为2.2,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（cPAM）表面的零电点约为8.0,非离子聚丙烯酰胺（nPAM）和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（aPAM）表面均带有少量负电荷。pH<8,cPAM带正电,能与带负电的菌体电中和,显示良好的絮凝效果,最佳絮凝条件为pH7,絮凝率（FR）达94.5%。加入无机电解质后,nPAM絮凝效果变化最明显,pH4时絮凝率达95.1%,结果表明,克雷伯杆菌发酵液絮凝除菌过程是以电性中和为主,吸附架桥为辅。     

1.56 dtex阳离子可染中空涤纶短纤维的纺丝工艺

采用阳离子可染聚酯切片为原料,熔融纺丝制得1.56 dtex阳离子可染中空涤纶短纤维,探讨了纺丝工艺参数对生产及纤维性能的影响。结果表明:控制干切片的含水率小于30μg/g,组件初始压力10.5～12.0MPa,纺丝温度278～283℃,单孔吐出量0.39～0.45g/min,纺丝速度1100～1250m/min,环吹风速度0.9～1.1m/s、温度24～27℃,纺丝过程顺利稳定,中空成形良好,纤维物理指标优良,其断裂强度为3.50cN/dtex,断裂伸长率为24%,中空度为15%。     

Study on degradation reactions in polyethylene terephthalate containing 5‐sulpho isophthalyl moieties

Kinetics of thermal degradation occurring on polyester containing cationic dyeable comonomer units viz. 5‐sulphoisophthalate moieties are studied by measurement of changes in intrinsic viscosity and carboxyl values on the polymer after subjecting the polymer chips to temperatures in the range 275–285°C for different residence times ranging from 5 to 60 min and comparing with the homopolymer. The activation energy values for degradation are estimated from the kinetic data. Mechanical properties of the textured yarns produced from the partially oriented yarns (POY) spun under different residence times are measured. Yarn produced with higher residence time has poor mechanical properties. The SEM images of the POY show presence of particles at the surface of the yarn due to polymer degradation. The size of the particles as seen on the surface increase with increase of retention time. Addition of thermal stabilizer helps in controlling the thermal degradation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

阳离子染料可染聚酯制备及技术进展

论述了阳离子可染聚酯的生产制备及技术进展,同时简要介绍了辽阳石化分公司在阳离子可染聚酯研究、生产领域的技术工作。     

Thermal properties and chemical changes in blend melt spinning of cellulose acetate butyrate and a novel cationic dyeable copolyester

A novel cationic dyeable copolyester (MCDP) containing purified terephthalate acid (PTA), ethylene glycol (EG), 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol (MPD), and sodium‐5‐sulfo‐isophthalate (SIP) was synthesized via direct esterification method. The chemical structure of modified cationic dyeable polyester (MCPD) was confirmed by FTIR and ¹H‐NMR. The thermal properties of MCDP and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) blends with different blend ratios were investigated by DSC. The results revealed that MCDP and CAB were immiscible polymer blends, and the glass transition temperature of CAB in blend fibers was higher than that of CAB in blend chips because of the strengthening hydrogen bonding. The chemical changes of MCDP and CAB in blend melt spinning were analyzed. It was found that the thermal hydrolysis reaction of ester side groups of CAB occurred in blend melt spinning, which resulted in that the acid gas was produced and the hydroxyl group content of CAB was increased. Furthermore, the moisture absorption of blend fibers was improved about three times than pure MCDP fiber even after washing 30 times. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

阳离子染料常压可染型纤维(ECDP)的染色性能研究

本文介绍了阳离子染料常压可染型纤维用国产普通型、X型、M型阳离子染料染色的试验.重点对染料的染色饱和值,升温速率,保温染色时间,染浴的pH值、匀染性等方面进行了研究和探讨.     

Controlling attractive interparticle forces via small anionic and cationic additives in kaolin clay slurries

Interparticle forces govern slurry behavior in flow, mixing, sedimentation and thickening. This study evaluates the use of small anionic and cationic additives with pH to control the interparticle forces in kaolin slurry via the yield stress parameter. Both phosphate and citrate additives were found to reduce the interparticle attractive force or yield stress in the moderate pH region of 4–12. These relatively low charged additives were unable to impart a sufficiently strong repulsive interparticle force to completely disperse the slurry. Three linear relationships between yield stress and the square of zeta potential were observed in slurry with and without these additives, indicating that the yield stress–DLVO force model is obeyed in each linear region. The mid-range zeta potential region yielded a positive slope which was attributed to heterogeneous charge attraction between clay particles. It is this heterogeneous charge attraction that was weakened by the adsorbed additives. In contrast, cationic Polyethylenimine (PEI) of Mw 70,000 increases the yield stress at all pH level via bridging. Charge reversal was also observed at high PEI concentrations. In two cases, the pH of maximum yield stress and zero zeta potential coincided. A single linear yield stress–zeta potential squared relationship was observed despite particle bridging interaction being the dominant interparticle force.