Influence of Isothermal Treatment on MnS and Hot Ductility in Low Carbon,Low Mn Steels

Hot ductility tests were used to determine the hot-cracking susceptibility of two low-carbon, low Mn/S ratio steels and compared with a higher-carbon plain C-Mn steel and a low C, high Mn/S ratio steel. Specimens were solution treated at 1623 K (1350 °C) or in situ melted before cooling at 100 K/min to various testing temperatures and strained at 7.5 × 10^?4 s^?1, using a Gleeble 3500 Thermomechanical Simulator. The low C, low Mn/S steels showed embrittlement from 1073 K to 1323 K (800 °C to 1050 °C) because of precipitation of MnS at the austenite grain boundaries combined with large grain size. Isothermal holding for 10 minutes at 1273 K (1000 °C) coarsened the MnS leading to significant improvement in hot ductility. The higher-carbon plain C-Mn steel only displayed a narrow trough less than the Ae₃ temperature because of intergranular failure occurring along thin films of ferrite at prior austenite boundaries. The low C, high Mn/S steel had improved ductility for solution treatment conditions over that of in situ melt conditions because of the grain-refining influence of Ti. The higher Mn/S ratio steel yielded significantly better ductility than the low Mn/S ratio steels. The low hot ductility of the two low Mn/S grades was in disagreement with commercial findings where no cracking susceptibility has been reported. This discrepancy was due to the oversimplification of the thermal history of the hot ductility testing in comparison with commercial production leading to a marked difference in precipitation behavior, whereas laboratory conditions promoted fine sulfide precipitation along the austenite grain boundaries and hence, low ductility.     

硫化锰形态控制改善亚包晶钢高温塑性的试验研究

在连铸生产过程中,亚包晶钢板坯角部裂纹的发生率较高,严重影响连铸物流和质量。从连铸板坯窄面取样做不同温度下拉伸试验,并在实验室参照钢种成分控制高锰硫比、低锰硫比和低锰硫比下的微量镁处理,从铸锭取样制成高温拉伸样,做对比高温拉伸试验,测定试样在各个温度点的断面颈缩率,观察断口,进行金相分析,观察夹杂物形态。试验得出：该类钢种在800-860℃间出现低塑性,致铸坯在矫直过程中形成角部裂纹。钢种低塑性是由于MnS夹杂物降低了奥氏体晶界初生铁素体相的强度,通过控制MnS形态,特别是钢水经微量镁处理以后,MnS夹杂物得到细化和球化,有效改善了该钢种在该温度区间的高温塑性。该试验结果运用于宝钢连铸生产实践,有效控制了角裂的发生,实现热送。     

Characterisation of Dispersed Nano‐Sulphides Precipitated in Low Carbon Steel Solidified under High Rate of Cooling

The aim of this study was to investigate size distribution, chemistry, thermal stability and deformability of nano‐sulphides finer than about 100 nm formed in low carbon steel solidified under high rate of cooling and to assess the effect of the nano‐sulphides on the properties of steel. Laboratory mini‐ingots of low carbon steel containing various amounts of Mn, Cu and S, solidified under conditions simulating the direct strip casting process, were used as experimental material. Nano‐sulphides of MnS, (Mn,Cu)S, CuS, Cu_2‐xS and CuS_2‐x were identified in substantial quantities (volume fraction up to 3 ·10^?4) using TEM techniques. It was shown that interaction between the nano‐sulphides and migrating grain boundaries of austenite occurred during annealing and in the course of thermomechanical processing resulting in grain refinement. Nano‐sulphides of MnS and (Mn,Cu)S type were also identified in significant quantities (volume fraction up to 6 ·10^?4) in the shell and corner areas of commercial continuously cast billet.     

连铸坯内裂纹形成条件的评述

评述了连铸坯内裂纹形成条件的研究方法的结果。得知内裂纹形成的临界应变随应变速率和钢中碳含量增加而减小；随Mn/S的提高而增大。另外，从凝固前沿的确定、显向偏析的影响和实验条件的差异等方面对目前研究中存在的主要问题进行了探讨。     

Inclusion evolution during refining and continuous casting of 316L stainless steel

The formation and characteristics of non-metallic inclusions in 316L stainless steel produced by the AOD (argon oxygen decarburization)–ladle furnace–continuous casting process were investigated. The morphology and composition of inclusions changed significantly during the refining and casting processes. After de-oxidation with Si/Mn additions, spherical complex inclusions mainly consisting of calcium silicates were observed. The contents of MgO and Al₂O₃ in these inclusions continuously increased as the steel moved from the AOD through ladle processing to the tundish. As the temperature decreased from the tundish through to solidification, harmful crystals of MgO/Al₂O₃ spinel were precipitated within the steel melt as well as within the calcium silicate matrix of existing inclusions. The results obtained from thermodynamic calculations carried out using FactSage? commercial software agreed well with the information derived from evaluation of the industrial samples enabling recommendations to be made for the avoidance of detrimental spinel inclusions.     

Selective Oxidation of TWIP Steel During Continuous Annealing

The selective oxidation of Al‐free and Al‐added TWIP steel after full austenitic annealing at 800°C in a N₂ + 10%H₂ gas atmosphere with a dew point of ?17°C was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. A thick MnO layer was formed at the surface of Al‐free TWIP steel after the recrystallization annealing. Small crystalline c‐xMnO · SiO₂ (x > 2) particles and amorphous a‐xMnO · SiO₂ (x < 0.9) particles were found at the MnO/steel interface. In the subsurface, the Mn depletion resulted in the formation of a narrow ferrite layer. The annealing of the Al‐added TWIP steel also resulted in the formation of a thick MnO surface layer. At the MnO/steel interface, Kirkendall voids were formed between the amorphous a‐xMnO · SiO₂ (x < 0.9) oxide and crystalline c‐xMnO · Al₂O₃ oxide in the case of Al‐added TWIP steel. In the subsurface, a thin layer was depleted of Mn and the original austenite had transformed into ferrite. Internal oxidation of Al to Al₂O₃ and the formation of crystalline c‐xMnO · Al₂O₃ (x > 1) compound oxide particles were found to occur at the grain boundaries of the Mn‐depleted ferritic zone. The present contribution highlights the implications of the selective oxidation of TWIP steels for their processing in continuous annealing and continuous hot dip galvanizing lines.     

Aspects of a technology for obtaining semifinished products of low-carbon steel on a continuous section caster

The Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combine has mastered a technology for obtaining continuous-cast semifinished products of low-carbon ([C] < 0.10%) steels SAE1006 and SAE1008. These steels are cast in an open stream on a continuous section caster with 100 × 100 mm molds. It was determined that good-quality semifinished products and favorable casting conditions are assured by deoxidizing the steel with secondary aluminum during casting. The amount of aluminum used here is 1.2 kg/ton. The aluminum is introduced into the ladle before the ferroalloys. The value of the ratio [Mn]:[S] in the finished steel should be no lower than 22, while the value of [Mn]:[Si] should be at least 2.5. Casting speed is kept at or below 5.2 m/min, and the maximum pressure exerted on the semifinished product by the withdrawing rollers is 35 ton-f. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray phase analysis were used to determine the composition of the sulfide compounds in the steels when the ratio [Mn]:[S] has the values 14.8 and 17.7. __________ Translated from Metallurg, No. 7, pp. 59–62, July, 2007.     

Design of mould fluxes for continuous casting of special steels

The melting behaviour of mould powder during continuous casting is an important consideration with respect to caster performance, production rate and steel quality. Two important factors, powder composition and carbon addition, are critical to control the properties and melting behaviour of the mould flux. In this study, the effect of different carbonaceous materials on the melting characteristics of mould powders was evaluated. Correlations were established between the structural factors and chemical reactivity of carbon and melting behaviour of mould flux. In addition, two examples are given of the effect of flux composition on casting performance for specific steels. A flux with reasonable basicity and additives was designed for the casting of heat-resistant steel (Incoloy 800) to reduce surface cracks. Another flux was designed for the casting of non-magnetic steel containing high aluminium by partially replacing SiO₂ with Al₂O₃ to limit aluminium oxidation by SiO₂.     

弹簧钢连铸坯中心偏析的研究

为了探讨真空精炼和过热度对弹簧钢连铸坯中心偏析的影响,采用两种生产工艺:转炉→LF→VD→连铸和转炉→LF→连铸,并取不同的过热度(30℃和22℃),生产60Si2 Mn弹簧钢连铸坯。在矩形坯上取样分析碳和硫的偏析情况,并进行对比。其结果是:经过真空精炼,连铸坯的碳偏析指数从1.72降低到1.28;硫偏析指数从2.68降低到1.68。     

连铸小方坯角部纵裂成因分析

根据马钢近年来小方坯角部纵裂的情况,讨论了小方坯角部纵裂的形成机理;分析了钢中碳,磷,硫、Mn/S及工艺条件等因素对角部纵裂的影响;提出了改善钢水质量、稳定拉坯速度、改进二次冷却等减少裂纹的措施,使其角部裂纹得到有效控制.     

The Influence of Rare Earth Elements on Phase Transformation in 25Mn Steel During Continuous Heating

The influence of rare earth elements on continuous heating transformation of 25Mn steel was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry combined with microstructure analysis. The transformation kinetics were obtained from experiment results and the Kissinger equation. It was found that the addition of 0.3 pct (mass fraction) rare earth ferrosilicon alloy resulted in an increase in the values of austenite onset temperature (Ac₁) and austenite finish temperature (Ac₃), and the phase transformation activation energy increased by 149 kJ/mol. At the same time, for the modified 25Mn steel, the microstructure and the impact toughness were improved.     

20Mn23AlV钢用低反应性连铸保护渣的开发

20Mn23AlV高锰无磁钢的高铝含量导致连铸过程中钢水与连铸保护渣的剧烈反应,连铸坯产生大量裂纹缺陷,影响其连铸正常生产。为提高铸坯质量,保证20Mn23AlV高锰钢连铸生产顺行,本研究对现场生产20Mn23AlV的连铸工艺和采用的连铸保护渣进行了系统的研究和分析。通过实验室的感应加热炉进行渣-金反应试验,并结合化学分析和扫描电镜等方法研究开发出20Mn23AlV低反应性连铸保护渣,并采用工业试验证明采用低反应性连铸保护渣可以消除连铸坯表面裂纹缺陷,20Mn23AlV高锰钢铸坯修磨量可由8%降低至1%。     

超声波探伤不合格T91钢棒材的分析和工艺改进

试验T91钢(/%:0.10C,0.30Si,0.45Mn,0.012P,0.005S,8.90Cr,0.95Mo,0.08Nb,0.22V)的生产流程为60t UHP EAF-AOD-LF-VD-240 mm×240 mm坯连铸-加热-连轧。对超声波探伤不合格的T91钢Φ90 mm材低倍检验结果表明,钢材存在中心裂纹和孔洞;通过金相分析得出,缺陷出现三种特征:(1)过烧型孔洞和裂纹;(2)连铸坯带来的轴心晶间裂纹;(3)铸坯的缩孔。通过连铸Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ区二冷水量分别由原28、31和17 L/min优化成15、18和10 L/min,并通过控制连铸坯加热温度,使连铸坯中心的等轴晶比率由原14%提高至25%以上,铸坯的中心裂纹级别由2.0降至0.5以下,T91钢材的超声波探伤不合格率由5%降至0.2%以下     

Simulation of transverse crack formation on continuously cast peritectic medium carbon steel slabs

Reliable data are limited to the critical strain for the formation of transverse cracks on the slabs, owing to experimental difficulty to simulate temperature gradient in solidified shell in continuous casting mold. The present study is to determine the critical strain, ?_c, for the formation of transverse cracks on continuously cast slabs. A convenient and simple hot tensile test using rectangular test pieces with either V-notch or semi-circle notch or oscillation marks has been developed by placing the specimen under similar temperature gradient to that in solidified shell in the mold. The ?_c has been determined at a better accuracy and reproducibility, and the ?_c at a strain rate of 5?10^?4s^?1 is found to be a high 35% for test pieces without notch. It sharply decreases, however, to 10% for those with V- and semi-circle-notches, slightly decreases with increasing notch depth, and further decreases for those with oscillation marks that accompany solute segregation. Reduction of the oscillation mark depth is shown to be important measure to prevent the occurrence of transverse cracking of continuously cast slabs.     

Effect of superheat on the solidification structures of AISI 310S austenitic stainless steel

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the evolution of macrostructure and microstructure in AISI 310S stainless steel during solidification. Experimental findings suggested that the macrostructure and the microstructure of the cast material responded differently to variations in casting temperature. As the casting temperature decreased, the macro structure was refined, as expected, but the microstructure coarsened. A relationship was established between the proportion of equiaxed zone and superheat as follows: pct equiaxed zone =a +b ln (1/ΔT) wherea andb are constants. The relationship between grain width and superheat could be expressed by the equation $$gw = e^{\left( {c + d/\Delta T} \right)} $$ wherec andd are constants determined by the distance from the edge of the ingot. The relationship between primary arm spacing and superheat could be expressed by the equation $$\lambda _1 = p + q \ln \left( {1/\Delta T} \right)$$ wherep andq are constants determined by the distance from the edge of the ingot. The parameter “grain width ratio” has been introduced to describe the relationship between the shape and the nucleation and growth kinetics of the columnar grains.     

H型钢表面裂纹成因分析

 H型钢由异型坯轧制生产,异型坯形状独特,连铸生产中横向表面温度极不均匀,应力、应变状况复杂,对冶炼和连铸工艺均有较高要求。SS400异型坯生产中钢水未经精炼处理,部分炉次钢水碳含量处于包晶反应严重的碳含量范围,硫、磷含量较高,w(Mn)/w(S)较低,总氧和大型夹杂物含量较高;浸入式水口为直孔型,结晶器中上升流股较弱,坯壳生长不均匀;拉速较慢,并采用双水口浇铸,结晶器中上升流股更弱,弯月面处钢水供热不足,处于低温状态,保护渣也因温度低而熔融欠佳;二冷强度偏高,矫直辊前异型坯腹板表面温度处于低温脆性区,因此轧制成品H型钢的表面裂纹较多。     

H型钢表面裂纹成因分析

H型钢由异型坯轧制生产,异型坯形状独特,连铸生产中横向表面温度极不均匀,应力、应变状况复杂,对冶炼和连铸工艺均有较高要求。SS400异型坯生产中钢水未经精炼处理,部分炉次钢水碳含量处于包晶反应严重的碳含量范围,硫、磷含量较高,w（Mn）／w（S）较低,总氧和大型夹杂物含量较高;浸入式水口为直孔型,结晶器中上升流股较弱,坯壳生长不均匀;拉速较慢,并采用双水口浇铸,结晶器中上升流股更弱,弯月面处钢水供热不足,处于低温状态,保护渣也因温度低而熔融欠佳;二冷强度偏高,矫直辊前异型坯腹板表面温度处于低温脆性区,因此轧制成品H型钢的表面裂纹较多。     

An Epitaxial Model for Heterogeneous Nucleation on Potent Substrates

In this article, we present an epitaxial model for heterogeneous nucleation on potent substrates. It is proposed that heterogeneous nucleation of the solid phase (S) on a potent substrate (N) occurs by epitaxial growth of a pseudomorphic solid (PS) layer on the substrate surface under a critical undercooling (ΔT _c). The PS layer with a coherent PS/N interface mimics the atomic arrangement of the substrate, giving rise to a linear increase of misfit strain energy with layer thickness. At a critical thickness (h _c), elastic strain energy reaches a critical level, at which point, misfit dislocations are created to release the elastic strain energy in the PS layer. This converts the strained PS layer to a strainless solid (S), and changes the initial coherent PS/N interface into a semicoherent S/N interface. Beyond this critical thickness, further growth will be strainless, and solidification enters the growth stage. It is shown analytically that the lattice misfit (f) between the solid and the substrate has a strong influence on both h _c and ΔT _c; h _c decreases; and ΔT _c increases with increasing lattice misfit. This epitaxial nucleation model will be used to explain qualitatively the generally accepted experimental findings on grain refinement in the literature and to analyze the general approaches to effective grain refinement.     

Influencing Factors on Center Segregation in Continuously Cast Pipeline Steel Slabs

The factors which influence center segregation of continuously cast slabs are obtained through analyzing the database of macrostructrue. It indicates that center segregation becomes severer with the increasing content of carbon, phosphorus and sulfur; Center segregation will be reduced obviously if the content of manganese is higher than 1.5% and the ratio of Mn/S is higher than 300; High degree of superheat , high casting speed and increasing width of slabs will increase the degree of center segregation. Since center segregation below class B has little effect on the property of steel, hence, in order to low the ratio of center segregation of class B-1.0 down to 10%, several control strategies are presented as follows: the contents of carbon, phosphorus and sulfur must be focalized in lower range of steel grade demanded, but manganese upper operating range control. The referenced contents of the elements in molten steel are required like this: [C]<0.07%,[P]<0.01%,[S]<0.005%,[Mn]>1.5%,[Mn]/[S]>300; The degree of superheat should be lower than 24℃ and the casting speed should be defined to 1.0-1.1 m·min-1. At the same time, proper secondary cooling system of water distribution should be developed and the precision of continuous caster should be also improved.     

20MnSi钢连铸方坯的原位统计分布分析

连铸方坯生产过程中由于连铸工艺参数的不合理会出现元素的偏析现象,严重的会导致裂纹或缩孔等缺陷的产生。选取存在明显纵向裂纹的20MnSi钢连铸方坯试样进行原位统计分布分析,实验表明裂纹的存在会导致元素含量的原位统计结果异常,从而影响元素含量统计分布分析。通过OPA-200软件的裁剪功能对异常数据进行处理是一种可行的处理方法。对20MnSi钢连铸方坯整个横截面进行原位统计分布分析, C、Si、Mn、P、S元素含量的二维等高图显示在中心区域以及距横截面边部1/4处元素存在富集的情况,通过统计偏析度定量分析表明,C、P、S元素的偏析情况较为严重,而Si、Mn元素的偏析不太严重。此外,通过在方坯横截面横向中心线位置进行钻孔取样分析C、P、S元素的含量,验证了传统偏析分析方法与原位统计分布分析技术的一致性。