硬脂醇/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备及储热性能

相变储热技术是解决热量在时空上分配不平衡问题的有效手段之一,研制高性能的复合相变材料（phase change material, PCM）成为当前研究者关注的重点。硬脂醇（stearyl alcohol, SAL）等有机PCM目前主要存在热导率偏低以及循环稳定性较差等问题而限制了实际应用。以SAL作为PCM,膨胀石墨（expanded graphite, EG）为高导热多孔基质,采用吸附定形工艺制备了16种SAL/EG复合PCMs[EG含量为7%、14%、21%、28%（质量）;样品密度为700kg/m³、800kg/m³、900kg/m³、1000kg/m³]。对复合PCMs样品的微观结构、储热能力、导热性能、循环稳定性及充放热性能进行研究与分析。结果表明：SAL完全填充于EG的多孔网络。当样品密度为900kg/m³,EG质量分数为28%的水平热导率最高,其值为28.58W/(m ? K),相比于纯SAL[0.38W/(m ? K)]提高了74倍,该值大约是相对应垂直热导率[5.99W/(m ? K)]的4.8倍。另外在构建的充放热性能试验台上研究了样品中心位置的储/放热性能,结果显示样品密度为900kg/m³,EG质量分数为28%的样品充放热速率最大,固-液潜热吸热和放热阶段所经历的时间分别为53min和20min。与此同时验证了样品的导热性能和熔化-凝固特性,说明SAL/EG复合PCMs具有稳定可靠的储/放热性能。     

癸醇-棕榈酸/膨胀石墨低温复合相变材料的制备与性能

为了寻求温度段在2～3℃的低温相变材料,采用低共熔法,以理论计算为基础制备了癸醇-棕榈酸(DA-PA)二元复合相变材料。为提高其热导率,利用膨胀石墨(EG)的多孔特性,制备了最佳质量比为15∶1的DA-PA/EG复合相变材料。通过DSC、步冷曲线、红外光谱测试、SEM、Hot Disk热常数分析、高低温循环实验对复合相变材料的结构和性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,当DA-PA质量比为97.8∶2.2时的低共熔温度为2.9℃,相变潜热为203.6 J·g-1。真空吸附后DA-PA被均匀地包裹在EG的多孔网状结构中,DA-PA/EG的相变温度为2.7℃,相变潜热为193.9 J·g-1,热导率为1.416 W·(m·K)-1,相比DA-PA提高了4.3倍。经过100次高低温循环后,DA-PA/EG仍保持良好的稳定性,在冷链物流中有较大的应用价值。     

三元复合相变蓄冷材料的制备及传热性能优化

为寻找高潜热的复合相变蓄冷材料,以正癸酸(DA)、十二醇(LA)、十四烷(TD)3种有机物为原料,通过低共熔法得到高潜热的TD-LA二元混合物(质量比为0.68∶0.32),利用此二元混合物为主储能剂,以DA为温度调配剂,制备得到新型三元有机复合相变蓄冷材料。通过DSC测试进行筛选,得到TP(TD∶LA∶DA质量比为0.598∶0.282∶0.12)。针对其热导率低的缺陷,利用膨胀石墨(EG)独特的多孔结构和高吸附性,制备得到高导热复合相变材料TP/EG,并对TP/EG进行100次高低温循环实验。结果表明,TP的相变温度为1.1℃,相变潜热为258.3 J/g,热导率为0.201 W/(m·K),加入EG后得到TP/EG(最优质量比为15∶1),热导率为1.528 W/(m·K),热导率提高7.6倍。在循环过程中热性能均未发生太大变化,具有良好的热稳定性,在冷链物流中具有较大的应用价值。     

癸醇-棕榈酸/膨胀石墨低温复合相变材料的制备与性能

为了寻求温度段在2~3℃的低温相变材料,采用低共熔法,以理论计算为基础制备了癸醇-棕榈酸（DA-PA）二元复合相变材料。为提高其热导率,利用膨胀石墨（EG）的多孔特性,制备了最佳质量比为15∶1的DA-PA/EG复合相变材料。通过DSC、步冷曲线、红外光谱测试、SEM、Hot Disk热常数分析、高低温循环实验对复合相变材料的结构和性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,当DA-PA质量比为97.8∶2.2时的低共熔温度为2.9℃,相变潜热为203.6 J·g^-1。真空吸附后DA-PA被均匀地包裹在EG的多孔网状结构中,DA-PA/EG的相变温度为2.7℃,相变潜热为193.9 J·g^-1,热导率为1.416 W·（m·K）^-1,相比DA-PA提高了4.3倍。经过100次高低温循环后,DA-PA/EG仍保持良好的稳定性,在冷链物流中有较大的应用价值。     

铁尾矿与采剥废石基多孔陶瓷复合相变储能材料的制备与表征

将铁尾矿与采剥废石制成的多孔陶瓷作为相变储能材料基体，同时将熔融石蜡、石墨、石墨烯混合搅拌30 min作为相变材料，最后采用熔融真空压注法将相变材料注入相变储能材料基体得到一种铁尾矿与采剥废石基多孔陶瓷复合相变储能材料(IT-WR@SCY/PCMs)。通过抗压、耐酸碱性和热导率测试及热循环试验等对IT-WR@SCY/PCMs的力学和物理化学性质进行了研究，并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差热-热重分析仪(DSC-TG)等对IT-WR@SCY/PCMs的微观结构进行了表征，结果表明：5种配比下IT-WR@SCY/PCMs的平均抗压强度为14.73 MPa;在微沸酸碱溶液中浸泡2.5 h的平均质量损失率分别为5.9%和2.4%;相较于石蜡，添加20%石墨和20%石墨烯的复合相变储能材料(IT-WR@SCY/GPCPCMs20和IT-WR@SCY/GCPCMs20)的导热率分别提高了120.83%、266.67%,为0.53、0.88 W/(m·K),相变潜热分别损失了44.50%、27.09%,为126.22、165.92 J/g;经100次熔化-凝固热循环后，IT-WR@SCY/PCMs...     

正十八烷/OBC/EG复合定型相变材料制备及热物性

针对正十八烷相变易泄漏的问题,采用烯烃嵌段共聚物（olefin block copolymer,OBC）作为封装结构,制备复合定型相变材料。并通过添加膨胀石墨（expanded graphite,EG）,改善其热导率低的问题。研究结果表明,当OBC的质量分数为20%时,复合相变材料未发现明显泄漏,定型效果较好,此时复合相变材料的相变焓为166.87 J/g,相较纯十八烷（227.40 J/g）下降26.62%。针对添加有不同质量分数EG的复合相变材料,其热导率随EG含量的增加而增大。其中当EG质量分数为5%时,复合相变材料热导率为4.179 W/(m?K),较纯相变材料热导率[0.24 W/(m?K)提高了约16倍,即EG能够有效提高复合相变材料的导热性能。此外,5%含量下的复合相变材料相变焓约为149.54 J/g,且在经历50次循环后,相变温度和相变焓均未有明显变化,即制备的复合相变材料具有较好的热稳定性。因此,该复合相变材料在建筑节能方面具有应用潜力。     

硅藻土基脂肪酸定型相变材料的制备与表征

脂肪酸类相变材料(PCMs)在缓解建筑用能源危机上有着巨大的应用前景。本工作制备了月桂酸–肉豆蔻酸–硬脂酸(LA–MA–SA)的相变材料。以多孔网状膨胀石墨(EG)为热导率增强材料、硅藻土(DE)为定型材料,通过熔融浸渍法分别制备了含质量分数为2%EG、4%EG、6%EG、8%EG、10%EG的高热导率的LA–MA–SA/EG/DE定型复合相变材料,对定型复合相变材料进行微观结构分析和热物性测量。结果表明：LA–MA–SA与EG和DE为物理吸附过程且吸附效果良好。稳态法热导率测试发现,EG可以有效提高PCM的热导率,添加2%～10%的EG,热导率增强了29.7%～708.2%。通过泄漏测试发现,添加DE能够对复合物起到一定的定型作用,防止PCM的泄漏。对复合物进行100次DSC循环后,材料的相变温度和相变潜热均无明显变化。通过蓄/放热试验发现,LA–MA–SA/10%EG/10/%DE的石膏板在加热冷却过程中分别表现出良好的储、放热性能和较长的相对热舒适时间,较纯石膏板延长0.82 h。     

PEG-EG固-固相变材料的制备和性能研究

针对固-液相变材料易泄漏和热导率较低的问题,提出了聚乙二醇(PEG)固-固相变的复合材料。复合材料由不同比例、热导率较大的膨胀石墨(EG)骨架与PEG化学枝接得到。研究结果表明,EG质量分数为10%时,复合相变材料仍存在泄漏现象,而EG质量分数为20%、30%时不再有泄漏现象,复合材料表现为固-固相变。另外,复合材料的热导率随EG含量的增加而增大,其中EG质量分数为30%时,复合材料的热导率最高,为8.031 W·m^-1·K^-1,是纯相变材料热导率(0.289 W·m^-1·K^-1)的27.79倍。经历50次循环后,所有复合相变材料的相变温度和相变焓均未有明显变化,证明其具有良好的热稳定性。考虑综合性能,EG的质量分数为20%时,复合相变材料性能最佳,定形效果良好,相变焓(138.30 J·g^-1)和结晶度(88.6%)较高,热导率也可以达到6.870 W·m^-1·K^-1。     

KNO_3-NaNO_3-Ca(NO_3)_2/膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料的研究

采用未饱和水溶液法并利用超声波的震荡与分散的原理制备了[KNO_3-NaNO_3-Ca(NO_3)_2]/膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料,对样品做了导热系数、DSC、XRD和SEM等表征分析。通过添加不同质量分数的膨胀石墨(EG),研究了添加量对复合相变储热材料热物性能的影响。结果表明,利用未饱和水溶液法并利用超声波的震荡与分散的原理制备的复合相变材料的微观结构均一、稳定,导热系数增加更为明显,30%(质量分数)EG的复合相变材料导热系数可达24.29 W/(m·K),比纯共晶盐导热系数提高了67倍;EG质量分数小于10%时,共晶盐不能完全浸透到膨胀石墨空隙中,有明显的相分离,不能形成稳定的复合相;另外,EG含量越多,复合相变材料的导热系数就越大。     

二维纳米片基复合相变储热材料研究进展

相变材料（PCMs）作为潜热储存和释放的介质,能够解决热能供需矛盾,从而缓解能源危机。纯相变材料具有能量密度高、温度范围广、能量输出稳定性强等优点,但其热导率低和在相变过程发生渗漏的缺点阻碍了其广泛的应用和发展。通过将PCMs与二维纳米片复合,PCMs热导率低和渗漏问题被有效解决。通过在导热机理方面进行详细阐述的基础上,综述了近几年来有关碳基二维纳米片、六方氮化硼（h-BN）纳米片、二硫化钼等复合储热材料的研究进展,为高性能二维纳米片基复合PCMs的设计提供一定的研究思路。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。