先进喷涂技术制备316L不锈钢涂层的结构与性能研究

相较于铝、铜等有色金属涂层,316L不锈钢涂层具有较高硬度和耐磨性、良好的耐腐蚀等特性,在诸多工业领域均有迫切需求。本文采用冷喷涂和大气等离子喷涂技术制备了316L不锈钢涂层,分别借助扫描电镜、显微硬度和磨损试验等检测手段研究了涂层的微观结构、显微硬度和磨损特性,对比探讨了涂层的磨损机理。试验结果表明,大气等离子喷涂制备的316L不锈钢涂层层状结构明显,存在大量的孔隙。而冷喷涂316L不锈钢涂层非常致密,且无明显氧化。冷喷涂涂层较低的孔隙率和沉积过程中的加工硬化现象,使得冷喷涂316L不锈钢涂层的硬度明显高于大气等离子喷涂涂层,具有更好的耐磨性。冷喷涂涂层在摩擦过程中的摩擦磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损,而大气等离子喷涂制备的316L不锈钢涂层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损的复合磨损形式。     

纳米粉末对轴向等离子喷涂TiB2-Al2O3复合涂层的影响

采用三阴极轴向送粉等离子喷涂制备TiB2/Al2O3陶瓷复合涂层,其中一种喷涂粉末是自蔓延高温合成的常规微米级TiB2/Al2O3复合粉末,另一种是由TiB2/Al2O3复合粉掺杂质量分数10%的纳米Al2O3粉经喷雾干燥造粒制备的纳微米结构喂料.比较研究两种涂层的微观组织、耐磨性能,探讨纳米粉末对涂层的影响:扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析涂层微观结构和物相组成;转盘磨损试验测试涂层的耐磨性能.结果显示两种涂层表面洛氏硬度相当,纳米掺杂涂层组织致密性、耐磨性明显高于常规粉末涂层,以及TiB2的氧化产物TiO2含量低于常规粉末涂层.     

超音速火焰喷涂TiB2-50Ni复合涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能

目的 研究环境温度对Ni质量分数为50%的TiB2-Ni复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响。方法 选用“壳核型”Ni包覆TiB2复合粉末,通过超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）在304不锈钢基材表面制备TiB2-50Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了粉末、涂层与摩擦磨损表面的显微结构和物相组成,并研究了TiB2-50Ni涂层和304不锈钢基材的高温摩擦磨损性能。结果 HVOF制备的复合涂层截面呈现明显的层片结构,涂层厚度、孔隙率、显微硬度、表面平均粗糙度及界面平均结合强度分别约300.8 μm、2.3%、766.1HV、2.3 μm及22.6 MPa。高温环境下,304不锈钢基材摩擦系数波动大,且随环境温度升高,其磨损率急剧增加,而TiB2-50Ni涂层的摩擦系数及磨损率波动较小。当环境温度达600 ℃时,涂层磨损率为(2.73±0.01)×10–5 mm3/(N?m),约为304不锈钢基材磨损率（(11.07±0.01)×10–5 mm3/(N?m)）的1/4。高温环境下,TiB2-50Ni涂层的磨损机理是磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和氧化磨损。结论 HVOF所制备TiB2-50Ni复合涂层受摩擦环境温度影响较小,具有优异的耐高温摩擦磨损性能。     

Al2O3弥散强化316L不锈钢粉末的高速火焰喷涂

采用高能球磨工艺制备了Al2O3弥散强化316L不锈钢喷涂粉末,并进行高速火焰喷涂(HVOF)试验.研究了弥散强化粉末及其喷涂层的微观组织结构和硬度.采用销-盘磨损试验机测试了涂层的耐磨性能.结果表明,球磨加工后,Al2O3颗粒尺寸大多小于1 μm,由微米级、亚微米级及纳米级粒子组成并均匀分布在316L不锈钢基体粉末中.随着球磨时间的增加,粉末的显微硬度提高.喷涂后球磨粉末的微观组织结构基本不变,喷涂层的硬度比对应球磨粉末硬度低,其耐磨性明显优于单纯不锈钢粉末涂层.     

CuCo2Be表面热喷涂制备Cr3C2-NiCr涂层的微观结构及高温摩擦磨损行为

选用等离子喷涂技术在CuCo2Be合金表面制备了Cr3C2-NiCr/NiAl复合涂层。以Al2O3陶瓷球为对偶材料运用UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机对基体和复合涂层进行高温摩擦磨损试验,并选用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、XRD等分析测试手段,详细研究了CuCo2Be合金表面等离子喷涂涂层物相组成、微观形貌及涂层和基体的高温滑动摩擦磨损行为,结果表明:CuCo2Be合金表面等离子喷涂获得的复合涂层致密,涂层为层状结构,物相组成呈现非晶态。通过高温摩擦磨损研究,结果表明:500℃摩擦磨损磨损过程中,涂层及CuCo2Be合金基体的磨损机制为:疲劳磨损和粘着磨损及少量氧化磨损的共同作用,从磨损的体积形貌来看涂层磨损量明显小于未喷涂之前的基体材料,等离子喷涂工艺制备的Cr3C2-NiCr/NiAl涂层质量优异,提高了材料的高温耐磨性。     

TiB2含量对TiBx/Ti合金涂层组织及摩擦学性能的影响

目的 在Ti-47Zr-5Al-3V(以下简称T47Z)表面制备TiBx/Ti合金复合涂层,以提高合金的摩擦学性能。方法 采用等离子弧熔覆技术在T47Z合金表面熔覆不同配比的(TiB2+Ti)粉末,制备TiBx陶瓷相增强钛合金复合涂层,使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、维氏硬度显微计和UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机对涂层微观组织、硬度及摩擦磨损性能进行测试研究。结果 涂层厚度约2 mm,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,涂层的基体组织为α相,针状、棒状的TiB增强相和颗粒状的TiB2增强相均匀分布于α相中。随着TiB2含量的增加,涂层基体组织无明显变化,增强相的数量增加,尺寸逐渐变大。涂层的表面硬度最高可达893.4HV0.2,约为基体的2.07倍。涂层的耐磨性相较基体均获得不同程度的提升,当TiB2的质量分数为40%时,涂层的耐磨性提升最为显著,相较基体提高了53.7%。T47Z合金的磨损机理为严重的黏着磨损和磨粒磨损。TiB2的质量分数为10%的涂层,其磨损机理以黏着磨损为主,磨粒磨损为辅。随着TiB2含量的增加,涂层的磨损机制逐渐转向磨粒磨损。结论 通过控制粉体中TiB2的含量,能够利用等离子弧熔覆技术在钛合金表面制备TiBx/Ti合金复合涂层,尤其当TiB2的质量分数为40%时,涂层的硬度及耐磨性能均获得大幅度提升。因此,运用等离子熔覆技术制备陶瓷相增强金属基复合涂层可切实有效地提高钛合金的硬度及耐磨性能。     

热处理温度对大气等离子喷涂316L不锈钢涂层组织和性能的影响

目的研究316L不锈钢涂层在不同热处理温度下组织结构和性能的变化规律,提高该涂层的摩擦学性能。方法利用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术制备316L不锈钢涂层,对喷涂态涂层进行300~700℃热处理。通过光学显微镜(OM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察分析涂层的显微组织和相组成,利用维氏硬度计测试涂层的显微硬度值。采用摩擦磨损试验机和三维光学显微镜测试涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)观察磨痕表面并对磨损机制进行深入分析。结果喷涂态316L不锈钢涂层的厚度约为350?m,显微硬度值为335HV0.1,涂层组织中含有未熔颗粒、孔隙和氧化物等。在干摩擦条件下,涂层的摩擦系数稳定在0.75左右,磨损率为(1.329±0.14)×10-5 mm3/(N·m)。随着热处理温度的升高,涂层扁平颗粒界面处的氧化行为明显,同时涂层内部的孔隙缩小,涂层结构更加致密,使得涂层显微硬度提高了30%。涂层的耐磨性能在700℃热处理条件下最佳,磨损率为(1.149±0.26)×10-5 mm3/(N·m),较喷涂态涂层降低14%,磨损机制以疲劳磨损和粘着磨损为主。结论热处理有助于提高316L不锈钢涂层的显微硬度,700℃热处理可有效提高涂层的耐磨性。     

TiB_2硬质相增强50Co金属陶瓷粉末与耐磨损腐蚀涂层

将质量比为1∶1的TiB2硬质相和Co粘结相通过机械合金化球磨方式制备TiB2-50Co金属陶瓷复合粉末,将所获得的复合粉末通过超音速火焰喷涂技术在Q235钢基体表面制备TiB2-50Co金属陶瓷涂层,研究不同球磨时间粉末颗粒的组织结构,采用XRD分析TiB2-50Co金属陶瓷粉末与涂层的物相,研究涂层组织结构、耐磨损和耐熔融铝硅腐蚀性能。结果表明,TiB2硬质相与Co粘结相界面结合良好,当随着球磨时间的延长,Co粘结相塑变成长条形,复合粉末颗粒TiB2硬质相与Co粘结相呈层状结构。涂层组织较为致密,呈典型的层状结构;涂层的主要物相与粉末相同,主要为TiB2和Co两相;经过耐磨损实验发现,涂层具有良好的耐磨损性能。经过60 h熔融铝硅腐蚀后发现,涂层具有良好的耐熔融铝硅腐蚀性能。     

亚音速火焰喷涂层与等离子喷涂层耐磨性的对比

利用亚音速火焰喷涂和等离子喷涂分别制备Fe-WC金属陶瓷涂层,对两种喷涂层的耐磨性进行了研究.结果表明,在耐磨性试验过程中等离子喷涂层的磨损失重变化比亚音速火焰喷涂层磨损失重变化稳定,等离子喷涂层的耐磨性明显高于火焰喷涂层的耐磨性.     

高速电弧喷涂Fe-TiB2/Al2O3复合涂层的组织及性能

采用低碳钢包覆0～70%TiB2/Al2O3硬质相的粉芯丝材和高速电弧喷涂(HVAS)原位合成MMC涂层,分析和测试了涂层的组织、相组成及耐磨粒磨损性能.结果表明:涂层的性能由其组织和相组成决定,HVAS的非平衡制造过程在涂层中形成多种相:在Fe基固溶体上存在TiB2、Al2O3、FexB及少量的金属间化合物AlFe3和NiAl;随着TiB2及Al2O3在涂层中体积分数的增加,涂层的耐磨粒磨损性能明显提高,磨损质量损失随陶瓷相体积分数的增加呈线性减少;添加合金元素Ni和Al可降低孔隙率,增加涂层耐磨性.使用HVAS方法制备了含TiB2的高性能耐磨复合陶瓷涂层.     

Microstructure and tribological behaviour of nano-structured metal matrix composite boride coatings synthesized by combined laser and sol-gel technology

Hard nano-structured metal matrix composite (MMC) boride coatings have been synthesized by laser melting of pre-placed powder mixture paste of B₄C + sol-gel derived nano-particulate TiO₂ on AISI 1050 (EN43) medium carbon steel and AISI 316L stainless steel substrates. Different coating/processing gas conditions were employed to understand the influence of graphite and nitrogen gas interactions with the coating material at high temperatures. Laser synthesized coatings were characterized by SEM, EDX, FEGSEM, XRD and HRTEM. Results show that it is possible to synthesize nano-structured MMC coatings (with TiB₂ and TiB particulates in the ranges of 5-10 nm, 20 nm and 200-500 nm) by employing the combined laser and sol-gel route. Nano-particulate and sub-micron level TiB and TiB₂ are found dispersed throughout the metal matrix. Other borides and carbides are present in micro-level patches dispersed in a eutectic matrix. Hardness of the composite coatings is in the range 800-2000 HV_0.1. The minimum coefficient of sliding friction obtained in a pin-on-disc set-up was 0.35 (against cemented tungsten carbide) while wear rates (against diamond) were substantially improved (up to 5 fold reduction) over that of the substrates.     

Development of cored wires for improving the abrasion wear resistance of austenitic stainless steel

Arc-sprayed coatings are an attractive means to protect components from abrasive wear provided they contain enough hard phases. Because of their hardness and toughness, 316L-TiB₂ cermets were selected as the basis for developing wear-resistant coatings. Cored wires composed of type 304 stainless steel sheaths filled with 10 to 65 wt% TiB₂,1 to 15 wt% additives, and the balance with 316L stainless steel were fabricated and arc-sprayed with air. The arc-sprayed stainless steel-TiB₂ coatings were abrasion tested and the volume loss measured with an optical profiloineter. The volume loss decreased as the proportion of TiB₂ increased. However, large differences in volume loss between coatings that contain about the same volumetric proportion of hard phases cannot be explained by a linear relationship. An inverse rule of mixing was proposed and found useful in determining the influence of different additives. Tin, added in the core as a fugitive liquid transfer agent, was the most powerful additive for improving the wear resistance of stainless steel-base coatings. These advanced arc-sprayed stainless steel-TiB2 coatings exhibit greater wear resistance than those obtained by arc spraying commercial solid and cored wires.     

Formation of amorphous Fe-Cr-Mo-8P-2C coatings by the high velocity oxy-fuel process

Alloy powders of Fe-10%Cr-8%P-2%C(10Cr), Fe-20%Cr-8%P-2%C(20Cr), and Fe-10%Cr-10%Mo-8%P-2%C(10Mo) compositions (in mass%) were sprayed by the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process under different conditions. The as-sprayed coatings of 10Mo alloy were composed of only an amorphous phase under all the spray conditions, while the as-sprayed coatings of the 10Cr and 20Cr alloys consisted of an amorphous phase with a small amount of crystalline material. The volume fraction of the crystalline material increased slightly with the rise of the flame temperature. The hardnesses of the as-sprayed coatings of the 10Cr and 20Cr alloys were 600 to 700 DPN, respectively, while the 10Mo coating composed of an amorphous phase revealed 560 DPN. The corrosion resistance of the as-sprayed coating of the 10Mo alloy was the best among three amorphous coatings and also superior to the nickel-base self-fluxing alloy and SUS316L stainless steel coatings in 1N H₂SO₄ and 1N HCl solutions.     

Improvement of corrosion resistance of high-velocity oxyfuel-sprayed stainless steel coatings by addition of molybdenum

To improve the marine corrosion resistance of stainless steel coatings fabricated by high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying with a gas shroud attachment, the molybdenum (Mo) content of stainless steel was increased to form coatings with a chemical composition of Fe balance-18mass%Cr-22mass%Ni-2∼8mass%Mo. These coatings were highly dense, with <0.1 vol.% in porosity, and less oxidized, with 0.5 mass% in oxygen content at most. The corrosion mechanism and resistance of the coatings were investigated by electrochemical measurement, chemical analysis, and statistical processing. The general corrosion resistance of the coatings in 0.5 mol/dm³ sulfuric acid was improved with increases in Mo content, and the corrosion rate could be decreased to 8.8 × 10⁻² mg/cm² per hour (∼1 mm/year) at 8 mass% Mo. The pitting corrosion resistance of the coatings in artificial seawater was improved with increases in Mo content and was superior to that of the 316L stainless steel coating. The crevice corrosion resistance of the coatings in artificial seawater was improved and the number of rust spots at 4 mass% Mo was decreased to 38% of that for the 316L coating. Accordingly, Mo is highly effective in improving the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel coatings by HVOF spraying.     

Characterization of plasma sprayed Fe-17Cr-38Mo-4C amorphous coatings crystallizing at extremely high temperature

A Fe-17Cr-38Mo-4C alloy powder was plasma sprayed by three processes: an 80 kW low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS), a 250 kW high-energy plasma spray (HPS), and a 40 kW conventional plasma spray (APS). The as-sprayed coating obtained by the LPPS process is composed of only amorphous phase. As-sprayed coatings obtained by the HPS and APS processes are a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases. The three as-sprayed coatings exhibit a high hardness of 1000 to 1100 DPN. The amorphous phase in these coatings crystallizes at a high temperature of about 920 K. A very fine structure composed of hard ϰ-phase and carbides is formed after crystallization. The hardness of the coating obtained by LPPS reaches a maximum of 1450 DPN just after crystallization on tempering and retains a high hardness more than 1300 DPN after tempering at high temperatures of 1173 or 1273 K. The corrosion potential of the amorphous coating is the highest among the three coatings and higher than that of a SUS316L stainless steel coating. The anodic polarization measurements infer that the corrosion resistance of the amorphous coating is superior or comparable to SUS316L stainless steel coating in H₂SO₄ solution.     

TiN-Coating Effects on Stainless Steel Tribological Behavior Under Dry and Lubricated Conditions

The tribological properties of magnetron sputtered titanium nitride coating on 316L steel, sliding against Si₃N₄ ceramic ball under dry friction and synthetic perspiration lubrication, were investigated. The morphology of the worn surface and the elemental composition of the wear debris were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. TiN coatings and 316L stainless steel had better tribological properties under synthetic perspiration lubrication than under dry friction. Among the three tested materials (316L, 1.6 and 2.4 μm TiN coatings), 2.4 μm TiN coating exhibits the best wear resistance. The difference in wear damage of the three materials is essentially due to the wear mechanisms. For the TiN coating, the damage is attributed to abrasive wear under synthetic perspiration lubrication and the complex interactive mechanisms, including abrasive and adhesive wear, along with plastic deformation, under dry friction.     

Tribocorrosion Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous Composite Coating Reinforced by Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> in 3.5% NaCl Solution

Although corrosion and friction/wear behavior of Fe-based amorphous coatings and their composites has been extensively studied during the past decade, there is very limited work related to tribocorrosion behavior. In this paper, the tribocorrosion behavior of a Fe-based amorphous composite coating reinforced with 20 wt.% Al₂O₃ particles was investigated in a 3.5% NaCl solution on a ball-on-disk tester and was compared to the monolithic amorphous coating and 316L stainless steel (SS). The results showed that the amorphous composite coating exhibited the highest tribocorrosion resistance among the three materials tested, as evidenced by the lowest coefficient of friction (~0.3) and tribocorrosion wear rate (~1.2 × 10^?5 mm³/N·m). In addition, potentiodynamic polarization measurements before and during tribocorrosion testing demonstrated that corrosion resistance of the amorphous composite coating was not influenced so much by mechanical loading compared to the amorphous coating and the 316L SS. Observations on the worn surface revealed a corrosion-wear- and oxidational-wear-dominated tribocorrosion mechanism for the composite coatings. The excellent tribocorrosion resistance of the composite coating results from the effect of chemically stable Al₂O₃ phase which resists oxidation and delamination during sliding, along with poor wettability with corrosive NaCl droplets.     

CrN/CrAlSiN涂层海水环境下的摩擦学性能

为提高海洋装备摩擦零部件的摩擦学性能,采用多弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢上制备了CrN/CrAlSiN涂层。通过XRD、XPS表征涂层的物相及成分,SEM和TEM表征涂层的形貌和微观结构,并用纳米压痕仪测试其硬度,采用摩擦磨损试验机对涂层在大气和海水环境中的摩擦磨损性能进行测试。结果表明:CrN/CrAlSiN涂层的微观结构主要有CrN相、AlN相以及非晶态Si_3N_4包裹CrN、AlN相,(111)择优取向最为明显;基于微观结构与CrN过渡层的设计,CrAlSiN涂层硬度高达35.5 GPa;较之于316L基底,涂层致密的结构使其在海水环境下表现出更好的耐腐蚀性能;在大气和海水环境下,CrN/CrAlSiN涂层的摩擦因数及磨损率均明显降低,在海水环境下达到最优。     

Thermal-sprayed Fe-10CM3P-7C amorphous coatings possessing excellent corrosion resistance

An alloy of Fe-10Cr-13P-7C was thermally sprayed by three different processes: (1) 80 kW low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS), (2) high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying, and (3) 250 kW high-energy plasma spraying (HPS). The as-sprayed coating obtained by the LPPS process was composed of an amorphous phase. In contrast, the as-sprayed coatings obtained by the HVOF and HPS processes were a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases. The as-sprayed coatings showed a high hardness of 700 DPN. A very fine structure composed of ferrite, carbide, and phosphide was formed, producing a maximum hardness of greater than 1000 DPN in the LPPS coating just after crystallization on tempering. The corrosion re-sistance of the amorphous coating was superior to a SUS316L stainless steel coating in 1N H₂SO₄ solution and 1N HC1 solution. Furthermore, the amorphous coating underwent neither general nor pitting corro sion in1NUCI solution and 6% FeCl₃ 6H₂O solution containing 0.05N HCl, whereas the SUS316L stain less steel coating was attacked aggressively.     

Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings with enhanced anticorrosion properties for 316L stainless steel

316L stainless steel is used as an important structural material in various industries. However, its service life is limited in the presence of chloride ions due to severe chemical corrosion. Herein, a facile radiofrequency magnetron sputtering process is reported for the synthesis of various Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings as an anticorrosion layer for 316L stainless steel substrates. The enhanced chemical stability of Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction measurements. Moreover, the high specific surface area of Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings displayed better hydrophobic property which can be confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. Finally, the direct characterization of anticorrosion properties was carried out using electrochemical tests. All of the above results exhibited the enhanced anticorrosion properties of Al₂O₃ coating after the incorporation of TiO₂. Significantly, the Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings with 15.56% Ti content provided the best corrosion resistance for 316L stainless steel.