喷淋作用下地铁站台烟气流动模拟研究

以某典型地铁站台为研究对象,采用FDS数值模拟方法,分析喷淋系统和排烟系统耦合作用下地铁站台的火灾烟气流动,探讨了喷淋和排烟口高度对站台排烟控制的影响。结果表明：喷淋开启后会诱发喷淋区域内的火灾烟气沉降,能见度低于10 m, 对火源附近的人员疏散不利;而喷淋对火灾烟气的冷却卷吸作用有助于减弱烟气沿站台纵向蔓延动量,有利于喷淋区域外的人员疏散;排烟口高度越高排烟效果越好,但对喷淋区域内能见度的改善效果不显著。     

Prediction of smoke back-layering length under different longitudinal ventilations in the subway tunnel with metro train

Due to the small width and the large train blockage ratio in subway tunnel, the smoke back-layering will be different from that in the wider road tunnel with small vehicle blockage ratio. In the train blockage region of tunnel, the velocity of longitudinal ventilated air-flow interacting with the back-flowed smoke gas is different from that in the upstream tunnel without train blockage. Then the back-flowed smoke gas might be prevented in the train blockage region with higher ventilation velocity, otherwise it would be stopped in the upstream tunnel without train blockage but with lower ventilation velocity. They were taken into consideration separately and an equivalent fire source was introduced by dividing the dimensionless heat release rate of fire source into two parts in the cases where the smoke back-layering length is longer than metro train length. A series of full-scale numerical simulations are carried out with FDS to investigate the smoke back-layering length in subway tunnel with different train lengths and longitudinal ventilation velocities. The simulation results indicate that the influence of metro train length on the smoke back-layering is great and cannot be ignored any more. A global correlation model is proposed based on the dimensionless analysis and simulation results.     

Effects of the ventilation duct arrangement and duct geometry on ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

This study has investigated numerically the effects of the ventilation duct number and duct geometry on duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel. A three-dimensional numerical model using the dynamic layering method for the moving boundary of a train, which was validated against the model tunnel experimental data in a previous study, is adopted to simulate train-induced unsteady tunnel flows. For the tunnel and subway train geometries that are exactly the same as those used in the model tunnel experimental test, but with the ventilation ducts being connected to the tunnel ceiling, the three-dimensional tunnel flows are simulated numerically under five different ventilation duct numbers and two different duct geometries. The numerical results reveal that: (1) for a given total area of openings, the ventilation duct number has little influence on the total mass flow of the air sucked into the tunnel through the ventilation ducts while the total mass flow of the air pushed out of the tunnel through the ducts increases remarkably with the increase in the duct number; (2) with the increase of the distance between a specific ventilation duct and the tunnel inlet the suction mass flow through the duct decreases significantly while the exhaust mass flow through the duct increases greatly, i.e., the location of a specific duct has a strong impact on the total suction and exhaust mass flows through the ventilation duct; (3) as the linkage angle between the tunnel ceiling and the upstream side wall of a duct is changed from 90° to 45°, the size of the re-circulation area inside the duct is much reduced when the train approaches the duct and thus the amount of air pushed out of the duct is greatly increased (i.e. the exhaust effect through the duct is remarkably strengthened).     

Optimization of emergency ventilation mode for a train on fire stopping beside platform of a metro station

This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation investigation of most effective cooperative operation mode of the tunnel rail track area exhaust system and the platform ventilation system for the emergency scenario of a train on fire stopping beside the platform of a subway station. CFD simulations are carried out by fire dynamics simulator (FDS) to analyse and compare the computed field distributions of smoke temperature and visibility, as to find out the most optimal cooperation mode of these ventilation systems. Results show that only starting the over track exhaust (OTE) system can control the smoke more effectively than starting both the OTE system and the under platform exhaust (UPE) system at the same time. In addition, setting the platform ventilation system as exhaust pattern can provide better control performance than setting it as air supply pattern, in counteracting the smoke flowed into the platform from the fire train. Therefore, it is found out and suggested that in such an emergency condition, the most effective strategic cooperative ventilation mode is only starting the OTE system of the tunnel rail track area with the aid of activation the smoke exhaust pattern of the platform ventilation system.     

Effects of the solid curtains on natural ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

Solid curtains can be installed in subway tunnels for the promotion of air ventilation in ventilation ducts in association with the piston effect caused by a running train. With an aim to analyze the effects of solid curtains on duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel, the current study adopts the tunnel and subway train geometries which are exactly the same as those in a previous model tunnel experiment, but newly incorporates two ventilation ducts connected vertically to the tunnel ceiling and two solid curtains placed at an upstream position of a duct near the tunnel inlet and at a downstream position of another duct near the tunnel outlet, respectively. A three-dimensional CFD model adopting the dynamic layering method for tracking the motion of a train, which was validated against the reported model tunnel experiment in a previous study, is employed to predict the train-induced unsteady airflows in the subway tunnel and in the ducts. The numerical results reveal that the duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel strongly depends on the operation of the solid curtains. The suction mass flow of the air through the duct near the tunnel inlet and the exhaust mass flow of the air through the duct near the tunnel outlet are increased considerably in the case with the solid curtains in comparison with those in the case without the solid curtains.     

地铁列车火灾停靠站台与隧道的处置利弊

对列车所处位置在扑救火灾时的影响进行利弊分析，证明地铁列车发生火灾时，停在站台处置比停在隧道内处置具有人员疏散逃生方便、排烟效果好、救援人员行动便捷、灭火战斗行动快速等明显优势。在处置地铁列车火灾中排烟和救人是最重要的措施，应根据燃烧部位和列车停靠位置的不同，正确选择送排烟方向，及时组织人员疏散。     

水电站电缆竖井细水雾灭火性能数值模拟研究

水电站电缆竖井是用于给水电站铺设供电电缆或通信电缆的竖直高层通道,高度可达百米。如若封堵不严或无封堵,火灾将沿着电缆竖井迅速蔓延。本文以某水电站电缆竖井为研究对象,采用FDS 数值模拟软件,研究了高压细水雾喷头纵向间距、同时启动的楼层数、喷头流量系数和喷雾角度4 种因素对灭火效果的影响。确定了各因素临界值,以有效发挥灭火作用,该结果可为水电站电缆竖井灭火系统设计提供参考。     

屏蔽门对地铁火灾烟气流动的影响分析

针对某地铁双层岛式车站,利用FDS模拟研究无屏蔽门和有屏蔽门两种情况发生火灾的场景,分析温度和烟气浓度分布,并对结果进行比较分析。结果表明,屏蔽门对于火灾烟气的扩散有显著的抑制作用,对地铁站台设计、火灾时人员疏散等具有一定的理论指导。     

Effects of vent shaft location on the ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

A computational analysis of a ventilation system in a subway tunnel is carried out by solving 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations for train-induced unsteady flow using the sharp interface method as the model for the moving boundary of an immersed solid. The ventilation performance is evaluated depending on the location of the vent shaft by analyzing the ventilating flow rate through the shaft and the feature of the flow field in the subway tunnel around the shaft. It is found that the optimum location of the vent shaft with respect to maximizing ventilation performance lies near the station.     

地铁车站火灾烟气蔓延数值模拟分析

分析了地铁火灾特性。利用FDS对天津地铁某站在发生火灾时的烟气温度与能见度分布情况进行了数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行分析,结果表明,360s时最不利点温度小于45℃,能见度为6～7m,完全满足火灾工况下的人员安全疏散对温度和能见度的要求,故该车站设计满足火灾时人员安全疏散的要求。     

地铁消防应急救援站点选址优化研究

为了增强广州地铁轨道交通消防应急能力,通过构建数学模型,对地铁消防应急救援站点优化选址进行研究,首先建立考虑广州地铁轨道实际情况的限制时间模型和必选与非选站点模型,接着利用Lingo 18.0软件对限制时间模型进行求解,再利用必选与非选站点模型进行优化,对于被重复覆盖的消防应急救援服务需求站点,选择距离最近的地铁消防应急救援站点作为需求站点的消防应急救援力量出发站点。最后从241个地铁站点中选出40个站点作为地铁消防应急救援站点,实现对所有地铁站点救援服务覆盖。     

移动式排烟装备在地铁火灾中的应用研究

讨论了地铁中常用的几种移动式排烟装备的性能和特点，通过中山北一路地铁试验，测试了地铁中的烟气流动态势，分析了地铁烟气流动特点。系统的阐述了地铁中移动式排烟装备的应用战术——正压送风，负压排风，并通过试验分析了消防水枪水力排烟在地铁火场中的应用。     

火灾能见度对地铁人员疏散速度影响的仿真研究

基于火灾动力学理论与大型换乘地铁站火灾特点,利用FDS软件（郑州大学超算中心6.7.5版本）对郑州紫荆山地铁站进行火灾数值模拟,通过布置在地铁站台层、站厅层、转换层各个区域以及所有楼扶梯处的火灾探测点,分析火源位于地下四层的二号线站台层时能见度随时间的变化情况。根据能见度与速度的折减公式,计算不同时间节点的速度折减系数。然后在Pathfinder（2020版本）车站疏散模型各区域中导入人群疏散速度折减系数,并与速度未折减时的情况进行对比分析,得到更加精确的疏散人员动态速度。结果发现在靠近火源位置且跨度为两层的楼扶梯上更容易发生人员滞留。     

地铁站火灾烟气扩散控制模式的数值模拟

提出了在楼梯口采用防烟空气幕来代替挡烟垂壁及速度不小于1.5m/s向下气流的烟气控制模式。建立了双层地铁车站的物理模型,采用CFD方法模拟比较了4种烟气控制模式的控制效果。结果表明,在楼梯口设置防烟空气幕不仅可以保证人员6min以上的安全疏散时间,而且减少了所需新风量,可以有效阻止火灾的进一步扩大和控制烟气扩散。     

地铁区间隧道火灾通风模式的数值分析

介绍了地铁区间隧道火灾常见的几种通风排烟模式,对其中一种最复杂的模式进行了数值分析。模拟分析得出,对于地铁实际工程中的单线盾构圆形隧道,在10 MW火灾强度下,着火区间隧道内2.6~2.9 m/s左右的纵向风速可以有效阻止烟气发生逆流;在着火区间隧道2.9 m/s的纵向风速下,未着火区间隧道两端对送送风速度为1~1.5 m/s时,联络通道内有风速为6 m/s左右的气流流向着火区间隧道,可有效抑制烟气通过联络通道向未着火区间隧道蔓延,保证人员的安全疏散。     

地铁隧道火灾自然排烟模式数值模拟研究

采用标准K-ε模型,结合某实际工程对地铁隧道区间发生火灾时的自然排烟模式进行了模拟计算,以预测其实际通风排烟效果.具体分析了不同通风竖井间距、通风竖井出口局部阻力系数变化和隧道区间是否设置隔墙等因素对区间内实际通风排烟效果的影响,最后给出了一些建设性的结论.     

某地铁车站热烟实验研究

在某地铁车站站厅和站台开展热烟实验,研究烟气流动情况,测量火灾时羽流及距离地面2 m高度处顶棚温度变化情况,在此基础上评价其排烟系统性能。结果表明,该车站内烟控系统能达到排烟目标;采用人员疏散出入口作为自然补风口,可避免烟气对疏散出入口的侵袭;在已建成建筑内采用受控的火源和烟源,用热烟实验方法可模拟真实火灾场景并测试排烟系统性能,也可以作为验证和评估大型复杂建筑内防排烟设计的手段。     

A numerical study on smoke movement in longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires for different aspect ratio

In this study, numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the effect of the aspect ratio on smoke movement in tunnel fires using FDS 3.0. Temperature distribution under the ceiling showed a relatively good agreement with experimental results within 10 °C. It confirmed the possibility of application of FDS code to tunnel fires. Results from varying of the aspect ratio showed good agreement with experimental data. Temperature near the fire source decreased with the increase of the aspect ratio. But, the rate of the temperature decrease was reduced by the decrease of the heat loss in the spanwise direction. Clear height of the simulation by the analysis of the velocity distribution was about 3% higher than that of the experimental result. Numerical results predicted the back-layering distance and the critical velocity reasonably.     

An experimental study on the effect of ventilation velocity on burning rate in tunnel fires—heptane pool fire case

The 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to investigate the effect of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the burning rate in tunnel fires. The n-heptane pool fires with heat release rate ranging from 3.71 to 15.6 kW are used in this study. A load cell is used to measure the mass loss rate of burning fuel and the temperature distributions are measured by K-type thermocouples in order to investigate smoke movement. The ventilation velocity in the reduced-scale tunnel is controlled by the wind tunnel through an inverter. The increases in ventilation velocity lead to enhance burning rate of n-heptane fuel. The reason is that the oxygen supply effect prevails rather than the cooling effect as the ventilation velocity increases. As a result, the heat release rates in experiment are larger than constant heat release rates by 4.45–11.3 times in the n-heptane pool fires. Also, it is found that non-dimensional critical ventilation velocity is proportional to one-third power of non-dimensional heat release rate.