论航空装备的测试性与计量及计量性设计

分析了测试与计量的关系及测试设备的计量特性;论述了BITE,ATE等设备的计量需求;以装备研制过程贯彻计量性设计为主线,分析了计量性设计的工作内容及BITE和ATE的计量性设计策略,从理论上为装备测试的可计量提供支持。     

Towards an Integrated Workload Control (WLC) Concept: The Performance of Due Date Setting Rules in Job Shops with Contingent Orders

Workload control (WLC) is a production planning and control concept developed for make-to-order companies. Its customer enquiry management methodology supports due date setting, while its order release mechanism determines when to start production. For make-to-order companies, due date setting is a strategically important, complex task where unconfirmed jobs place demands on capacity which are contingent on a quotation being accepted by the customer. Yet most prior WLC research has begun at the order release stage with a set of confirmed orders with predetermined due dates. In contrast, this paper focuses specifically on customer enquiry management and uses simulation to compare and contrast the performance of 11 due date setting rules in a job shop where part of the workload consists of unconfirmed or contingent orders. The best results are achieved by a finite loading rule which explicitly considers the workload of contingent orders when estimating lead times. This enables demand to be levelled over time, allowing due dates to be short and reliable – thereby improving both the competitiveness of a make-to-order company and the customer service level it is able to offer. Future research should focus on integrating customer enquiry management, and its due date setting rule, with order release control.     

A Generalized Crystallographic Description of All Tellurium Nanostructures

Despite tellurium being less abundant in the Earth's crust than gold, platinum, or rare‐earth elements, the number of industrial applications of tellurium has rapidly increased in recent years. However, to date, many properties of tellurium and its associated compounds remain unknown. For example, formation mechanisms of many tellurium nanostructures synthesized so far have not yet been verified, and it is unclear why tellurium can readily transform to other compounds like silver telluride by simply mixing with solutions containing silver ions. This uncertainty appears to be due to previous misunderstandings about the tellurium structure. Here, a new approach to the tellurium structure via synthesized structures is proposed. It is found that the proposed approach applies not only to these structures but to all other tellurium nanostructures. Moreover, some unique tellurium nanostructures whose formation mechanism are, until now, unconfirmed can be explained.     

Spatial information during public participation within environmental impact assessment in Kenya

This study set out to evaluate the use of spatial information during public participation within Environmental Impact Assessment (EAI) in Kenya, through a case study. A conceptual framework developed for this study considered four key elements: the stages of EIA in Kenya (EIA study stage), public participation (limited to ‘inform’), aspects of spatial information relevant for public participation (availability, accessibility, content, appropriateness, language, translation and technical support), and categories of participants (limited to ‘affected persons’). It was established that a cadastral map had been used, and met the requirements for accessibility, language, translation and technical support; it was unsatisfactory in the aspect of availability, and unconfirmed for content and appropriateness. Recommendations are made for the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA.     

Metallographic Approach to Hirbine Blade Life Time Prediction

An economically optimized and safe utilization of turbine components is of vital importance to both manufacturers and operators of aero and industrial engines. Calculations of design life must take into consideration variations in several factors, such as material properties, manufacturing processes and operational conditions. Adding safety margins into the calculation results, with necessity, in a conservative figure.

The calculated life can be confirmed, or unconfirmed, by examination and testing of randomly selected components during maintenance and overhaul. Techniques for these examinations and for evaluation of the results, in terms of life predictions are not yet fully developed.

Methodology and practical results are presented, with comments on prospects and limitations. Medium strength, wrought superalloys to modern, highly alloyed cast blades are covered. Thelife limiting mechanism of the blades in the program is normally creep. Life time extension by rejuvenation has proven successful, both technically and economically. This paper will describe the practical application of this proven metallographic approach to life time prediction and extension.     

An Investigation of the Constitution of the Mercury-Tin System

An investigation of the constitution of the mercury-tin system was made by a combination of three techniques: differential thermal analysis; diffusion and chemical analysis; and X-ray diffraction. The mercury-silver-tin system is of interest because it is the basis of dental amalgam, the most important single dental restorative material. Information as to the constitution of these alloys is incomplete for both the ternary system and the mercury-tin binary system. This study was devoted to the investigation of the mercury-tin system as a prerequisite to a study of the ternary alloys. The results obtained by the various methods are not in complete agreement. They indicate that the system is more complex than previously reported. Additional evidence for the beta phase as reported by Prytherich was found but the composition limits and eutectoid temperature remain to be confirmed. The gamma phase composition limits were found to differ from earlier values. Corroborative data for Gayler’s delta phase and possible evidence for a previously unreported epsilon phase have been found by X-ray diffraction. The thermal analysis results indicate the possible existence of additional phases unconfirmed by other methods. A modified mercury-tin phase diagram based upon these findings is proposed.     

Analysis of street drugs in seized material without primary reference standards

A novel approach was used to analyze street drugs in seized material without primary reference standards. Identification was performed by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS), essentially based on accurate mass determination using a target library of 735 exact monoisotopic masses. Quantification was carried out by liquid chromatography/chemiluminescence nitrogen detection (LC/CLND) with a single secondary standard (caffeine), utilizing the detector's equimolar response to nitrogen. Sample preparation comprised dilution, first with methanol and further with the LC mobile phase. Altogether 21 seized drug samples were analyzed blind by the present method, and results were compared to accredited reference methods utilizing identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantification by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography. The 31 drug findings by LC/TOFMS comprised 19 different drugs-of-abuse, byproducts, and adulterants, including amphetamine and tryptamine designer drugs, with one unresolved pair of compounds having an identical mass. By the reference methods, 27 findings could be confirmed, and among the four unconfirmed findings, only 1 apparent false positive was found. In the quantitative analysis of 11 amphetamine, heroin, and cocaine findings, mean relative difference between the results of LC/CLND and the reference methods was 11% (range 4.2-21%), without any observable bias. Mean relative standard deviation for three parallel LC/CLND results was 6%. Results suggest that the present combination of LC/TOFMS and LC/CLND offers a simple solution for the analysis of scheduled and designer drugs in seized material, independent of the availability of primary reference standards.     

复合材料跨尺度失效准则及其损伤演化

提出了一种新的基于物理失效模式的复合材料跨尺度失效准则, 从细观层面分别对纤维和基体的失效模式进行了表征, 将纤维失效分为拉伸失效和压缩失效, 将基体失效分为膨胀失效和扭曲失效。建立了相应的失效准则及损伤演化方法。通过正方形和六边形的代表体积单元(RVE)模型, 计算了宏观应力到细观应力的机械应力放大系数和热应力放大系数。以IM7/5250-4复合材料拉伸试验作为算例对失效模型进行了验证。计算结果与试验结果吻合较好, 表明跨尺度失效准则能够准确预测复合材料层合板的破坏。     

Failure Analysis of Two-Dimensional Carbon-Epoxy Composite Plate Pinned Joint

The aim of this study is to investigate failure strength and failure mode of a mechanically fastened carbon-epoxy composite plate of arbitrary orientation. The failure load and the failure mode are analyzed numerically and experimentally. The numerical method includes two steps. First, the stress distribution in the plate is calculated by the use of finite-element method. Second, the failure load and the failure mode are predicted by means of Tsai-Hill and fiber tensile-compressive failure criteria. A computer program was developed which can be used to calculate the failure load, the failure mode, and the propagation of failure. The distance-to-diameter, E/D , and width-to-diameter, W/D , ratios in the plate are changed from 1 to 5 and 2 to 5, respectively. It is found that full bearing strength is developed when E/D and W/D ratios are equal to or greater than 4.     

CRACK BRIDGING IN THE FATIGUE OF FIBROUS COMPOSITES

Abstract— Recent observations of fatigue cracks bridged by continuous fibers in titanium alloy and titanium aluminide composites are compared to analogous observations in fiber-reinforced ceramics under monotonic loading. Three failure modes have been identified under axial loading in each case: longitudinal failure (failure parallel to the fibers) and noncatastrophic and catastrophic mode I failure (failure normal to the fibers). The criteria for transition from one failure mode to another are reviewed. Models developed previously to describe the failure of fiber-reinforced ceramics are extended to describe the mechanics of mode I fatigue crack growth. The extension is straightforward as long as the fibers do not fail in the crack wake, i.e. the failure mode is noncatastrophic mode I failure.     

Models of Functional Checks of Plant with Hidden Function Failure

1IntroductionUsually,maintenancemodelsarebase(lontwok-mdsofslateoftheplallltfltorlnaland.failure(maintenance).Infact,thestateofplantchangeswiththeincreaseofusetimes.Itisnotaccuratetodividethestateofplantstull)lyintotwokinds.F'orexample,abigbridgepr('ducescrackbefolesapling.TIalisalsofoecasew'iththewciirofaxis,whichwilloccuronlywhenthelevelofweargetstoacertaillextent.TilesysteTllisrepairedwhenitoccursfllnctionfailure.Tosolvetheaboveproblem,itisnecessarytoextendthestateofplantandthemethodsofmo…     

Post Buckling Progressive Failure Analysis of Composite Laminated Stiffened Panels

The present work deals with the numerical prediction of the post buckling progressive and final failure response of stiffened composite panels based on structural nonlinear finite element methods. For this purpose, a progressive failure model (PFM) is developed and applied to predict the behaviour of an experimentally tested blade-stiffened panel found in the literature. Failure initiation and propagation is calculated, owing to the accumulation of the intralaminar failure modes induced in fibre reinforced composite materials. Hashin failure criteria have been employed in order to address the fiber and matrix failure modes in compression and tension. On the other hand, the Tsai-Wu failure criterion has been utilized for addressing shear failure. Failure detection is followed with the introduction of corresponding material degradation rules depending on the individual failure mechanisms. Failure initiation and failure propagation as well as the post buckling ultimate attained load have been numerically evaluated. Final failure behaviour of the simulated stiffened panel is due to sudden global failure, as concluded from comparisons between numerical and experimental results being in good agreement.     

考虑状态模糊性时广义失效概率计算的矩方法

针对失效状态和安全状态具有模糊性的广义可靠性分析问题,提出了一种广义失效概率计算的矩方法。所提方法首先将广义失效概率的积分区域依据功能函数的取值离散化,在离散化的积分区域中,极限状态函数对模糊失效域的隶属函数近似保持为常数,从而将模糊可靠性问题转化为一般的随机可靠性问题,进而可以利用近似的矩方法求得广义失效概率。该文给出了所提方法的实现步骤和原理,算例结果表明所提方法对于中低维问题具有很高的精度和效率。     

Uniaxial and biaxial failure behaviors of aluminum alloy foams

Combined shear–tensile test have been performed on a closed-cell aluminum alloy foams with three relative densities over a wide range of loading rates in order to probe their failure behaviors under biaxial loading conditions. Quasi-static uniaxial compressive and tensile tests have also been conducted to investigate uniaxial failure behaviors of the aluminum alloy foams. The materials exhibit uniaxial failure stress asymmetry due to different failure mechanism in the uniaxial tensile and compression. Comparison is made between three phenomenological failure criteria and the measured failure stresses under different loading conditions to verify these criteria. The experimental failure surfaces of the aluminum alloy foams provide support for the three phenomenological failure criteria when suitable Poisson’s ratio is employed. The shape of the experimental failure surface in principal stress plane was not significantly influenced by variation in the relative density. The slight expansion of the failure surfaces with loading rate happened to be isotropic for this investigated closed-cell aluminum alloy foams in combined shear–tensile testes.     

Maintenance Models about A Plant of Three States

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Coupled mechanical,metallurgical and FEM based failure investigation of steam turbine blade

Steam turbine blades are the critical component in power plant, specifically low pressure blades are generally found to be more susceptible to failure. A mechanical, metallurgical and FEM based coupled methodology is used in the present failure investigation of low pressure steam turbine blade. The results of each investigation of turbine blade failure were then interpreted that leads to find the location of primary failure, sequence of failure and the root cause of its failure. All the three aspects of failure investigation are important in answering the questions raised for the failure and to avoid any future miss-happening.     

The basic concepts of failure analysis

This paper discusses basic concepts of failure analysis and gives advice on how to interpret, e.g., function, failure, failure mode, failure cause, and failure effect, using a gate valve as an example. A general approach to identification and classification of functions and failure modes is presented and the various steps of failure analysis are discussed. The OREDA (Offshore Reliability Data) database is used to illustrate the interpretation of the basic concepts. Limitations in the use of OREDA are pointed out and proposals for enhancements of this database are given.     

Failure probabilistic model of CNC lathes

A field failure analysis of computerized numerical control (CNC) lathes is described. Field failure data was collected over a period of two years on approximately 80 CNC lathes. A coding system to code failure data was devised and a failure analysis data bank of CNC lathes was established. The failure position and subsystem, failure mode and cause were analyzed to indicate the weak subsystem of a CNC lathe. Also, failure probabilistic model of CNC lathes was analyzed by fuzzy multicriteria comprehensive evaluation.     

A multi-mode failure boundary exploration and exploitation framework using adaptive kriging model for system reliability assessment

Various adaptive reliability analysis methods based on surrogate models have recently been developed. A multi-mode failure boundary exploration and exploitation framework (MFBEEF) was proposed for system reliability assessment using the adaptive kriging model based on sample space partitioning to reduce computational cost and use the characteristics of the failure boundary in multiple failure mode systems. The efficiency of the adaptive construction of kriging model can be improved by using the characteristics of the center sample of the small space to represent the characteristics of all samples in the small space. This method proposes a failure boundary exploration and exploitation strategy and a convergence criterion based on the maximum failure probability error for a system with multiple failure modes to adaptively approximate the failure boundary of a system with multiple failure modes. A multiple-failure-mode learning function was used to identify the optimal training sample to gradually update the kriging model during the failure boundary exploration and exploitation stages. In addition, a complex failure boundary-oriented adaptive hybrid importance sampling method was developed to improve the applicability of the MFBEEF method to small failure probability assessments. Finally, the MFBEEF method was proven to be effective using five system reliability analysis examples: a series system, a parallel system, a series–parallel hybrid system, a multi-dimensional series system with multiple failure modes, and an engineering problem with multiple implicit performance functions.     

Coupled stress and energy criterion for composite failure: Pointwise versus averaged evaluation of the stress criterion

Abstract

In this work, failure loads and failure modes of single lap adhesive joints between composite laminates are investigated. To this aim, a coupled stress and energy criterion is applied and results are compared to numerical reference solutions using cohesive zone modeling and to experimental values from literature. Possible failure modes are adhesive failure along the adherend/adhesive interface, adherend failure as intralaminar failure in the first ply closest to the adhesive layer and interlaminar failure between the first and second ply. Suitable failure criteria adressing the different failure modes are implemented within the framework of the coupled criterion. The stress criterion is carried out in a pointwise or in an averaged manner, called point method or line method respectively. It is shown that two physically sound failure modes can only be predicted using the stress criterion in an averaged manner since the pointwise evaluation does not allow the formation of certain types of cracks.