UBET-based numerical modeling of bulk deformation processes

The paper summarizes the development of numerical procedures for modeling bulk deformation process and preform designing techniques based on the upper bound elemental technique (UBET). UBET has a unique place where an approximate, but faster solution is needed for decision making. In designing and optimizing multistage forging and profile ring-rolling processes, an approximate solution can be used to identify the most influential process parameters. Once an optimum combination of process conditions are determined, computationally intensive, but more accurate finite element analysis can be used to verify and refine results. In this paper, UBET procedures for closed-die forging and profile ring rolling are high-lighted. Experimental investigations are used to validate the model predictions. Also, the UBET-based preform design tool is presented as a process and die design tool for multistage forging processes. Application of these techniques is presented with evidence of effective material usage and extended overall die-life.     

大型风电轴承套圈滚道轧制数值模拟与实验

风电轴承是风电装备的关键零件,而套圈作为轴承的核心组件,对轴承服役寿命以及主机运行可靠性至关重要。环件径轴向轧制是制造各种大型无缝轴承套圈、回转支承、法兰环件的先进回转塑性成形工艺。目前,风电装备中应用的各种球轴承,其套圈滚道均是通过切削加工成形,材料浪费多,加工效率低,且滚道金属流线分布差,削弱了套圈的力学性能。文章以典型的大型双滚道风电轴承套圈为对象,开展其滚道轧制成形数值模拟和实验研究。通过环件轧制工艺理论分析,提出了主要工艺参数设计方法;建立套圈径轴向轧制热力耦合有限元模型,通过模拟分析,对轧制进给规程进行优化;根据模拟结果,开展了轧制实验,成功轧制成形出合格的双滚道轴承套圈。该文研究实现了大型风电轴承套圈滚道直接轧制成形,为风电以及其他领域用大型轴承套圈、回转支承环件节能节材的先进制造,提供了有效的工艺理论指导。     

Optimum design of forging dies using fuzzy logic in conjunction with the backward deformation method

A novel shape optimization method is presented for the design of preform die shapes in multistage forging processes using a combination of the backward deformation method and a fuzzy decision making algorithm. In the backward deformation method, the final component shape is taken as the starting point, and the die is moved in the reverse direction with boundary nodes being released as the die is raised. The optimum die shape is thereby determined by taking the optimum reverse path. A fuzzy decision making approach is developed to specify new boundary conditions for each backward time increment based on geometrical features and the plastic deformation of the workpiece. In order to demonstrate this approach, a design analysis for an axisymmetric disk forging is presented in this paper.     

Sensitivity analysis based preform die shape design for net-shape forging

A sensitivity analysis method for preform die shape design in net-shape forging processes is developed in this paper using the rigid viscoplastic finite element method. The preform die shapes are represented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points or coefficients of B-spline are used as the design variables. The optimization problem is to minimize the zone where the realized and desired final forging shapes do not coincide. The sensitivities of the objective function, nodal coordinates and nodal velocities with respect to the design variables are developed in detail. A procedure for computing the sensitivities of history-dependent functions is presented. The remeshing procedure and the interpolation/transfer of the history-dependent parameters, such as effective strain, are stated. The procedures of sensitivity analysis based preform die design are also described. In addition, a method for the adjustment of the volume loss resulting from the finite element analysis is given in order to make the workpiece volume consistent in each optimization iteration. The method developed in this paper is used to design the preform die shape of H-shaped forging processes, including plane strain and axisymmetric deformations. The results show that a flashless forging with a complete die fill is realized using the optimized preform die shape.     

阶梯孔环件辗扩质量控制

本文分析了阶梯孔环件辗扩中金属流动,指出此类环件辗扩中存在径向、环向及轴向金属流动,并作了实验验证。在EQ140车后桥从动伞齿轮锻件辗扩实践基础上,从毛坯及孔型设计制造、辗扩进给、毛坯加热等方面论述了阶梯孔环件辗扩缺陷形成原因、消除方法及控制锻件质量的措施。     

Fast 3D inverse simulation of hot forging processes via Medial Axis Transformation: an approach for preform estimation in hot die forging

In hot die forging processes, the selection of an ideal preform is of great importance with respect to cavity filling and mechanical load. The common procedure in order to define an adequate preform is the usage of Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA), usually as an iterative process in which various preforms are tested with regard to their suitability. An approach that aims at reducing the number of trials by proposing a first estimation of a suitable preform is presented in this paper. It is conjectured that the material flow paths and resistance can be described by the cavity shape using the Medial Axis Transformation. Based on this, a local inverse material flow for time discrete steps is calculated. The result is a first estimation of an adequate preform shape within a few minutes as an input for further FEA. FE-based parametric design optimization procedure is then presented and compared to the inverse approach, which is identified as a useful complement for the forward simulation technique.     

基于有限元灵敏度分析的锻造成形微观组织优化设计

采用有限元、灵敏度分析与工程优化算法相结合的方法,以能充满型腔且少无飞边的终锻件的晶粒度分布均匀化为目标,以预成形形状为优化对象,对锻造成形过程的微观组织进行了优化设计。采用三次B样条函数描述预成形模具形状,并以B样条函数的控制点坐标为设计变量,给出了锻造过程微观组织演变的模型,建立了衡量锻件充型性能及微观组织分布均匀化的目标函数,推导了目标函数对设计变量的灵敏度,给出了优化设计步骤。并以一典型H型锻件为例,对锻件的微观组织进行了优化,取得了较好的结果。     

Process sequence design in cold extrusion to form an axisymmetric shell body

The multi-stage cold extrusion process to produce a steel axisymmetric shell body is investigated for process sequence design by using the finite element method. The main design goal is to obtain the optimum process sequence which can produce the required part most economically. The established process sequence is simulated and design criteria are examined. Based on the results of preliminary simulation, two strategies for improving the sequence are derived for the type of preform. Using the approach taken with a plate preform, the finished product of a shell body is produced in three operations and two annealing treatments while the conventional sequence consists of five forming operations and four annealing treatments. The final design of the improved sequence is achieved by controlling process parameters and through creative punch design based on the finite element simulations.     

Dynamic explicit FE modeling of hot ring rolling process

1Introduction Ring rolling is an advanced process typically used to manufacture parts with revolved geometries.It makes use of rotating rolls to press a ring continuously and locally,causing the wall thickness of the ring to reduce,the diameter to expand …     

微观遗传算法在预锻模优化设计中的应用

锻造过程实现净形和近净形制造最关键的一点是对无预锻模进行优化设计。本文用微观遗传算法对Ｈ型截面锻件进行了预锻模优化设计,以实现此锻件的无飞边锻造。设计结果表明优化效果显著。而且用遗传算法进行预锻模优化设计,可充分利用现有的ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ软件,既保持软件的独立性,又能实现两者的双向集成。     

Sensitivity analysis based preform die shape design using the finite element method

This paper uses a finite element-based sensitivity analysis method to design the preform die shape for metal forming processes. The sensitivity analysis was developed using the rigid visco-plastic finite element method. The preform die shapes are represented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points or coefficients of the B-spline are used as the design variables. The optimization problem is to minimize the difference between the realized and the desired final forging shapes. The sensitivity analysis includes the sensitivities of the objective function, nodal coordinates, and nodal velocities with respect to the design variables. The remeshing procedure and the interpolation/transfer of the history/dependent parameters are considered. An adjustment of the volume loss resulting from the finite element analysis is used to make the workpiece volume consistent in each optimization iteration and improve the optimization convergence. In addition, a technique for dealing with fold-over defects during the forming simulation is employed in order to continue the optimization procedures of the preform die shape design. The method developed in this paper is used to design the preform die shape for both plane strain and axisymmetric deformations with shaped cavities. The analysis shows that satisfactory final forging shapes are obtained using the optimized preform die shapes.     

The Effect of Geometric Parameters of Conical Cups on the Preform Shape in Two-Stage Superplastic Forming Process

A combination of sensitivity analysis and finite element simulation has been developed for the preform design in two-stage superplastic forming process. The aim is to present a simple approach to generate an estimate for the preform shape. In this respect, the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard 6.8 was used as a computational tool and sensitivity analysis was used for preform design by minimizing the mean fractional deviation from the target thickness as an objective function. The predicted preform was verified through comparison with experimental results by investigating the deformation of AA5083 sheet at temperature of 500 °C. The effect of the geometric parameters of conical cups on the preform shape was examined. The results showed that the geometric parameters have a significant effect on the preform shape. By increasing the height and the cone angle of the final cup, the depth of the preform in the inner cavity decreases and the dome region is approached to the center of the preform cup. By increasing the corner radius of the final-die, only the height of the dome region decreases.     

材料塑性成形过程最优化设计—Ⅰ有限元灵敏度分析方法

本文采用有限元方法建立了一种非稳态材料塑性成形过程的灵敏度分析理论和模具形状优化设计方法。采用三次Ｂ样条函数描述预成形模具形状,Ｂ样条函数的控制点坐标（系数）作为优化设计变量,通过对控制点坐标的优化设计,使实际终成形件形状与理想终成形件形状之间的差别最小,从而实现预成形模具形状的优化设计,详细建立了目标函数、有限元节点坐标、节点速度对优化设计变量的解析灵敏度方程及其彼此之间的数学关系,并给出了节点速度灵敏度的边界条件     

C型轮辋圈的轧制

根据环件轧制工艺及原理,介绍了一种C型断面轮辋圈的轧制工艺设计过程,包括其产品设计及模具设计.列举了各工序坯形控制的要点和主要参数,同时分析了轧制过程中的难点问题,并提出了有效的解决方法.该工艺的成功应用,使轮辋圈的材料利用率提高了28%,使生产效率提高了约一倍,具有一定的经济效益和社会效益;为今后生产此类复杂断面异形环件提供了新的思路和途径.     

基于本体的滚动轴承配合公差设计研究

针对滚动轴承配合公差设计难以智能化的问题,文章将本体引入到滚动轴承配合公差的设计中,为滚动轴承配合公差设计提供一种可行的方法。首先,分析总结滚动轴承配合公差设计影响因素;其次,使用OWL2构建滚动轴承的本体表示模型;再次根据滚动轴承配合公差设计的专家知识,使用语义网规则语言SWRL构建滚动轴承配合公差设计的语义规则;然后参照已构建的语义规则,使用Jess推理机得到滚动轴承配合公差的设计参数;最后,以圆柱齿轮减速器为例,验证所设计方法的有效性。     

中频感应加热中温轧制成形工艺及其应用

介绍应用中频快速感应加热方法对弹簧钢、轴承钢、工模具钢等冷变形抗力大的材料及某些异型材在再结晶温度以下进行温轧的成功经验。利用快速加热还可对轧后需保持原有组织和特性的材料进行轧制。     

中大型冷辗机LN300结构设计

近年来,冷辗扩技术在中小型轴承套圈加工中得到广泛应用,有效降低了优质轴承批量制造及其成规模优化加工的工艺成本.但市场上尚缺乏中大型冷辗机,影响冷辗技术进一步推广应用.本文通过分析中大型冷辗机的特点,建立LN300型中大型冷辗机的辗压力模型、驱动力模型,以此为基础设计设备各部件的尺寸参数并通过有限元仿真对其进行应力分析....     

铝合金锥面筒形环件轧制成形数值模拟与实验研究

铝合金异形截面环件是航天航空和国防装备的重要结构件,铝合金异形截面环件目前多采用自由锻成形或者简化为矩形截面环件后轧制成形,使环件生产周期长、材料利用率低、环件的组织性能差,严重限制了该类环件的应用和发展。针对2A14铝合金锥面筒形环件进行了轧制过程数值模拟和实验研究,提出了形状相似环件毛坯设计方法和锥形环件轧制过程的合理工艺参数范围计算方法,并基于ABAQUS/Explicit平台建立该环件轧制过程的三维热力耦合有限元模型。通过分析毛坯结构对成形环件尺寸误差和变形均匀性的影响,得到了等截面积环件毛坯成形尺寸误差最小的结果。并根据模拟结果进行轧制实验验证,成功轧制出合格的锥面筒形环件。     

Computer aided preform design in forging using the inverse die contact tracking method

The inverse die contact tracking method presented in this paper utilizes both the forward and inverse finite element simulations to design the preform shapes in forging processes. The procedure starts with the forward simulation of a candidate preform into the final forging shape. A record of the boundary condition changes is produced by identifying when a particular segment of the die makes contact with the workpiece surfaces in forward simulation. This recorded time sequence is then optimized according to the material flow characteristics and the state of die fill to satisfy the requirement of material utilization and forging quality. The modified boundary conditions are finally used as the boundary condition control criterion for the inverse deformation simulation. Additionally, a procedure to determine process staging points using trial forward simulation is given. As an example, the preform design of a plane strain forging process is performed. The fuller, buster and blocker dies are designed by using the inverse deformation simulation.     

Manufacturing dish shaped rings on radial-axial ring rolling mills

Ring rolling is an established method to produce seamless rings of different cross-sectional geometries. For dish shaped rings, there are applications in different areas such as offshore, aeronautics or the energy sector. At the moment, dish shaped rings are produced by machining of rings with rectangular shaped cross section, by (open die) hollow forging on a conical mandrel or by using shaped ring rolling tools. These ways of manufacturing have the disadvantage of high material waste, additional costs for special tools, long process time and limited or inflexible geometries. Therefore, the manufacturing of dish shaped rings on conventional radial-axial ring rolling mills would expand the range of products for ring producers. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of an alternative to the current manufacturing processes, without requiring additional tooling and material costs. Therefore, the intended formation of dish shaped rings—previously regarded as a form error—is investigated. Based on an analysis of geometrical requirements and metal flow mechanisms, a rolling strategy is presented, causing dishing and ring climbing by a large height reduction of the ring. Using this rolling strategy dish shaped rings with dishing angles up to 18° were achieved. In addition to the experiments finite element method (FEM)—simulations of the process have been successfully conducted, in order to analyze the local strain evolution. However, when the contact between ring and main roll is lost in the process the ring starts to oscillate around the mandrel and neither dishing nor ring climbing is observed.