碳质量分数0.70%的降碳、硅合金化冷轧工作辊材料

针对９Ｃｒ２ＭｏＶ等冷轧工作辊的碳质量分数高，轧辊淬硬层脆，且淬硬层利用率低的缺点，研制出降碳、硅合金化的新型轧辊材料。试验表明：该材料是一种适于工作条件恶劣，力学性能优良、使用寿命长的冷轧工作辊材料。     

辊间压力分布影响因素的研究

四辊轧机辊间压力的分布将直接影响轧机负载辊缝形状,轧辊磨损情况以及轧辊强度的准确校核。本文采用分割单元法,研究了轧件宽度,轧辊直径,弯辊力,轧辊辊型,轧制压力分布等诸多因素对辊间压力分布的影响,给出了辊间压力分布规律,理论计算值与实测数据吻合较好,研究结果对于板形凸度计算及轧机设计有一定的借鉴作用。     

四辊PC轧机辊间接触应力及支承辊疲劳损伤分布研究

四辊轧机辊系中辊间循环接触应力引起的辊身接触疲劳损伤,会影响辊身的磨损、轧辊的后续磨削及使用寿命;因此分析不同轧制工艺参数情况下辊间接触应力的分布对分析辊身损伤以及现场轧辊维护具有重要的意义,以某厂1880轧线采用的四辊PC轧机为研究对象,采用有限元法分析了不同工艺参数对辊间接触应力分布及分布均匀度的影响规律;基于损伤累积理论建立了轧辊辊身截面损伤分布计算模型并计算了辊身轴向截面内的接触疲劳损伤分布,与现场辊身疲劳硬化测试结果对比表明理论分析结果具有一定的合理性。     

8Cr5MoV锻钢冷轧工作辊双频淬火工艺

8Cr5MoV高铬锻钢冷轧辊因具有良好的淬透性和耐磨性、较好的抗热冲击性能和防止粘钢能力，可以减少轧辊在使用过程中的剥落，提高抗事故能力和延长使用寿命等，在国内各大钢厂中正在取代传统的2％Cr类和3％Cr类锻钢轧辊而得到较广泛的应用，市场前景看好。但因其较高的含碳量和合金元素含量，对最终热处理的技术要求也较高，特别是淬硬层深度≥40mm的超深淬硬层冷轧工作辊，对最终热处理提出了很高的要求。     

冷轧辊整体快速加热双液淬火工艺

一批材料为9Cr2的冷轧辊,辊身尺寸为φ150mm×236mm,要求辊身淬火处理,表面硬度80～90HS,淬硬层深度10mm,辊身变形量<0.25mm,辊颈硬度32～42HS。由于采用高频感应加热淬火,轧辊易淬裂,淬硬层深度也不够。根据我厂设备情况,决定采用在井式炉中整体快速加热淬火的热处理工艺。     

电渣重熔 86CrMoV7 钢冷轧工作辊

用电渣重熔法制造的８６ＣｒＭｏＶ７钢冷轧工作辊具有良好的治金质量、较高的硬度、淬硬层深度和抗事故性能。轧辊辊耗低，寿命长，经济效益显著，应予以推广。     

电渣重熔86CrMoV7钢冷轧工作辊

用电渣重熔法制造的８６ＣｒＭｏＶ７钢冷轧工作辊具有良好的冶金质量，较高的硬度，淬硬层深诬和抗事故性能，轧辊辊耗低，寿命长，经济效益显著，应予以推广。     

提高铝箔轧辊质量的探索

冷轧辊的质量直接关系到冷轧的生产效率、轧材的质量和成本。因此,提高冷轧辊的使用寿命是一个重大的研究课题。本文通过对铝箔轧辊的使用调查及失效分析,试验探索了提高调质硬度及中频整体感应加热淬火的新工艺,检验了按新工艺处理的铝箔轧辊的硬度、金相组织及淬硬层深度。经用户使用考核表明,对于防止铝箔轧辊的断辊、延长使用寿命是十分有效的。     

四辊轧机轧制因素影响磨损的有限元分析

轧制过程中,轧辊与被轧制金属材料之间接触应力较大,并承受周期性的应力应变。轧辊的表面特性会发生改变,产生磨损。轧辊与带钢之间的磨损会落破坏原始辊型,并直接影响板形控制精度及增加辊耗。对于轧制因素的调整,可以降低辊耗和节约生产成。首先分析了轧辊的磨损及影响因素,考虑轧辊辊系的弹塑性变形,基于有限元软件,建立了轧制力学模型以及四辊轧机有限元仿真模型。其次利用有限元法对轧辊的应力进行了仿真模拟,并从板宽、压下率等因素对工作辊磨损的影响,提出了降低轧辊失效的具体措施。     

42CrMo钢点接触下许用应力的试验研究

通过试验得到了中频表面淬火42CrMo钢不同硬度与淬硬层深度下的压痕深度,采用回归分析研究了点接触状态下GCr15钢球与表面淬硬的42CrMo钢对压时压痕深度与接触应力的关系,并确定了点接触时的许用应力。     

Effects of substrate surface finish and substrate material on durability of thermally sprayed WC cermet coating in rolling with sliding contact

In this study, using a two-roller testing machine, the authors examined the surface durability of thermally sprayed WC-Cr-Ni cermet coating in lubricated rolling with sliding contact conditions. The coating was formed onto the axially ground, blasted and circumferentially ground roller specimens made of a thermally refined carbon steel or an induction hardened carbon steel by means of the high energy type flame spraying (Hi-HVOF) method. The WC cermet coated roller finished to a mirror-like condition was mated with the carburized steel roller without coating having a surface roughness of Ry=3.05.0 μm. In the experiments, a maximum Hertzian stress of P_H=0.6 or 0.8 GPa was applied for the thermally refined carbon steel roller and P_H=1.4 GPa was applied for the induction hardened carbon steel roller in line contact condition. As a result, it was found that in the case of induction hardened steel substrate, the coated roller generally exhibits a long life without any serious damage and the surface durability is hardly affected by the substrate surface finish, while in the case of thermally refined steel substrate, the durability of coated roller is lowered and the life to flaking is very short particularly when the substrate surface is circumferentially ground and the mating surface is rough. The surface durability of coated roller was also compared with the durability of steel roller without coating. Finally, in order to discuss the durability of coated roller, the elastic-plastic behavior of the subsurface layer under repeated rolling with sliding contact was analyzed using a finite element method (FEM).     

Ratcheting short crack behavior in medium carbon bainitic back-up roll steel under mild tractive rolling contact

In order to improve the current grinding procedure of the back-up roll of CVC hot rolling mills, the ratcheting short crack propagation behavior of medium carbon bainitic back-up roll steel was experimentally investigated under its actual work conditions, and the mechanism was theoretically analyzed based on contact mechanics and shakedown theory. After nucleation, the ratcheting short cracks propagate by the shear growth mechanism driven by the plastic strain accumulation resulting from the process of ratcheting induced by repetitive asperity contacts. They arrest on reaching the maximum depth ranging from 1.6 to 4.5 μm due to the presence of a large “quiescent zone” for crack propagation under the depth at which the maximum orthogonal shear stress is equal to the shear yield strength. At about 70–80% of the surface distress life, the cracks resume propagating by turning parallel to contact surfaces because of the greatly enhanced effect of the lubricant fluid trapped due to the crack geometry change and the residual tensile stress in vertical direction occurring upon unloading due to plastic deformation in the thin surface layer induced by the high cyclic asperity contact stresses. According to the ratcheting short crack propagation behavior and its mechanism, the probable grinding interval and grinding depth were proposed based on the preventive grinding strategy.     

高压氢气环境下橡胶O形圈静密封结构有限元分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立了高压氢气环境下橡胶O形圈静密封结构的有限元分析模型,研究了高压氢气作用下由于橡胶材料的吸氢膨胀对O形圈变形及应力的影响,探讨了不同初始压缩率、氢气压力、沟槽间隙、有无挡圈等工况下O形圈最大Von Mises应力、最大剪切应力和最大接触应力的变化规律。结果表明:高压氢气环境下,吸氢膨胀会导致橡胶O形圈的截面高度和面积的增加,但对O形圈的应力基本无影响。增加O形圈压缩率会提高初始安装工况下的接触应力,有利于初始密封的形成,但当介质压力较大时,过高的压缩率会显著增加剪切应力,导致O形圈发生剪切破坏。相较于低压工况,高压下密封沟槽间隙对O形圈的Mises应力和剪切的影响非常显著,较大的沟槽间隙会使O形圈发生挤出和剪切破坏,而安装密封挡圈可明显改善O形圈的变形和应力情况,有效防止O形圈被挤入沟槽间隙,同时提高密封性能。     

Determination of anisotropy of strengthening and residual stresses in a steel sample cylinder treated with a roller

A mathematical model for determining residual stress fields and plastic deformations in a hardened layer of a sample cylinder after anisotropic strengthening is described. A procedure is set forth and the model is identified on the example of sample cylinders made of 40XH steel after running with a roller. Experimental and calculation results are analyzed.     

Two-dimensional contact problem for a coating-graded layer-substrate structure under a rigid cylindrical punch

The two-dimensional frictionless contact problem of a coating structure consisting of a surface coating, a functionally graded layer and a substrate under a rigid cylindrical punch is investigated in this paper. The coating and substrate are homogeneous materials with distinct physical properties, while the intermediate layer is inhomogeneous with its shear modulus changing arbitrarily along the thickness direction. To approximate the through-thickness variation, a piecewise linear multi-layer model is used and the graded layer is divided into a number of sub-layers whose shear modulus is assumed to vary linearly. Poisson's ratio, however, is taken as a constant within the structure for simplicity. By using the transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique, the governing equations are reduced to a Cauchy singular integral equation which is numerically solved to determine the normal contact pressure, contact region, the through-thickness stress fields and longitudinal stress distributions at interfaces. A parametric study is conducted, showing that both normal contact pressure and stress fields in the structure are significantly influenced by the shear modulus ratio and the thickness ratio of the exponentially graded layer but are less sensitive to the gradient index of the graded layer whose shear modulus follows a power law variation.     

Contact endurance of gearing teeth subjected to ion-beam nitriding

Gears treated by intense nitrogen ion flows were calculated for preventing deep contact pitting, allowing for the real distributions of hardness in the depth of the hardened layer and reduced stresses. A method for calculating the contact endurance of gears hardened by ion-beam nitriding was proposed. The results of the calculations and experiments have shown that ion-beam nitriding leads to an increase in the load-carrying capacity of a gear 1.31 times in comparison with that of a gear with gears subjected to traditional nitriding; the wear resistance of the ion-nitrided gears is two times greater than that of hardened and tempered gears.     

Different degree of reduction and sliding phenomenon study for three-dimensional hot rolling with sandwich flat strip

Symmetric rolling of 3D sandwich flat strips with thermal-elastic–plastic coupled model was studied under the assumption of an elastic roller and the condideration of heat transfer. Aluminum–copper sandwich flat strips were used in this study.The numerical model of symmetric rolling for 3D sandwich flat strip with thermal-elastic–plastic coupled model was developed based on the large deformation–large strain theory, the update Lagrangian formulation and the incremental principle. Besides, flow stress was considered as the function of strain, strain rate and temperature. The theoretical model of finite element method containing the two-order strain rate formulation acted as the basis for determining the convergence of simulation results.The contact surface between the aluminum and copper for the sandwich flat strip was also discussed. First of all, the contact face between the aluminum and copper was assumed that it would be fixed without sliding. Symmetric hot rolling of the aluminum and copper sandwich flat strip was analyzed. A slide criterion was then introduced to study the shear stress states of the contact face between aluminum and copper of sandwich strip, which was used to compare the relation between the maximum shear stress and the yielding shear stress on the contact face. If the maximum shear stress of aluminum or copper is smaller than the yielding stress of aluminum or copper respectively, sliding does not occur on the contact face. On the contrary, the sliding may occur on the contact face between aluminum and copper.Three different degrees of reduction were simulated in this study to analyze the states of shear stress on the upper aluminum strip and lower copper strip close to the contact face. Finally, it finds that the sliding on the contact face between aluminum and copper may occur around certain degree of reduction. The average rolling force of the simulation result was compared with experimental data [8] to verify the simulation results.     

Effect of surface roughness on elastohydrodynamic traction: Part 1

The effect of surface roughness on traction performance was experimentally studied using a two‐roller tester. The nature of the contact was investigated using electrical resistance and electrical capacitance methods. Increased shear stress was observed in the viscous region, which could be attributed to a higher average shear rate and to greater viscosity under EHD contact conditions due to pressure fluctuations caused by the surface texture.     

垂直轴风机圆锥滚子轴承有限元分析

基于有限元法在接触问题中的应用,对垂直轴风机顶部双列圆锥滚子轴承进行非线性分析.以轴承外圈的内表面和内圈的外表面为目标面,以滚子为接触面创建接触对。得到轴承Mises应力趋势及接触应力的变化规律,最大应力值出现在距外载最近的滚子上。对最大承载滚子环向接触应力的路径分析表明,应力分布曲线呈抛物线状,符合赫兹弹性体接触理论的分布规律。     

Surface failure of soft and surface-hardened steel rollers in rolling contact

To study the mechanism of rolling contact fatigue failure, annealed thermally refined 0.43% carbon steel and case-hardened nickel chromium steel rollers were tested under conditions of pure rolling and sliding/rolling. The failure mechanism was examined by fractographic observation and by calculation of the amplitudes of the ratio of stress to strength.It was found that pitting cracks initiated on the roller surface and were induced by the normal stress in the circumferential direction of the roller or by the maximum principal stress. Spalling cracks initiated beneath the surface and were induced by the orthogonal shear stress.