梯度功能材料热应力的研究进展

梯度功能材料是一种高弹性模量、耐腐蚀、耐高温的新型非均匀复合材料,其热应力研究是目前梯度功能材料研究的热点之一。该文详细介绍了梯度功能材料热应力的理论分析、数值计算和试验研究方法,对比分析了目前常用的梯度成分分布模型和物性参数模型,讨论了材料的梯度层厚度和成分分布等因数对材料残余热应力的影响,介绍了直接测定残余热应力的2种非接触性实验分析方法;并对梯度功能材料热应力研究的发展趋势做了展望。     

Experimental Verification of Horizontally Curved I-Girder Bridge Behavior

Past research has been conducted on the behavior of horizontally curved girders by testing scaled models and full-scale laboratory bridges and by analyzing numerical models. Current design specifications are based on this past research; however, little field data of in-service bridges exist to support the findings of the past research on which the current design criteria are based. The purpose of the present study was to gather field response data from three in-service, curved, steel I-girder bridges to determine behavior when subjected to a test truck and normal truck traffic. Transverse bending distribution factors and dynamic load allowance were calculated from the data collected. Numerical grillage models of the three bridges were developed to determine if a simple numerical model will accurately predict actual field measured transverse bending distribution, deflections, and cross-frame and diaphragm shear forces. The present study found that AASHTO specifications are conservative for both dynamic load allowance and transverse bending moment distribution. The grillage models were found to predict with reasonable accuracy the behavior of a curved I-girder bridge.     

论稀土微量及微量元素对比值的相关分析在物质来源中的应用

稀土及微量元素在地球化学“相”(固、熔、溶)的分配服从“稀溶液定律”.据此,可用于地质(相)体物质来源的研究,不同地质(相)体的稀土及微量元素对比值的相关分析,其相关系数值较之稀土元素标准化后的配分曲线(型式图)对比及稀土元素“四分组效应”的对比研究,更能准确地反映其同源程度和同一体系不同“相”间的平衡程度.从黑曜岩中...     

Measurement of individual differences in preference for numerical information.

Develops and validates a measure of preference for numerical information, defined as a proclivity toward using numerical information and engaging in thinking involving numerical information, and assesses the relationship of this construct to several constructs. Although past research has focused on ability in using numerical information, a basic attitude or proclivity toward numerical information has not been isolated and studied. This construct is argued to have applications in settings that involve the use of numerical information and to be related to several interests, temperaments, and cognitive styles. A measure of preference for numerical information is developed and tested for reliability and validity, its relationship with several constructs is examined, and its applications in various settings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Numerical Modeling of Thaw Penetration in Frozen Ground Subject to Low-Intensity Infrared Heating

This research investigated the efficacy of low-intensity, radiant, infrared heating for inducing thawing in frozen ground. Specifically, the performance characteristics of a 22 kW infrared tube heater were evaluated. A commercial building site in Park City, Utah, was instrumented with thermocouple piers for field testing over a period of approximately 5 days. The experimental data were used to calibrate a numerical model of the infrared heating process, and several numerical simulations were then performed. The simulations facilitated evaluation of the effects of radiation intensity, air temperature, and ice content on thaw penetration rates achieved using infrared heating. While ice content has a marked influence on thaw penetration rates in all the simulations, the air temperature becomes less important with increasing infrared radiation intensity. The results of the testing also indicate that the tube heater exhibits a steady reduction in emitted radiation between propane tank exchanges and that the heaters should be used in tandem to minimize spatial variations in radiation intensity. Further research is recommended to identify optimal applications of infrared heating in winter construction activities.     

Evaluation of Low-Temperature Test Methods for Elastomeric Bridge Bearings

Elastomeric bearings have had an exemplary performance record over the past 40 years. Recently, increased testing requirements have been imposed that now make the testing of elastomeric bearings one of the major costs in constructing the supports. Currently, four low-temperature tests are required for elastomeric bearings. It is not clear whether all these tests are necessary or in fact even related to the actual performance of an elastomeric bridge bearing since some of these tests have been developed for other materials. Research was undertaken to evaluate the various tests and to determine whether they are important or even related to the performance of the bridge bearing. Tests were conducted on full-size natural rubber and neoprene bearings at low temperature subjected to compressive and shear forces, and factors such as testing speed and thermal conditioning were evaluated. As a result of the research, some test methods and performance requirements were found to have little impact on the bearing behavior, and others were overly conservative.     

The behavioral sciences and the federal government: Summary and recommendations.

Reprinted from the Behavioral Sciences and the Federal Government, 1968, No. 1680. Examines how the knowledge and methods of the behavioral sciences can be effectively applied to the programs and policies of the federal government, stressing the need to consider the way behavioral science research is related to planning and management, and to consider the methods used for testing research for quality and relevance. The conditions which are considered to be necessary for the effective use of the knowledge and methods of behavioral sciences are suggested in regard to domestic and foreign affairs, international cooperation in research, science policies, and future-oriented research and public policies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology.

The study of culture and related concerns, such as ethnicity and race, in American psychology are examined. First, the conceptual confusion and ways in which culture, ethnicity, and race are used as explanatory factors for intergroup differences in psychological phenomena are discussed. Second, ways in which to study culture in mainstream psychology and to enhance hypothesis testing and theory in cross-cultural psychology are illustrated. Finally, the importance of examining sociocultural variables and considering theory in ethnic minority research is addressed. In general, it is proposed that by including theory, conceptualizing, and measuring cultural and related variables, mainstream, cross-cultural, and ethnic research can advance the understanding of culture in psychology as well as the generality of principles and the cultural sensitivity of applications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diagnostic testing for endolymphatic hydrops

The development of a sensitive and specific diagnostic test for endolymphatic hydrops has eluded investigators for over 30 years. The absence of such a test has hampered basic and clinical research into Meniere's disease and related entities. Presently used tests are limited in their applicability because of their low sensitivity and specificity and a poor understanding of the underlying physiologic principles. Despite this, it is generally agreed that some of these studies have merit in selected situations. This article reviews the present state of diagnostic testing for endolymphatic hydrops. The use of nonspecific studies, such as basic audiometry and tests for recruitment, and "specific" studies, such as electrocochleography and dehydration testing, are critically reviewed.     

THMC多场耦合作用下岩石力学实验与数值模拟研究进展

岩石多场耦合作用的研究是当前研究的热点难点问题,为了更好的分析岩石在多场耦合作用条件下的作用机理,主要通过实验和数值模拟两方面进行研究。在总结国内外多场耦合微观–细观–宏观多尺度力学试验设备的改进和研发、数值模拟软件及耦合计算程序的开发等方面的研究现状的基础上,展望多场多相耦合作用下岩石力学实验设备和数值分析的研究方向。为了研究岩石多场耦合作用下的力学性能,通过改进和研发设计了不同物理场多场耦合试验系统,在开发试验设备的基础上引起和发展现代无损探测手段,比如实时CT（Computed tomography）扫描技术,电镜扫描技术（SEM）、核磁共振技术（NMRI）、X射线立体成像法、超声波技术等,既能无损检测到岩石的内部孔隙微细观结构及演化过程,也能得出岩石在温度?水流?应力?化学（THMC）多场耦合作用中各物理场的宏观关系,进一步从微细观和宏观相结合的角度得出岩石在多场耦合作用下的性能。随着计算机技术的进步,岩石多场耦合作用下的数值模拟软件及耦合计算程序的开发有了一定的发展,特别是TOUGHREACT与FLAC3D相结合的THMC四场耦合作用的数值模拟软件和数值仿真软件Comsol与Matlab对接的多场耦合计算程序的开发,为岩石多场耦合模拟的开展提供了技术支持。      

Research fundamentals: III. elements of a research protocol for clinical trials

A clinical trial is a powerful technique for evaluating the effectiveness of an experimental intervention. The initial stages of planning a clinical trial involve choosing and refining a research question, selecting a study design, and deciding on appropriate statistical tests and sample sizes. The success of the study depends upon how well these issues are thought out in advance, and how they can be put into practice. The protocol is the written document that allows the investigator to communicate details of how the research question will be answered. In the following article, the basic components of the research protocol are described. Issues related to quality control, data entry, and pilot testing are discussed. This is the third in a series of research fundamental concept papers, written by members of the SAEM Research Committee.     

Automatic and strategic processes in picture naming.

Prior presentation of related priming stimuli can facilitate responding to subsequent targets. However, recent research has demonstrated that inhibition effects can be produced by related primes when some of the primes in the testing sequence directly name their targets. This study used a picture-naming task, manipulating strength of relation between the prime word and the target picture, and the presence of identical primes in the testing sequence. Related primes facilitated naming when identical primes were absent, but not when they were present, whereas the strength effect did not vary as a function of identical-prime presence. A second experiment replicated the strength effect and showed that it was not affected by the presence or absence of primary associates in the testing sequence. A comparison-strategy explanation of the inhibition effect is proposed, in which the strategy is superimposed on an automatic activation of related information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neural Network Embedded Monte Carlo Approach for Water Quality Modeling under Input Information Uncertainty

This paper proposes a neural network embedded Monte Carlo (NNMC) approach to account for uncertainty in water quality modeling. The framework of the proposed method has three major parts: a numerical water quality model, a neural network technique, and Monte Carlo simulation. The numerical model is used to generate desirable output for training and testing sets, and the neural network is used as a universal functional mapping tool to approximate the input-output response of the numerical model. The Monte Carlo simulation then uses the neural network to generate numerical realizations based on a probabilistic distribution of parameters, thus obtaining a probabilistic distribution of the simulated state variables. By embedding a neural network into the conventional Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed approach significantly improves upon the conventional method in computational efficiency. The proposed approach has been applied to uncertainty and risk analyses of a phosphorus model for Triadelphia Reservoir in Maryland. The results of this research show that the NNMC approach has potential for efficient uncertainty analysis of water quality modeling.     

Consequences of organizational justice expectations in a selection system.

This study examined several consequences of applicants' expectations of organizational justice at multiple stages in a selection process. The authors assessed the justice expectations of 1,832 job applicants prior to their participation in a testing process and examined how these expectations influenced their pretest attitudes and intentions as well as their perceptions of the testing process. Results revealed that applicants with higher expectations of justice reported higher levels of pretest motivation and more positive job acceptance and recommendation intentions. Justice expectations were also positively related to applicants' perceptions of justice in the testing process. Results provided some evidence that justice expectations have a moderating influence, such that justice perceptions have a greater influence on applicants' affective and cognitive states when expectations of justice are high. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of research on organizational justice and applicant perceptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lesions of the posterior insular cortex impair water maze performance in the rat

This special issue of Patient Education and Counseling on genetic education and counseling provides an overview of studies and findings in this field. It features a mixture of papers dealing with five different topics related to several psychosocial aspects of genetic education and counseling. Attention is paid to new issues in counseling for hereditary cancer and Huntington Disease. Articles are presented on information recall of counseled individuals, the use and impact of genetic services on counselees (acceptance of testing; knowledge of inherited cancer susceptibility; risks of genetically testing children). Also topics are addressed with respect to the counselor (neutral attitude; understandable language; information recall; satisfaction with the services provided by the genetic counselor). Furthermore, recommendations are discussed for screening practices for women with a family history of breast cancer, and in addition, the effectiveness of genetic counseling is addressed. In conclusion several suggestions for future research are given.     

Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: Scale development and validation.

This study describes the development and validity testing of a field measure of transactive memory systems. Transactive memory systems are especially important for teams designed to leverage members' expertise, but field research has lagged because there are no adequate measures of the construct. The author developed and tested a 15-item scale in a laboratory sample of 124 teams, a field sample of 64 Master of Business Administration consulting teams, and a field sample of 27 teams from technology companies. Results from the present study demonstrate that the scale is internally consistent, related to alternative measures and hypothesized causes and effects, and unrelated to theoretically distinct constructs, providing evidence of convergent, criterion-related, and discriminant validity. Suggestions for improving the scale, future validity testing, and possible boundary conditions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of research on expectancy theory predictions of employee performance.

Summarizes formulations of expectancy theory proposed by L. W. Porter and E. E. Lawler in 1968 and by V. H. Vroom in 1964. 9 field studies testing expectancy theory hypotheses using various measures of employee performance as the dependent variable are reviewed. Finally, the studies are evaluated in terms of the number of independent variables used, the measurement of these variables, and the statistical analysis performed. It is shown that the research has generally been inadequate in all 3 respects. Generally, results also show that valence, instrumentality, and role perceptions are significantly related to performance, while ability is not. Suggestions for improvement in expectancy theory research are made. (40 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A high-frequency shear device for testing soft biological tissues

Accurate mechanical property data obtained at large shear deformations and high frequencies are a fundamental component of realistic numerical simulations of soft tissue injury. Although many commercial systems exist for testing shear properties of viscoelastic materials with properties similar to soft biological tissue, none are capable of determining properties at high loading rates necessary for modeling soft tissue injury. Previous custom shear testing systems, though capable of high-frequency loading, indirectly measure tissue properties by using analytical corrections for inertial effects. To address these limitations, a new custom designed oscillatory shear testing apparatus (STA) capable of testing soft biological tissues in simple shear has been constructed and validated. Through a proper selection of sample thickness, direct measurement of material properties at high frequencies is achieved mechanically without analytical inertial adjustments. The complex shear modulus of three mixtures of silicone gel with viscoelastic properties in a range similar to soft biological tissue was characterized in the STA over a dynamic frequency range of 20-200 Hz and validated with a commercially available solids rheometer. The frequency-dependent complex shear modulus measurements of the STA were within 10% of the rheometer measurements for all mixtures over the entire frequency range tested. The STA represents substantive improvement over current shear testing methods by providing direct measurement of the shear behavior of soft viscoelastic material at high frequencies. Mechanical property data gained from this device will provide a more realistic basis for numerical simulations of biological structures.     

An actor–partner interdependence model of spousal criticism and depression.

Although perceived criticism is relational, most theory and research concerns only relatives' criticism toward patients and not the converse. With a sample of 33 depressed patients and their spouses, we take a fully relational approach to criticism by testing an actor–partner interdependence model (Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006). Patient intended criticism was especially strongly associated with depressive symptoms for wives, whereas patient perceived criticism was especially negatively related to depressive symptoms for husbands. Nondepressed partner intended criticism was positively related to patient depressive symptoms, but nondepressed wife perceived criticism was negatively related to husband depressive symptoms. The importance of including patient intended and partner perceived criticism as well as examining sex differences in models of criticism and depression are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

中国冶金分析的现状与发展(英文)

中国钢铁工业取得了飞速的发展。与钢铁工业的发展相对应,中国的分析测试技术特别是钢铁分析测试技术也取得长足的进步。中国的分析测试机构大体可分为承担研究任务的分析测试机构和质量监督检验机构两大类。中国金属学会是冶金领域的学术团体,分析测试分会是其分支机构。中国金属学会每两年(偶数年)召开一次分析测试年会,2008年10月将在北京召开第14届年会。《冶金分析》是由中国金属学会分析测试分会主办的刊物。可循环钢铁流程分析技术及新一代钢铁材料表征技术是今后中国冶金分析测试的主要研究方向。中国实验室在进行样品分析测定时