Effects of cryogenic treatment and refrigerated air on tool wear when machining medium density fiberboard

Cooling of cutting tools with liquid coolants and lubricants is impractical when machining dry wood or wood composites. This study examines the combined effect of cryogenic tool treatment and using refrigerated air for cooling tools on reducing tool wear. A total of four, double-flute, solid, tungsten carbide router bits were used to machine medium density fiberboard with a CNC router. Three of the four tools were cryogenically treated to below −149 °C. During cutting, refrigerated air was applied to two tools, while the other two cut at ambient temperature. All tools were examined under the stereo light microscope to capture images in order to measure tool wear. Elemental analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy to determine the percentage of specific elements present on clearance faces of tools after cutting was completed. Results show that less tool wear occurs when using refrigerated air and cryogenic treatment, thereby increasing tool life when cutting medium density fiberboard.     

深冷处理对YG10硬质合金磨损性能的影响

以YG10硬质合金为研究对象,深冷处理技术为手段,采用正交试验的方法,在不同深冷温度、深冷时间、交变次数的情况下对其进行深冷处理,并对处理后的试样进行磨损试验、硬度试验和显微组织分析试验.结果表明,最优深冷处理工艺使YG10合金显微硬度提升33.6％,耐磨性提升72.8％,深冷温度是影响YG10合金耐磨性能最大的因素....     

磁场深冷处理对YG11C硬质合金耐磨性的影响

基于深冷处理提供的温度场和永磁体提供的匀强磁场,对YG11C硬质合金进行磁场深冷处理,并与常规工艺和深冷处理工艺进行了对比分析.结果表明:深冷处理较常规处理,其耐磨性提高了约35％,磁场深冷处理相应降低了约21％.在微观机理上,深冷处理后合金中η相碳化物数量增加是耐磨性提高的主因.磁场深冷新工艺处理后,合金中α-Co向...     

深冷及深冷后回火处理对截齿硬质合金头耐磨性的影响

选取YG8硬质合金作为掘进机截齿硬质合金头的材料,研究深冷工艺和深冷后回火工艺对YG8硬质合金耐磨性和平均摩擦因数的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)探究两种工艺对YG8硬质合金相组织的影响.结果表明,深冷后回火处理在减少YG8硬质合金磨损量方面更明显.深冷处理在降低YG8硬质合金...     

Investigation on wear behaviour of cryogenically treated TiAlN coated tungsten carbide inserts in turning

Cryogenic treatment has been ascribed as a way of improving the cutting life of tungsten carbide turning inserts. Most of the research conducted till date has not reported any effort to excavate the effect of cryogenic treatment on the performance of coated tungsten carbide inserts in terms of adhesion strength of coatings deposited on tungsten carbide substrate. In order to understand the effect of cryogenic treatment on the adhesion strength of coatings, a comparative investigation of the wear behaviour and machining performance of cryogenically treated coated tungsten carbide inserts in orthogonal turning has been carried out in this study. The commercially available TiAlN coated square shaped tungsten carbide inserts (P25) were procured and subjected to cryogenic treatment at two levels −110 °C (shallow treatment) and −196 °C (deep treatment) of temperature independently. The criterion selected for determining the turning performance was based on the maximum flank wear (0.6 mm) as recommended in ISO 3685-1993. The results showed that shallow cryogenically treated coated tungsten carbide inserts performed significantly better as compared with deep cryogenically treated and untreated inserts. Major outcome of the present study includes a substantial decrease in tool life of deep cryogenically treated inserts as compared to untreated inserts indicating the destructive effect of deep cryogenic temperature (−196 °C) on TiAlN coated inserts which is further supported by VDI-3198 indentation test.     

An experimental study of tool wear and cutting force variation in the end milling of Inconel 718 with coated carbide inserts

Inconel 718 is a difficult-to-cut nickel-based superalloy commonly used in aerospace industry. This paper presents an experimental study of the tool wear propagation and cutting force variations in the end milling of Inconel 718 with coated carbide inserts. The experimental results showed that significant flank wear was the predominant failure mode affecting the tool life. The tool flank wear propagation in the up milling operations was more rapid than that in the down milling operations. The cutting force variation along with the tool wear propagation was also analysed. While the thermal effects could be a significant cause for the peak force variation within a single cutting pass, the tool wear propagation was believed to be responsible for the gradual increase of the mean peak force in successive cutting passes.     

激光熔凝对高速火焰喷涂硬质合金层耐磨性的影响

利用高速火焰喷涂在45钢表面制备了Ni60AA和DZ-WC-12Co硬质合金层,再采用5 k W连续CO2激光器进行激光熔凝。通过GX51金相显微镜观察显微组织,HXS-1000TAY维氏硬度计测量硬度分布,MM-W1B立式万能磨损试验机进行磨损试验。结果表明,激光熔凝显著地消除了硬质合金层中未熔硬质合金颗粒、孔洞及裂纹等缺陷,组织更加细小、均匀;激光熔凝后,硬质合金层的硬度提高,平均显微硬度高达647 HV0.3。在试验条件下,激光熔凝后的硬质合金层的摩擦因数从原来的0.1373降至0.0948,激光熔凝可明显改善涂层的耐磨性能。     

The combined effect of cryogenic and boronising treatments on the wear behaviour and microstructure of DIN 1.2344 steel

In this study, the effects of cryogenic and boronising treatments on the wear behaviour and microstructure of 1.2344 steel were evaluated. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructure, percentage of the retained austenite, and the carbides' morphology. In addition, a micro-hardness test and pin-on-disk wear method were utilised to assess the samples’ wear resistance. The results showed that the use of a cryogenic treatment improved hardness and wear resistance by 25% and 39%, respectively, compared with a quenching - tempering heat treatment. In addition, cryogenic and boronising treatments improved hardness and wear resistance by 228% and 75%, respectively, compared with a quenching - tempering heat treatment. The improvement in the properties of cryogenically treated and boronised-cryogenised samples in comparison with the quenched-tempered ones is due to the transformation of retained austenite to martensite, precipitation of fine carbides, and better carbide distribution. Also, the formation of the Fe₂B phase affected the properties of the boronised-cryogenised samples. Moreover, examining the wear levels revealed that the dominant wear mechanism is adhesive and tribochemical wear.     

磁场深冷处理对42CrMo钢耐磨性的影响

基于深冷处理提供的温度场和永磁体提供的匀强磁场,对42CrMo合金钢进行磁场深冷处理,并与常规工艺和深冷处理工艺进行了对比分析。结果表明:磁冷工艺在深冷处理工艺的基础上进一步提高了42CrMo钢的耐磨性,磁冷工艺处理材料的耐磨性较常规工艺和深冷工艺分别提高约26.7%和22.2%。这是由于深冷处理使得残留奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体;深冷处理也使得过饱和马氏体析出大量碳生成碳化物;深冷处理中磁场的存在对α-Fe晶格的作用使过饱和马氏体析出碳的方向得到优化,回火屈氏体在磁场方向致密聚集,耐磨性提高。     

冷处理对42CrMo钢硬度和耐磨性的影响

在42CrMo钢常规处理的基础上增加了冷处理,研究浅冷处理和深冷处理对42CrMo钢硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经浅冷处理和深冷处理后,42CrMo钢中残留奥氏体向马氏体发生转变,且碳化物析出增多,致使钢的硬度和耐磨性均有提升,且深冷处理后硬度和耐磨性提升幅度高于浅冷处理。     

深冷处理对YG8硬质合金/42CrMo钢钎焊接头残余应力的影响

通过ANSYS仿真软件建立了YG8硬质合金/42CrMo钢钎焊接头的焊接工艺模型和深冷处理工艺模型,分析了接头表面残余应力分布,并与经深冷+回火处理后的焊接接头表面残余应力进行对比。结果表明,深冷处理可使焊接接头42CrMo钢侧形成残余压应力,且深冷温度对残余压应力的影响较深冷次数更明显。最优深冷工艺为-160 ℃深冷3次,且仿真结果与试验测量值相差不大,表明所建立的模型具有一定的可靠性。     

A study on the effect of tool nose radius in ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of tungsten carbide

Nowadays, ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) technique is being successfully applied for ultraprecision machining of difficult-to-cut materials. Previous study reported that the tool geometry especially tool nose radius notably influences the performance of 1D ultrasonic vibration cutting (UVC). However, the effect of tool nose radius in the UEVC technique is yet to be studied. This study aims to investigate the effects of tool nose radius on the UEVC performance in terms of cutting force, tool wear and surface finish when machining a hard-to-cut material, sintered tungsten carbide (WC), using PCD tools. The experimental results show that the UEVC technique performs remarkably better in all aspects at a 0.6 mm nose radius compared to a lower (e.g. 0.2 or 0.4 mm) and a higher nose radius (e.g. 0.8 mm). When machining about 412 mm² surface area, an average surface roughness, R_a of 0.010 μm is achieved with a 0.6 mm nose radius. Analyses are conducted to justify the findings in this study.     

深冷处理对T10A钢力学性能和耐磨性能的影响

通过改变深冷处理温度和时间,研究了不同深冷处理工艺对T10A钢力学性能和耐磨性能的影响。研究表明:深冷处理对T8A钢的强度和冲击韧性影响较小,但能提高T8A的硬度和耐磨性;不同工艺处理后硬度均能提高1 HRC左右,提高耐磨性的最佳处理工艺为-150℃保温6 h,其处理后耐磨性比未深冷提高了86%。      

深冷处理对M2Al高速钢高温耐磨性的影响

探究了不同深冷处理温度对M2Al高速钢高温耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经过深冷处理的M2Al高速钢试样微观组织发生了变化,残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,碳化物尺寸减小并且弥散分布在马氏体基体上。随着深冷温度的降低,碳化物的尺寸减小且分布均匀。M2Al高速钢经过深冷处理后高温摩擦因数比未深冷处理的减小,其中-160 ℃深冷处理试样的高温摩擦因数比未深冷处理的降低55.7%,经过深冷处理的M2Al高速钢磨损量比未深冷处理的减小,其中-160 ℃深冷处理后磨损量最小。未深冷处理的M2Al高速钢试样磨损形貌比较粗糙,发生严重的粘着磨损,经过-160 ℃深冷处理的试样,磨痕比较浅,磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损。当深冷处理温度为-160 ℃时,M2Al高速钢的高温耐磨性提升效果最好。     

Investigation of wear and corrosion resistance of nanocomposite coating formed on AZ31B Mg alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Ceramic-WC coatings were prepared on AZ31 B Mg alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) from a phosphate based bath containing suspended tungsten carbide nanoparticles at various process times. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that increase of coating time and incorporation of tungsten carbide into the ceramic coating during the PEO process led to a decrease in the number and diameter of coating pores. Phase analysis showed that the nanocomposite coating was composed of MgO, Mg₃(PO₄)₂ and WC. Tribological properties and corrosion behaviour of uncoated AZ31 B Mg alloy and ceramic coatings were evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer and potentiodynamic polarisation technique in 3.5% NaCl solution, respectively. The wear and electrochemical tests showed that wear and corrosion resistance of ceramic-WC nanocomposite coatings were better than ceramic only ones. In addition, wear and corrosion behaviour of coatings improved with increasing the coating time.     

深冷处理对18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢耐磨性的影响

使用正交试验对18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢渗碳钢深冷处理工艺参数进行筛选优化,分析深冷处理时间、低温回火温度和时间对试样耐磨性的影响,并对试样磨痕形貌、显微组织、残留奥氏体以及显微硬度进行分析。研究表明,18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢渗碳淬火后的-196 ℃深冷工艺参数对磨损量影响的显著性排序为:深冷处理时间＞低温回火时间＞低温回火温度。深冷处理能够有效增加试样的耐磨性,在深冷温度-196 ℃,深冷处理时间1 h,低温回火温度120 ℃,低温回火时间2 h的工艺下试样磨损量最小,与未深冷时相比减少46.67%,磨损机制变为磨粒磨损与氧化磨损。经过深冷处理后渗碳层的碳化物沿晶界析出,同时有小颗粒碳化物在基体上弥散析出。深冷处理能够降低钢的残留奥氏体含量,增加马氏体含量,使表层渗碳层的显微硬度增加,从而改善18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢的耐磨性。     

Modelling and experimental analysis of the effects of tool wear on form errors in stainless steel blanking

The main defects that characterize the quality and accuracy of blanked parts are the form errors which can be found on the blanked surface. These defects are basically related to tool wear and process parameters. This work presents theoretical modelling of the effects of tool wear on the shearing mechanism and resulting form errors. To this end, a new parameter denominated effective clearance, which characterizes the distance between a punch and the die cutting edge when a tool is worn, is defined. An experimental analysis of form errors as a function of this new parameter is made, using 6 and 8 mm AISI A2 steel punches and 1 mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel sheet. Finally, design criteria are proposed for the process parameters to fulfil the quality requirements of blanked parts.     

深冷处理对镐型截齿硬度、耐磨性和冲击性能的影响及其优化

在镐型截齿传统钎焊—热处理工艺中引入深冷处理技术,形成钎焊—热处理—深冷处理新工艺,并以深冷温度和深冷时间为深冷处理主要工艺参数,使用全因子方法设计深冷处理试验方案,测试镐型截齿齿头部位和齿体部位硬度,测试镐型截齿齿体冲击性能,对镐型截齿整体进行截割岩料试验测试耐磨性,以研究深冷处理对镐型截齿硬度、耐磨性和冲击性能的影响规律,并寻求最优深冷处理工艺。结果表明,深冷处理对镐型截齿硬度影响不显著,对冲击性能有轻微不利影响,但显著提高了镐型截齿的耐磨性。镐型截齿综合性能最优时的深冷处理工艺为深冷温度-196 ℃、深冷时间12 h,此时冲击吸收能量仅降低1.2 J,而耐磨性提高41.6%。     

The influence of working parameters on the response of a capacitive sensor used in-process for the measurement of tool wear

In a previous research work, a no contact capacitive sensor was obtained which could check superficial characteristics of workpieces during working. This sensor can relate variations of capacity to superficial finishing of the workpiece directly.The present study aims at finding a method for interfacing the capacitive sensor to a system of data acquisition and for deciding the substitution of the tool, automatically. It has been necessary to value the influence of cutting parameters on sensor's response in order to find the threshold value, characterizing by itself an anomalous working state owed to regular or irregular tool wear.     

The effects of heat treatment and gas atmosphere on the thermal conductivity of APS and EB-PVD PYSZ thermal barrier coatings

The effects of heat treatment and gas atmosphere on thermal conductivity of atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) and electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) partially Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ (PYSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were investigated. Two-layer samples that had an EB-PVD coating deposited on bond coated nickel-base superalloy IN625 substrates, free-standing APS and EB-PVD coatings as well as a quasi-free-standing EB-PVD PYSZ coating (coating on semitransparent sapphire) were included in the study. Thermal diffusivity measurements for determining thermal conductivity were made from room temperature up to 1150 °C in vacuum and under argon gas using the laser flash technique. To investigate the effect of heat treatment on thermal conductivity, coatings were annealed at 1100 °C in air. For both the APS and EB-PVD PYSZ coatings the first 100 h heat treatment caused a significant increase in thermal conductivity that can be attributed to microstructural changes caused by sintering processes. Compared to the measurements in vacuum, the thermal conductivity of APS coatings increased by about 10% under argon gas at atmospheric pressure, whereas for the EB-PVD coatings, the influence of gas on thermal conductivity was relatively small. The effect of gas on the thermal conductivity of APS and EB-PVD PYSZ coatings can be attributed to amount, shape, and spatial arrangement of pores in the coating material.