The development of a model to estimate the bistatic transmissionloss associated with intersystem interference

This paper presents a new method for evaluating transmission loss, which is a key factor used in determining the impact of interference between terrestrial radio relay systems and Earth-satellite systems operating at the same frequency. The current model used by the CCIR was developed in the early 1970's when system packing density was low and large earth station antennas allowed the consideration of narrow beam approximations, resulting in a small common volume of intersection of the two beams. The recent increase in microwave communications traffic and improvements in technology have meant that smaller earth station antennas, including very small aperture terminals (VSATs), can be employed and hence the model requires revision. Results from the new model proposed are compared with two experimental geometries and good agreement is found     

A PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING AUXILIARY CO-ORDINATION CONTOURS FOR HYDROMETEOR SCATTER INTERFERENCE

For many years, hydrometeor scatter interference has not been considered to be of operational concern in the microwave region despite the large co-ordination areas produced by Appendix 28 of the Radio Regulations and by the ITU-R Recommendations, and despite the experimental evidence of rain scatter that supports the basic propagation models contained in the procedure. The main reason for this is the low probability of exact intersection between the transmitter and the receiver main beams assumed by the intentionally conservative co-ordination procedure. This paper describes a method for deriving additional contours based on avoidance angle, this being the angle of the earth-station away from the azimuth bearing of the terrestrial station. Thus, knowledge of the relevant antenna bearings can lead to the rapid elimination from further consideration of stations where the risk of significant interference is remote. Results for two representative earth stations are presented, which highlight the value of including this procedure in the frequency co-ordination process.     

Combating sun outage in satellite television distribution systems

Two methods of sun outage avoidance in satellite television transmission are discussed. Each method requires two satellites and dual-beam antennas. The two C-band satellites transmit identical programs at the time when the sun outage period occurs. The separation of the spacecraft is dependent on the dual-feed earth station antenna size. For large television receive-only antennas, the separation must be small; for small antennas, or antennas with large beamwidths, the satellite separation can be large. If the separation is larger than 8° on the geosynchronous arc, only one transmit station is required to transmit program information. Scaling this system for Ku-band use is then considered. It is concluded that in a Ku-band direct-broadcasting system with earth station antenna diameters of 1-m and below, the rise in noise temperature due to sun outage is not significant and can be overcome by a modest amount of system margin, equivalent to that normally provided against rain fades     

Rain fades on low elevation angle Earth-satellite paths:comparative assessment of the Austin, Texas, 11.2 GHz experiment

Only a few years of rain attenuation data for Earth-space paths are available for low elevation angle paths, and these show a consistent tendency by the CCIR fade prediction model to underpredict rain fades. The authors contribute to the database four years of 11.2 GHz measurements, taken on a 5.8° elevation path in Austin, Texas, USA and assess higher than predicted fade results with respect to earlier measurements and the CCIR model. At the fiducial 0.01 percent of time, the rain fall rate was 73 mm/h and the attenuation exceeded the 25 dB measurement fade margin. It is found that the monthly variability of rain fall rates and decibel fades follows a normal distribution. Durations of rainfall and fades are classified into events, episodes, interevent gaps (longer than 4.2 h), and interepisode gaps (shorter than 4.2 h). Rainfall interevent gaps and event durations, as well as fade event, episode, and gap durations are log-normally distributed     

The relationship of raindrop-size distribution to attenuations experience at 50, 80, 140, and 240 GHz

Millimeter-wave rain attenuation measurements have been made at 50.4, 81.8, 140.7, and 245.5 GHz on a terrestrial path of 0.81 km. On the basis of these experimental results, a comparison between the model of specific attenuation currently adopted by the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) and that based on the raindrop-size distribution derived from our previous propagation experiments at 11.5, 34.5, and 81.8 GHz is made. For the Japanese climate, it is found that the CCIR model underestimates the rain attenuation at frequencies above 80 GHz and that our specific attenuation model is effective for the prediction of rain attenuation in the whole millimeter-wave region.     

Interference due to hydrometeor scatter on satellite communicationlinks

A brief review of hydrometeor scatter interference is given, focusing on recent improvements to International Radio Consultative committee (CCIR) texts on interference between terrestrial and earth stations, and research to effect possible future improvements. The following improvements are suggested: smaller reflectivity factor slope above the `rain height' coupled with a revised empirical constant in the transmission loss equations; inclusion of melting layer scatter; improved rain height model; improved horizontal structure model for precipitation cells; consideration of correlation between the wanted and unwanted signals; and consideration of a range of terrestrial elevation angles in coordination     

Simple rain attenuation prediction method for satellite radio links

The desirable features of a rain attenuation prediction method to be used in satellite radio link engineering are established, and a method satisfying such features is proposed. The method is tested over 77 satellite links situated in Europe, the USA, Japan, and Australia. Comparisons are made with the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) method (CCIR, vol.V, Report 564, XVI Plenary Assembly, Dubrovnik, 1986). Using the worldwide coefficients for the links located in Australia there results a marked overestimation and a poor accuracy. This situation does not occur for the links located in Europe, the USA, and Japan, which are in temperate climates. The method's limitation is related to low rain intensities in satellite links having low elevation angle     

Mobile satellite communications systems: Toward global personalcommunications

The constraints imposed by the RF environment are reviewed. An overview of present and planned mobile satellite systems is given. Present systems refer to those already in operation, while planned systems refer to those that have authority to offer the services and have either a satellite in orbit or one being built to support the systems. Future directions for mobile satellite communications systems are discussed. One approach emerging is the use of large satellites, with large antennas. operating at much higher carrier frequencies. A second approach is to use low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites. in order to reduce the path loss. The LEO approach also results in much smaller propagation delays than those experienced with geostationary satellites     

Depolarization properties of metal space frame radomes for use in satellite communication systems

Radomes have traditionally only been used in military satellite systems. However, higher availability civil applications are demanding their consideration in the higher frequency bands and for dualpolarization frequency re-use systems. This paper investigates the depolarization performance of metal space frame radomes and presents results of XPD for radome covered antennas in the 4/6 and 11/14 GHz bands and for antennas of 30, 11, 5 and 3 m diameters. It is demonstrated that current polarization specifications adopted in the INTELSAT system should be able to be met by radome covered earth-stations using conventional antennas.     

A comparison of copolar and cochannel satellite interference prediction models with experimental results at 11.6 and 20 GHz

One of the main propagation effects on interference between adjacent Earth–space paths is the differential rain attenuation. In the present paper, two existing copolar and cochannel satellite interference prediction models are compared with experimental data of this kind, derived from radar or attenuation measurements. The comparison shows a quite satisfactory agreement and this combined with the fact that the data refer to satellites quite displaced in the geostationary orbit leads to the following conclusion: the predictive models under consideration can be used not only for fixed satellite systems but also for mobile systems using general antennas with low gains. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

正交空间调制的低复杂度检测算法

针对正交空间调制(QSM)系统中激活天线数的不确定性、最大似然(ML)检测算法复杂度极高的缺点,提出了一种低复杂度检测算法.首先,该算法基于压缩感知(CS)信号重构理论,对系统模型进行重构,使固定激活天线系统中的低复杂度算法可以在新的系统模型中使用;然后,借鉴正交匹配追踪(OMP)算法的思想,选出一个激活天线备选集;最后,通过ML算法搜索备选集,选出激活天线和调制符号.仿真结果显示,相比ML检测算法,所提算法在性能丢失较小的情况下,降低了约90％的复杂度.     

Standardization of VSAT communication systems in the CCIR

This paper presents an overview of the CCIR Recommendations on VSAT systems. The first part presents the activities of the CCIR Task Group 4/2 which was created in 1990 and issued five Recommendations for VSAT earth-stations. These Recommendations specify the RF characteristics of the VSAT earth-stations and their maintenance functions. The TG 4/2 finished its task in 1991. The second part of this paper presents the activities of the CCIR Task Group 4/3 which was created in 1991 for the preparation of Recommendations on the connection of VSAT networks with the public switched networks. The activities of the TG 4/3 are still going on, and the Draft Recommendations will be formalized in two more meetings. The subjects of dicussion and the expected outcomes will be briefly presented.     

Transmit diversity in 3G CDMA systems

Transmit diversity (TD) is one of the key contributing technologies to defining the ITU endorsed 3G systems W-CDMA and cdma2000. Spatial diversity is introduced into the signal by transmitting through multiple antennas. The antennas are spaced far enough apart that the signals emanating from them can be assumed to undergo independent fading. In addition to diversity gain, antenna gain can also be incorporated through channel state feedback. This leads to the categorization of TD methods into open loop and closed loop methods. Several methods of transmit diversity in the forward link have been either under consideration or adopted for the various 3G standards. This article describes the concept of transmit diversity and explains the features of selected TD techniques     

Exact capacity distributions for MIMO systems with small numbers of antennas

It is well known that multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems offer the promise of achieving very high spectrum efficiencies (many tens of bit/s/Hz) in a mobile environment. The gains in MIMO capacity are sensitive to the presence of spatial correlation introduced by the radio environment. In this letter we consider the capacity outage performance of MIMO systems in correlated environments. For systems with large numbers of antennas Gaussian approximations are very accurate. Hence, we concentrate on systems with small numbers of antennas and derive exact densities and distribution functions for the capacity, which are simple and rapid to compute.     

94 GHz bistatic scattering in rain

This paper presents measurements of bistatic scattering of electromagnetic waves by rain at 94 GHz in vertical polarization. The experiment was done using transmitting and receiving rotating antennas of 312 m distance. Both antennas could be rotated independently in the horizontal plane enabling the measurement of bistatic scattering angles from -120° to +120°. The raindrop size distributions were measured by a distrometer located close to the propagation path. Since narrow beam antennas were employed and the path length was relatively short, the scattering volume was small and the rain statistics could be assumed homogeneous over the scattering volume. We show that computations using the first order of multiple scattering hypothesis and Mie theory for spherical drops are in good agreement with measured experimental values     

Energy efficiency of massive MIMO wireless communication systems with antenna selection

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) requires a large number (tens or hundreds) of base station antennas serving for much smaller number of terminals, with large gains in energy efficiency and spectral efficiency compared with traditional MIMO technology. Large scale antennas mean large scale radio frequency (RF) chains. Considering the plenty of power consumption and high cost of RF chains, antenna selection is necessary for Massive MIMO wireless communication systems in both transmitting end and receiving end. An energy efficient antenna selection algorithm based on convex optimization was proposed for Massive MIMO wireless communication systems. On the condition that the channel capacity of the cell is larger than a certain threshold, the number of transmit antenna, the subset of transmit antenna and servable mobile terminals (MTs) were jointly optimized to maximize energy efficiency. The joint optimization problem was proved in detail. The proposed algorithm is verified by analysis and numerical simulations. Good performance gain of energy efficiency is obtained comparing with no antenna selection.     

Modelling attenuation by rain in tropical regions

The data in the CCIR data banks were employed for a statistical study of the relative performance of several rain attenuation prediction procedures in temperate and tropical regions. The results show that the models worked well, in general, when used for prediction at latitudes more than 30° from the equator, but, in the equatorial region, significant prediction errors were observed for all the models. Three sources of error were discovered. The most important is the use of too few rain climate zones to span the wide range of rain conditions present in the equatorial region. The second is an inadequate procedure for taking the naturally occurring vertical variations of specific attenuation into account. Finally, for the CCIR attenuation prediction model, the use of a universal shape for the cumulative distribution of path attenuation must be called into question.     

Spectral efficiency of MIMO multiaccess systems with single-user decoding

The use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver is considered for the uplink of cellular communication systems. The achievable spectral efficiency in bits/s/Hz is used as the criterion for comparing various design choices. The focus is on wideband code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems when the receiver uses the matched-filter or the minimum mean-squared error detector, followed by single-user decoders. The spreading sequences of the CDMA system are assumed to be random across the users, but could be dependent across the transmit antennas of each user. Using analytical results in the large system asymptote, guidelines are provided for the sequence design across the transmit antennas and for choosing the number of antennas. In addition, comparisons are made between (random) CDMA and orthogonal multiaccess with multiple antennas. It is shown that CDMA, even with single-user decoding, can outperform orthogonal multiaccess when the number of receive antennas is sufficiently large.     

Attenuation of Centimetre, Millimetre and Sub-Millimetre Waves Due to Rain Over Tropical Indian Stations

The results on attenuation of the radio wave due to rain at frequencies lying in the centimetre, millimetre and submillimetre wave bands for different rain rates over three Indian tropical stations are presented in this paper. The study is possible due to the availability of the rainfall rates measured by rapid response rain gauges and rain height over these stations. The results on attenuation were deduced by taking both 0° C isotherm height and effective height. The Stutzman and Dishman model with γ -value of 0.033 which is found suitable for the estimation of rain attenuation over the Indian stations has been critically examined in comparison with the attenuations deduced from CCIR (presently known as ITU-R) method.     

Analysis of the interference due to differential rain attenuationinduced by an adjacent path on a triple-site diversity Earth-spacesystem

The reliable design of satellite communication systems requires the consideration of interference effects. Interference caused by differential rain attenuation from an adjacent Earth-space system is taken under consideration. In particular, a method to predict rain differential attenuation statistics used for single/double site Earth-space systems is extended to include triple-site diversity ones. The modified method is again based on a model of convective rain cells as well as on the lognormal assumption for the point rainfall rate distribution at the location under consideration. In an analogous fashion with the (C/N) ratio, a “(C/I) diversity gain” is also adopted here and some very useful remarks concerning the effectiveness of the triple-site diversity protection as a countermeasure technique are deduced. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that the triple-site scheme not only reduce the potential large attenuation margins significantly, but also leads to the establishment of the minimum separation between satellites operating under permitted interference levels