Comprehensive reaction kinetics model of CO2 absorption into 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol solution

In the present work, the kinetics of the reactive absorption of CO₂ in 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol (1DMA2P) solution were experimentally measured using a laminar jet absorber over a temperature range of 298–313 K, 1DMA2P concentration range of 0.5–2.0 mol/L, and CO₂ loading range of 0–0.06 mol CO₂/mol amine. The measured kinetics data were then used to develop a comprehensive numerical kinetics model using a FEM-based COMSOL software. The reaction rate model of the CO₂ absorption into 1DMA2P solution were then validated by comparing model rates with the experimental rates. An excellent agreement of model data with experimental data was achieved with an absolute average deviation (AAD) of 6.5%. In addition, vapor–liquid equilibrium plots of all ions in the 1DMA2P-H₂O-CO₂ system were also developed. Further, this work has provided an effective criterion for evaluating CO₂ absorption, that can be used for both the conventional amines and alternative amines for the purpose of providing guidelines or information on how to effectively screen solvents.     

Hydrolysis Kinetics of 2-Propyl-1,3-Dioxane for Downstream Separation of 1,3-Propanediol

In this work, the hydrolysis reaction of 2-propyl-1,3-dioxane (2PD) prepared by the reactive extraction of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) in dilute fermentation broth with butyraldehyde was studied experimentally. The equilibrium and reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction were established catalyzed by cation exchange resin HD-8. After eliminating the influence of internal and external diffusion, the rate constants of positive and reverse reaction were obtained by fitting the experimental data to a macro-kinetics model. The results indicated that the reaction was an endothermal reaction. The results can help to design the hydrolysis reactor of 2PD.     

高浓度有机废水厌氧发酵反应动力学的神经网络求解方法

针对高浓度有机废水的厌氧发酵反应动力学模型提出了一种神经网络求解方法,该方法能够准确预测污染物组成浓度随发酵时间的变化规律,模型涉及10个反应物浓度、9个反应步骤以及27个反应动力学参数,与有机废水发酵过程的试验数据相比较,表现出良好的一致性.     

Polymer reaction engineering: From reaction kinetics to polymer reactor control

Polymer reaction engineering is a relatively “young”, very broad, multidisciplinary, rapidly developing field. It is the combination of polymer science, chemistry and technology with process engineering principles. The outcome of this high degree of synergism has evolved over the last fifteen or so years towards an area that includes any or all of the following: polymerization and post-polymerization (chemical modification) reaction kinetics; mathematical modelling and process simulation; polymer reactor design and scale-up; sensor development and process monitoring; and polymer reactor optimization, state estimation and computer control. This article will attempt to give an overview of the results obtained in our laboratory over the last seven years from systematic studies of polymer reaction engineering and polymer production technology problems. These problems cover all aspects of polymer reaction engineering mentioned above. Going from fundamentals to practice, the basic premise of the article is that only by adopting a holistic approach can one devise effective strategies in order to achieve the final objective of more efficient polymer reactor design and control, and hence improved production systems of polymeric materials.     

3,5-二氯-α-(三氟甲基)苯乙烯合成工艺的改进

以3,5-二氯溴苯为起始原料,在镁和二异丁基氢化铝等条件下制成格氏试剂后,再与三氟乙酸乙酯发生取代反应制得3',5'-二氯-2,2,2-三氟苯乙酮。然后,3',5'-二氯-2,2,2-三氟苯乙酮与甲基三苯基碘化磷在叔丁醇钾作用下发生Witting反应,制得标题化合物。通过对3',5'-二氯-2,2,2-三氟苯乙酮和标题化合物进行IR、MS、UV、1HNMR和13CNMR等表征,确认了化合物的结构。该合成路线具有操作简单、反应条件温和、原料易得、绿色环保、成本低等优势。     

甲醇制烯烃反应动力学及反应器模型研究进展

甲醇制烯烃（MTO）工艺是现代煤化工领域的研究热点,MTO反应动力学及其反应器模型研究是高效反应器开发和工业装置操作优化的基础。本文综述了甲醇制烯烃反应动力学研究进展,详细论述了机理型动力学模型、八集总动力学模型、五集总动力学模型,指出集总动力学模型适用于描述MTO反应过程,如何考虑水、积炭等因素的影响是MTO动力学研究的难点和关键。结合现有动力学模型,评述了MTO反应过程在工业规模的固定床反应器、提升管反应器、循环流化床反应器、湍动流化床反应器中产物分布和转化率模拟情况,结果表明：循环流化床反应器和湍动流化床反应器适合MTO工业过程。最后指出,甲醇制烯烃反应动力学下一步研究方应集中于工业规模流化床反应器气固两相流动模拟,以及与动力学模型结合获得准确预测工业反应结果的MTO反应器模型。     

Kinetics of addition of acrylic and methacrylic acids to epichlorohydrin in the presence of chromium(III) ethanoate

The kinetics of the reaction between acrylic and methacrylic acids with epichlorohydrin in the presence of chromium(III) ethanoate have been studied. A mathematical model for the overall process has been developed and the mechanism of reaction discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

甲醇制烯烃反应工艺、反应机理及其动力学研究进展

甲醇制烯烃工艺近年来已成为煤化工领域的研究热点。不同的甲醇制烯烃催化剂将导致不同的反应过程,以SAPO-34为催化剂时,甲醇主要遵循烃池机理,通过快速的平行反应直接生产乙烯和丙烯(MTO)等低碳烯烃;以ZSM-5为催化剂时,甲醇主要遵循双循环机理中的烯烃循环机理,通过甲基化-裂解等多步反应间接生产丙烯(MTP)。这种反应特征的不同也决定着反应器类型和工艺条件的不同:SAPO-34催化剂易失活的特性决定了工业MTO过程通常采用易再生的流化床反应器从甲醇一步生成乙烯和丙烯,而具有良好抗结焦能力的ZSM-5催化剂使得工业MTP过程通常选择易放大的固定床反应器,通过大量烯烃循环与分离逐步获得丙烯。针对SAPO-34催化剂上MTO过程以及ZSM-5催化剂上MTP过程的不同反应情况,综述了近年来甲醇制烯烃代表性的反应工艺、反应机理以及反应动力学等方面的研究进展,并根据其存在的问题提出了相应的发展方向。     

新型含磷环氧树脂的合成及其反应动力学研究

将9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)与邻甲酚醛环氧树脂进行加成反应制得了含磷环氧树脂,并用FT-IR和NMR对其结构进行了表征,确认了该含磷环氧树脂的结构。采用DSC分析方法研究了DOPO与邻甲酚醛环氧树脂的反应动力学,得到两者反应的表观活化能Eα为53.457kJ/mol,反应级数n为0.93。     

Crystallization of polyformals: 1. Crystallization kinetics of poly(1,3-dioxolane)

Poly(1,3-dioxolane) fractions ranging in molecular weight from 8800 to 120 000 have been isothemally crystallized in the temperature range 25–41°C. From the dilatometric isotherms, the Avrami exponent is an integral number, 3, and is independent of temperature and molecular weight. The level of crystallinity is dependent on molecular weight and there is a change from ～55% for the highest molecular weight fraction to ～80% for the lowest molecular weight fraction. The overall crystallization rate temperature coefficient was studied using two dimensional nucleation theory and it was found that the interfacial free energies do not change with molecular weight. However, the usual plots are nonlinear in the whole range of crystallization temperatures. For the high crystallization temperatures the slope is about twice the low crystallization temperature slope, this change being related to a morphological transition.     

微型流化床反应分析及其对煤焦气化动力学的应用

在概述最新研发的微型流化床反应分析(micro-fluidized bed reaction analysis,MFBRA)方法与应用的基础上,应用该方法进一步研究了半焦-CO₂、半焦-水蒸气等温气化反应动力学,并与热重分析(thermogravimetric analyzer,TGA)求取的气化反应动力学数据比较。在最小化气体扩散的实验条件下,利用MFBRA和TGA测定求算的半焦-CO₂、半焦-水蒸气气化反应在受反应动力学控制的低温段的活化能非常接近,说明了MFBRA对等温气化反应分析的适用性和可靠性。实验研究还发现:半焦-CO₂、半焦-水蒸气气化反应在MFBRA中受反应动力学控制的温度范围较在TGA中明显宽,且在具有明显扩散影响的高温段通过MFBRA测定的半焦-CO₂气化反应表观活化能明显大于利用TGA测定的值,表明在MFBRA中受到的气体扩散抑制效应较小。     

类叶绿素镁卟啉高效催化CO2环氧氯丙烷偶合反应无溶剂合成氯丙烯碳酸酯

Highly efficient solvent-free coupling reaction of carbon dioxide(CO2)and epichlorohydrin catalyzed by meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin magnesium(MgTPP)in the presence of triethylamine as co-catalysts is reported.As a chlorophyll-like catalyst,MgTPP showed excellent activity for the coupling reaction of CO2 and epichlorohydrin to chloropropene carbonate,in which the turnover number could reach up to 9200.Moreover,different factors including the amount of catalyst,reaction temperature,pressure and time were systematically investigated and the optimal reaction conditions were obtained(epichlorohydrin 50 mmol,MgTPP 5.0×10- 3mmol,triethylamine 6.25×10-3 mmol,140°C,1.5 MPa,8 h).A plausible two-pathway mechanism for the coupling reaction of CO 2and epichlorohydrin is proposed to propound the catalysis of MgTPP.     

β-异佛尔酮异构成α-异佛尔酮的化学平衡和动力学的研究

本文研究了β-异佛尔酮在423.15-463.15K 异构化成α-异佛尔酮的化学平衡和反应动力学。结果表明,这一反应是放热的一级可逆反应。其化学平衡常数与温度的关系为:lnK=2885/T-8.684;反应热为:H~0=-23.99kj/mol;反应速率常数为:lnk_1=-9008.57/T 15.06;lnk_(-1)=-11088.98/T 15.05;活化能为:Ea,1=71.90kj/mol;E_(a,-1)=91.19kj/mol。     

In-situ investigation of dielectric properties and reaction kinetics of a glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy composite material using dielectric analysis

Monitoring the curing behavior of a thermosetting material is a key issue for ensuring a stable manufacturing process (e.g., injection molding). Dielectric analysis (DEA), which is applicable for online-monitoring, is used to investigate the curing behavior of a glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy molding compound. At first, the influences of experimental settings (pressure, temperature, and frequency) on dielectric responses (dielectric loss and ion viscosity) are characterized in a fully crosslinked material. Results show a significant impact of temperature and frequency on dielectric responses. Furthermore, DEA is combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate dielectric properties depending on crosslink density under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. The results show that DEA can detect cure changes only for a crosslink density <80%. Finally, reaction kinetics, which can predict the crosslink density, is derived using DSC and validated through DEA for determining the best suitable kinetic expression for the investigated material. The crosslink density, estimated by reaction kinetics, can be correlated with the dielectric properties.     

催化剂微尺度结构与反应动力学

传统催化反应动力学研究主要关注宏观变量与性质（如温度和浓度敏感性）,能用于指导工业反应器的优化设计,但极少关注催化剂微尺度结构与性质的影响,因而不能用于指导催化剂的优化设计。重点介绍了近年来发展的催化反应速率解析的方法,归纳总结了基于动力学分析的催化剂活性位的辨认方法,探讨了易实验测量的活化熵作为催化剂活性描述符的可能性,并阐明了炭载体表面化学性质对负载金属电子结构和催化性能的调变规律,将动力学分析方法的应用从反应器设计拓展到催化剂设计。     

硅烷接枝HDPE和LLDPE的反应动力学研究

用差示扫描量热法研究了过氧化二异丙苯引发的硅烷接枝高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)反应及其动力学特性。结果表明,该反应可按假定的自由基反应机理,用简化的动力学模型描述,遵循一级反应动力学,得出HDPE、LLDPE的接枝反应活化能分别为(190±5)kJ/mol、(160±5)kJ/mol,LLDPE的接枝反应热和反应程度大于HDPE。     

有机胺非水溶液吸收CO2的动力学研究进展

有机胺水溶液吸收法是CO₂捕集最常用且成熟的方法之一,但是再生能耗高和吸收剂严重降解等关键问题阻碍了其大规模推广和应用。采用有机溶剂代替强极性水溶剂构建的非水吸收剂体系,在降低能耗方面具有巨大潜力,在近年来受到格外关注。非水吸收剂的CO₂吸收动力学研究有助于了解吸收过程的反应机理以及不同有机胺和溶剂类型对反应动力学的影响。本文从有机胺在非水溶剂中的反应机理出发,介绍了CO₂吸收动力学研究的典型实验方法和原理,系统评述了采用不同结构的有机胺在不同溶剂体系中吸收CO₂的动力学研究进展,深入分析了溶剂特性与胺的反应级数和反应动力学常数之间的关联性,并指出了普遍的规律性特征即有机伯胺和仲胺的反应级数随溶剂极性的降低而增大,反应速率常数随着溶剂的溶解度参数增大而呈现近似线性变化。在分析目前动力学研究中存在的问题基础上,对今后非水体系动力学的研究方向进行了展望。     

A kinetic model of the cycloaddition reactions between cyclopentadiene and 1,3-butadiene for synthesis of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene

Under high temperature and pressure, a continuous tubular reactor was successfully utilized to investigate the kinetics of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB) production. The process involved multiple cycloaddition reactions between cyclopentadiene (CPD) and 1,3-butadiene (BD). The results, spanning a wide range of operating conditions, indicate that higher temperature (180°C) and proper residence time (72 min) were conducive to efficient synthesis of VNB. The apparent kinetic parameters, including activation energies and pre-exponential factors, were acquired by fitting experimental data under integral operating conditions. The kinetic model was proven effective from a practical point of view in predicting the concentration changes of each product in the range 140 to 180°C and 30 to 80 wt.% concentration. This work provides a solid basis for the optimization of the VNB synthesis process.     

Mechanism and kinetics of the CoCl2-catalyzed esterification reaction of castor oil with oleic acid

The apparent orders of the Lewis acid-catalyzed esterification reactions between castor oil and oleic acid are known to change with the catalyst used and with the reaction temperature. A mechanism is proposed in this study to explain the variations (with temperature) in the apparent orders of the cobalt chloride-catalyzed esterification reaction between castor oil and oleic acid. According to the proposed mechanism, an acid-catalyst intermediate forms in an initial, fast quasi-equilibrium step, and this intermediate then reacts with the oil to yield the products and to regenerate the catalyst in the rate-determining second step. A general rate expression, with an acid concentration term and a temperature-dependent constant in the denominator, is derived from the proposed mechanism and is verified with data obtained at different temperatures.     

环氧树脂微胶囊合成及其反应动力学

将环氧树脂E-51分散在水中形成稳定的乳液,使用三乙烯四胺固化剂,在环氧树脂液滴表面形成交联结构作为环氧树脂微胶囊囊壁,这种微胶囊为环氧树脂复合材料的科学研究和工程应用提供了无界面差异囊壁的研究模型。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和光学显微镜（OM）分析了乳化剂种类及用量、反应温度和搅拌速率等工艺条件对这种微胶囊的形成过程、表面形貌、粒径大小及分布和壁厚的影响。采用红外光谱（FTIR）研究了环氧树脂微胶囊的化学结构。当合成条件为乳化剂Tween 80浓度为1%,固化剂三乙烯四胺浓度为2.5%,反应温度90℃,搅拌速度600～1000 r·min^-1,合成的环氧树脂微胶囊形状规整,表面光滑致密,平均粒径为103 μm,囊芯含量为44.65%,壁厚为5 μm。研究三乙烯四胺固化剂中伯胺和仲胺的反应速率常数和活化能等反应动力学参数,定量分析环氧树脂-三乙烯四胺的化学反应中伯胺和仲胺的反应活性差异。