Vibrations induced by high initial stress release during underground excavations

Excavation unloading under high initial stress is a typical dynamic process subjected to the combined effects of different factors. In this study, a mathematical physics method for a two-dimensional circular excavation was developed to investigate the mechanism involved in unloading vibration, which is capable of providing insights into the quantitative relationships between vibration features and correlative factors such as the initial stress, cross-sectional area of the tunnel, unloading rates and unloading paths. Then the dynamic unloading excavation process was implemented in the discrete element program PFC 2D for numerical analysis after verifications against the theoretical results. In particular, the characteristics of unloading waveform under high initial stress were investigated for various ratios of horizontal and vertical in situ stresses and aspect ratios of rectangular tunnels. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the excavation process can also be illustrated. In a practical project which considered the combined action of both the blast and unloading vibration, the finite difference program FLAC 3D was further adopted to investigate the contribution of unloading vibration to the character of the seismogram. Results are presented which indicate the 2D numerical analysis provides satisfactory approximation to the excavation process. While the peak particle velocity (PPV) is in direct proportion to the in situ stress variation, it decreases significantly along with the increase of unloading time. In addition, excavation by drill-and-blast (D&B) method should be taken as a dynamic process of blast loading before unloading in a period of time, instead of instantaneous unloading. Although unloading vibration can be generated and significant damage around the tunnel can be induced in the process, distinct unloading vibration can only be generated under high in situ stress and unloading rate.     

基于瞬态卸荷动力效应控制的岩爆防治方法研究

针对深埋圆形隧洞全断面爆破开挖,分析了岩体开挖瞬态卸荷力学过程及引起的围岩应力和应变能瞬态调整机制,讨论了瞬态卸荷动力效应的影响因素。计算结果表明,开挖岩体应变能越大、应变能释放速率越快,岩体开挖瞬态卸荷动力扰动越强烈。基于此,提出了依据炮孔周围爆生裂纹分布判断掌子面上主应力方向,各圈炮孔按掌子面上应变能密度由高到低的顺序分段起爆的施工期岩爆防治方法。该方法通过改变炮孔起爆网络显著地降低了岩体开挖瞬态卸荷的动力效应,可广泛用于水电、矿山、交通等行业深埋洞室贯通爆破。     

深埋隧道开挖过程动态及破裂形态分析

 地下工程开挖过程中,在洞室围岩中会产生拉压交替变化区,当地应力过大时,会产生分区破裂化现象。为了解释洞室围岩拉压交替变化和分区破裂化现象,根据隧道开挖卸荷这一动力学特征,建立隧道开挖过程的动态分析力学模型和计算模式,由此导出由开挖卸荷引起的扰动应力、扰动应变和扰动位移满足的平衡方程、物理方程、几何方程和边界条件。根据实际的位移约束条件,假设位移试函数,利用Hamilton时域变分原理,考虑时域变分条件和约束变分条件导出围岩体的积分–变分方程组,建立该方程组的模态矩阵。在给定开挖卸荷路径和零初始条件下采用Duhamel积分,得到离散振动方程组的稳态响应。通过矩阵变换,得到隧道围岩体扰动应力、应变和位移的解答函数式。算例分析表明,所给出的理论和方法能正确地反应出隧道开挖引起围岩内的动态过程,并能有效地对开挖引起的围岩的破坏形态进行评价。     

Influence of stress path on tunnel excavation response – Numerical tool selection and modeling strategy

The actual stress path in a rock mass during tunnel excavation is complex. To capture the correct tunnel excavation response, it is important to correctly resemble the stress path in situ in the numerical tools.FLAC and Phase² are two powerful two-dimensional continuum codes for modeling soil, rock, and structural behavior, in the fields of geotechnical, geomechanics and in civil and mining engineering. FLAC is based on explicit finite difference formulation while Phase² is based on implicit finite element formulation. When the two codes are applied to the analysis of tunnel excavation problems, difference in results might occur simply due to the different formulation methodologies used in these codes. It is shown that for linear elastic tunnel excavation problems, both codes provide the same result because stress path is unimportant. For tunnel excavation in elasto-plastic materials using long-round drill and blast method, there is significant difference in terms of yielding zone distribution by the two codes if conventional modeling approach is used, especially when the rock strength is low relative to the in situ stress magnitude. The mechanism of the difference is investigated and recommendation provided for choosing appropriate tools and modeling strategies for tunnel excavation problems. The importance of honoring the true stress path in tunnel excavation response simulation is illustrated using a few examples.     

Rockburst response in hard rock owing to excavation unloading of twin tunnels at great depth

This study aims to investigate the rockburst characteristics of hard rock during the successive excavation unloading of twin circular tunnels subjected to high active stresses. The entire evolution process of the rockburst phenomena around the tunnels is reproduced. The numerical results indicate that the unloading rates, burial depths, and presence of structural planes between the twin tunnels play important roles in the occurrence and damage degrees of rockbursts. The failure intensity and dynamic responses are aggregated with the increase of the unloading rate of the subsequent adjacent tunnel. The rockburst damage degree is exacerbated with increasing buried depth, and the rock response of the twin tunnels becomes more sensitive to the dynamic disturbance (as compared to a single tunnel at a great depth). The presence of a structural plane between the twin tunnels has both favourable and unfavourable effects on the stability of the surrounding rock. When the structural plane is parallel to the maximum tangential stress, the dynamic disturbance from the adjacent tunnel can be attenuated by the structural plane or rock joints via reflection and scattering, thus reducing the dynamic response between the twin tunnels. However, for those structural planes oblique to the maximum tangential stress, a violent rockburst is more prone to be induced, owing to the integrated response to shearing and sliding along the structural plane, and slabbing from the excavation unloading process. It is also found that the effect of the structural plane on the rockburst response is largely dependent on the burial depth.

     

Mine-by试验洞开挖过程中围岩应力路径与破坏模式分析

 地下洞室开挖过程中,围岩经历了复杂的应力路径,正确刻画围岩的应力路径及其影响是岩石地下工程中亟待解决的关键科学问题。基于起裂判据(CIC)、扰动应力比( )和Lode参数等力学表征指标,采用FLAC3D对Mine-by试验洞掌子面掘进过程中围岩的复杂应力路径和破坏模式进行探讨。研究表明：围岩应力场的扰动主要集中在掌子面前后一倍洞径范围内,围岩损伤受掌子面附近高度集中的偏应力和应力主轴旋转支配;随掌子面掘进,围岩顶部和底部偏应力集中程度加大,应力比n逐渐降低,逐步形成V型剥落,而隧洞边墙部位逐渐卸荷,损伤破裂转变为拉应力控制;原位岩体的应力路径涉及应力主轴旋转效应,远比实验室的单调加载路径复杂,Mine-by试验洞开挖过程中,在掌子面的顶部和底部,围岩大主应力方向几乎没有转动,而中主应力和小主应力旋转一定角度(35.2°)后回到初始方向,由于中主应力超过了岩体起裂强度(CIC＞1),其方向的旋转加剧了围岩的损伤程度。相关认识和结论具有一定的理论和工程意义。     

锦屏大理岩加、卸载应力路径下力学性质试验研究

 地下岩体开挖卸荷应力路径不同于加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞群围岩赋存于高地应力环境的特点,对其中3# 引水隧洞大理岩开展单轴加、卸载以及三轴压缩和高应力条件下的峰前、峰后卸围压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到了的应力–应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和主要力学参数的变化规律。试验研究结果表明：(1) 建立在岩样单轴逐级等量加、卸载应力路径下的回滞环面积递减,尤以屈服阶段的卸载对应变影响最大;(2) 不同围压下岩样三轴压缩全过程试验结果表明,当围压达到40 MPa时,应变软化特性转化为理想塑性,可以认为该值为锦屏大理岩脆－延转化点;(3) 对比以上不同应力路径下的强度准则方程以及峰前、峰后黏聚力和内摩擦角,相同初始应力条件下,岩石卸载破坏所需应力变化量比三轴压缩破坏情况下对应的应力变化量小,说明岩石卸载更容易导致破坏;(4) 在变形破坏机制方面,由于峰后比峰前卸围压塑性变形大,岩样塑性变形已吸收较多的弹性变形能,其脆性特性受到抑制,因而不像峰前卸围压破坏具有突发性,岩样由张性破坏过渡到张剪性破坏;(5) 根据大理岩岩样加、卸载破坏断口SEM扫描结果,从细观角度验证了脆性岩石在不同路径下微观剪断裂破坏机制。总之,以上研究结果揭示了锦屏大理岩加、卸载应力路径下力学特性差异,对解决工程实际问题具有重要的参考价值。     

高地应力条件下隧洞开挖诱发围岩振动特征研究

 采用理论分析、动力有限元数值模拟和振动监测数据对比等综合方法，研究高地应力条件下隧洞钻爆开挖诱发围岩振动的特征。发现高地应力条件下深埋隧洞钻爆开挖诱发的围岩振动由爆破振动和岩体初始地应力(开挖荷载)动态卸载诱发振动两部分叠加而成。在低岩体初始应力条件下，隧洞钻爆开挖过程围岩振动主要由爆炸荷载所引起；高地应力条件下，开挖荷载瞬态卸荷诱发振动的幅值可超过爆破振动而成为围岩振动的主要因素。利用四川省瀑布沟水电站引水隧洞进口段(地应力水平10 MPa)和尾水隧洞洞身段(地应力水平20 MPa)钻爆开挖过程的实测围岩振动资料，对理论分析和数值模拟结果进行验证。     

开挖卸荷的瞬态特性研究

  针对中、高地应力条件下的岩体爆破开挖,通过岩体开挖荷载释放过程的力学分析及卸荷持续时间的计算,提出并论证岩体开挖荷载的释放为瞬态卸荷的观点,认为在中、高地应力条件下,岩体开挖荷载的释放需要考虑荷载的瞬态特性及其动力效应。同时,对与分段微差爆破对应的分步开挖荷载、瞬态卸荷方式、开挖卸荷诱发围岩振动及节理岩体瞬态卸荷松动机制等关键问题进行讨论。最后,结合二滩和瀑布沟等高地应力地区水电站地下厂房开挖瞬态卸荷诱发围岩振动的实测资料及观察到的动力破坏现象,对所提出的观点进行例证。     

基坑施工邻域隧道围土应力路径演变规律研究

为研究基坑开挖过程中邻域既有隧道周围土体应力路径演变规律,采用Mindlin经典理论,求解基坑底部和四周侧壁卸荷效应在隧道围土各点引起的附加应力场,并与初始应力场相叠加可得各点的现有应力场与应力路径,选用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则作为土体破坏控制标准以判断隧道围土各方向土体安全度。研究表明 :(1)随基坑开挖深度增加,隧道围土各点应力路径呈现靠近主应力破坏线K_f的演变趋势,其中隧道顶部与靠近基坑侧土体处于易破坏状态,隧道底部与远离基坑侧土体处于较安全状态。(2)沿隧道轴向,基坑开挖对邻域既有隧道围土应力场影响以一倍、二倍基坑开挖宽度为界线。一倍基坑宽度内为强影响区,一倍至二倍基坑开挖宽度内为过渡区,二倍基坑宽度外为弱影响区。(3)基坑与隧道净距越大,基坑开挖对隧道顶部和靠近基坑侧土体应力路径影响越小,该方向计算点处土体应力路径演变规律越趋于相似和稳定。     

Damage zones induced by in situ stress unloading during excavation of diversion tunnels for the Jinping II hydropower project

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - During the excavation of deep tunnels with high in situ stress, the stress unloading path caused by the rock mass excavation has important...     

Excavation-induced damage studies at the Underground Research Laboratory

The Underground Research Laboratory (URL) is situated in the Lac du Bonnet granite batholith, in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. The URL was developed to study issues related to the deep geologic disposal of used fuel from nuclear reactors and has developed into an International Atomic Energy Agency recognized geotechnical center of excellence. Extensive rock mechanics research has been conducted, including work to understand the character and extent of excavation damage. Experience at the URL has shown that damage exists around underground openings and that the damage develops from the energy imparted to the rock by the excavation method and by redistribution of the in situ stress field around the excavated openings. Subsequent near-by excavations, removal of loose material from the existing tunnel, thermal loads and pore pressure changes will all influence the development and extent of rock damage, as does the rock type and its fabric. Studies at the URL have shown that in highly stressed rock, damage will develop around underground openings even when a low-energy excavation method is used and that properly designing the excavation geometry and orientation plays a major role in constructing stable openings. Two zones of excavation-affected rock have been shown to exist from studies at the URL; (1) a zone of irreversibly damaged rock surrounding the excavation, which may include failed zones, inner and outer damage zones and (2) a zone of excavation disturbance where the in situ stresses are influence by the excavation no damage is measurable. Measurements of the properties of the damaged rock (ultrasonic velocity, transmissivity) using a variety of instruments have shown that a less intensively damaged outer zone surrounds a more highly damaged inner zone. The inner damage zone may have zones of failed rock depending on stress concentrations relative to rock strength and damage imparted by excavation method. The inner damage zone is attributed to the effects of the excavation method and stress redistribution and the outer damage zone is attributed to the effects of stress redistribution alone. In lower stressed rock the extent of the outer zone is much less than for an opening in highly stressed rock with the same excavation shape and orientation relative to in situ stresses. The excavation disturbed zone describes the volume of rock surrounding the damage zone where the stress redistribution is too small to permanently change rock properties (unless some other stress increase, such as thermal loading, is added), and it is also characterized non-permanent but potentially long-term changes in hydraulic head.     

深埋大理岩强度参数变化规律的综合试验研究

 深部岩体强度参数的研究相当复杂,与研究尺度、应力状态、应力路径都有关系。以锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞T2b大理岩为研究对象,开展室内标准尺寸岩块岩样、中等尺寸岩石岩样和大尺寸岩体岩样在低–中、中–高、高–极高应力水平下的三轴加、卸载试验,探讨深部岩体强度参数的应力水平效应、应力路径效应和尺寸效应。取得以下成果：(1) 获得室内标准尺寸、中等尺寸和大尺寸大理岩岩样在加、卸载应力路径下低–中、中–高、高–极高应力水平下的10组强度参数;(2) 大理岩抗剪强度参数随应力水平的变化规律基本相同：随着应力水平的提高, 值逐渐减小、c值逐渐增大,但是,不同尺寸和不同应力路径下, 值和c值随围压应力水平的变化幅度并不相同;(3) 相对加载条件,卸载路径下岩体强度参数 值增加,c值减小;(4) 在 50 mm×100 mm至500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm尺度范围内,大理岩强度参数 值的尺寸效应不明显,而c值的尺寸效应显著。     

Numerical modelling of three-dimension stress rotation ahead of an advancing tunnel face

As underground excavations and construction works progress into deeper and more complex geological environments, understanding the three-dimensional redistribution of excavation-induced stresses becomes essential given the adverse consequences such stresses will have on the host rock strength and the subsequent excavation stability. This paper presents the results from a detailed three-dimensional finite-element study, which explores near-field stress paths during the progressive advancement of a tunnel face. These results demonstrate that as the tunnel face approaches and passes through a unit volume of rock, the spatial and temporal evolution of the three-dimensional stress field encompasses a series of deviatoric stress increases and/or decreases as well as several rotations of the principal stress axes. Particular emphasis is placed on the rotation of the principal stress axes as being a controlling factor in the direction of fracture propagation. If this orientation changes in time, i.e. during the progressive advancement of the tunnel face, the type of damage induced in the rock mass and the resulting failure mechanisms may also vary depending on the type and degree of stress rotation. The significance of these effects is discussed in terms of microfracture initiation and propagation, brittle fracture damage and rock strength degradation. Further analysis is also presented for varying tunnelling conditions including the effects of tunnel alignment with respect to the initial in situ stress field, excavation sequencing and elasto-plastic material yielding. Implications with respect to the new Gotthard base tunnel, currently under construction in Switzerland, are presented using examples from the nearby Furka tunnel.     

受施工卸载扰动黄土的变形与强度特性研究

各种施工活动都不同程度地对周围土体产生扰动影响,应力状态与应力路径的改变作为施工卸载的关键影响因素,对施工扰动起着主导作用。在分析基坑开挖及隧道与地下洞室掘进卸载作用的基础上,根据不同施工工况的特点,制定了室内非常规三轴卸载试验方案,对不同卸载应力路径下的应力-应变关系曲线、强度与变形特性及破坏特征进行了一系列卸载试验研究。试验结果表明,卸载作用下的强度与变形特性、变形模量及破坏特征与加载路径存在很大差别,挤长破坏的抗剪强度较压缩破坏低,挤长破坏的最大轴向应变仅为压缩破坏的1/3～1/2。     

使用小型围岩试件模拟与再现巷道围岩开挖卸荷过程的试验系统

 为了实现在实验室进行巷道(隧道)开挖卸荷过程的模拟,获得对围岩试件进行开挖卸荷试验的创新性监测方法与成套试验技术,研制了一套可以使用小型围岩试件模拟与再现巷道围岩开挖卸荷路径的试验系统。该系统主要由3个独立的子系统组成：(1) 系统I：SAM–3000型微机控制电液伺服岩石三轴试验系统;(2) 系统II：小型巷道围岩试件加、卸载腔;(3) 系统III：声波–声发射一体化测试系统。通过对3个子系统进行软、硬件集成与调试,获得了小型巷道围岩试件级别(高290 mm,外径200 mm,内径100～150 mm)的开挖卸荷过程的室内模拟与再现。使用小型巷道围岩试件进行了初步的开挖卸荷试验研究,结果表明,所构建的试验系统可以有效地模拟：巷道围岩的开挖卸荷条件;巷道围岩在开挖卸荷条件下的变形规律、应力分布特征和破坏机制等。     

Assessing fracturing mechanisms and evolution of excavation damaged zone of tunnels in interlocked rock masses at high stresses using a finitediscrete element approach

Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method(FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory(URL)Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks(DFNs)of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.     

糯扎渡水电站#2导流洞三维非线性有限元反分析

糯扎渡水电站#2导流隧洞开挖经过F3断层,开挖过程中,F3断层影响带附近的岩体力学参数直接控制着围岩的变形和应力分布。为了评判后续Ⅱ、Ⅲ层开挖围岩的稳定性,需要反演出F3断层附近围岩的岩体力学参数和初始地应力场。对于隧洞开挖反分析问题,考虑到现场位移监测数据与隧洞开挖之间的相互关系,采用开挖位移增量形式进行反分析,并且分析了三维非线性有限元以开挖位移增量的均方误差作为目标函数的反分析计算过程。为了减少现场的位移量测数据对反分析结果的影响,改善其规律性,采用多元线性回归模型对位移监测数据进行整理,有效的提高了反分析计算结果的精度。最后,利用上述方法反演得到了#2导流隧洞F3断层附近岩层的岩体力学参数和初始地应力场。     

深埋隧洞大理岩卸载路径真三轴强度参数研究

 为研究深埋隧洞围岩卸载路径破坏特性,在现场深埋试验平洞内进行大理岩原位高压真三轴卸载试验,获得大尺度(50 cm×50 cm×100 cm)、高应力( =11.2 MPa)、真三轴( ＞ ＞ )、卸 破坏状态下,能反映深埋隧洞围岩实际应力状态和隧洞开挖应力路径的大理岩全过程应力–应变曲线和三轴强度。在高压卸载路径大理岩原位真三轴试验基础上,引入H-B经验强度准则研究大理岩卸载路径真三轴强度参数。研究成果表明：(1) 对于大理岩卸载真三轴原位试验,按H-B经验强度准则评估卸载路径真三轴强度偏低情况较多,评估经验参数s = 0.003 951 7,mb = 3.414,而由试验成果反算s = 0.095 53,mb = 12.208。(2) 在H-B经验强度准则基础上,按M-C强度准则,评估大理岩卸载真三轴试验强度参数：tan? = 1.39,c = 6.61 MPa,评估未扰动大理岩卸载真三轴强度参数：tan? = 1.60,c = 6.73 MPa,前者可代表卸荷损伤岩体。     

圆形隧道开挖卸荷效应的动静态解析方法及结果分析

针对地下圆形隧道的开挖卸荷效应,基于岩石动力学和弹塑性理论,在求解其动、静态显式解析解方面进行新的尝试。首先,探讨非均匀应力场中圆形隧洞开挖卸荷的力学模型,研究初始应力的分布规律以及卸荷过程的处理方法。基于Laplace变换和留数定理,给出一种计算隧道开挖时围岩响应规律动态解析解的方法,得到线性卸荷条件下围岩应力和位移的解析表达式。其次,考虑岩体的非线性硬化和软化特性,运用弹塑性解析法,推导出围岩应力和位移的静态解析表达式。对比分析动静态解析结果的差异,结果表明：(1) 卸载阶段,惯性力的存在能减少开挖卸荷对围岩的破坏,保持围岩的完整性,故而在动态解析结果中,围岩的扰动范围小,位移小,应力集中系数低,但应力梯度较高。(2) 动态解中,径向应力一直处于压缩状态,而切向应力先拉后压,有利于径向拉裂纹及层板结构的形成。(3) 卸荷速率存在临界值,当卸荷速率达到临界值时,质点的振幅及频率都达到最大值。