黄瓜苗期猝倒病的生物防治

黄瓜苗期猝倒病是我国北方地区早春保护地育苗中常见的病害,光照、温度不足会加重发病。生产损失可达10％～50％。为农业生产提供防治该病的有效生防制剂,我们从1998年春季开始筛选对引起黄瓜猝倒病的瓜果腐霉（Pythiumaphanidermatum）具有拮抗作用的木霉菌及细菌,并进行了室内抑菌测定及苗期防病试验。从沈阳及周边地区采集黄瓜、茄子、辣椒、玉米等作物的健根和发病变褐的根系及其根际土壤,利用加抗生素的选择性培养基,进行拮抗菌的分离,利用平板对峙法筛选出对3种病原菌具有较强持抗作用的木霉菌5株、拮抗细菌4株。各抬抗菌的液…     

番茄灰霉病生物防治菌株的筛选

从土壤中筛选出对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cineren Pers．)有较强拮抗作用的生物防治菌株94株，其中拮抗细菌22株，分离率为17.6％；拮抗放线菌53株，分离率为11．7％；拮抗木霉菌19株，分离率为28.8％。研究发现，拮抗细菌可产生抗生素类物质，且在121℃高温下处理30min不失活，放线菌的抗生物质大多不耐热。拮抗木霉菌具较强的营养竞争及重寄生作用．温室接种试验表明对番茄叶部灰霉病的防治效果达67．18％。     

玉米茎腐病菌毒素的产生条件和化学特征的初步研究

通过对玉米茎腐病菌毒素的产生条件和化学特征的初步研究,发现病原菌在Richard培养基中产生的毒素活性最高。玉米茎腐病禾谷镰孢菌（Fusariumgraminearum）和瓜果腐霉菌（Pythiumaphanidermatum）分别在活体外培养20d和25d产生的毒素活性最高。病原菌产生的毒素为糖蛋白类物质。     

生物农药防治玉米土传性病害药效的测定

采用美国生产的ＢＧ－２、Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ两种生物农药和国内生产的生物型种衣剂（ＺＳＢ）对玉米茎腐病和纹枯病苗期和成株期的防治试验表明：两种生物农药均可在一定程度上防治茎腐病菌在苗期引起的根腐病,其中ＢＧ－２对镰孢菌的防治效果高达５５．１４％;Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ对腐霉菌的防治效果达５５．５７％。ＢＧ－２对纹枯病的防治效果比ＺＳＢ好。田间试验表明：ＺＳＢ对纹枯病比对茎腐病的防治效果好。１：４０的种子包衣量为最佳。粉锈宁与ＺＳＢ混用比单独粉锈宁拌种防治茎腐病的效果好。     

pH对砖红壤和黄棕壤Cu2 吸附与解吸的影响

从土壤中分离得到的120个菌株中，筛选出对黄瓜角斑病菌有较强抑菌活性的拮抗细菌B9。温室盆栽防治试验结果表明：该菌株显著抑制角斑病的发生，防治效果达72．1％；拮抗细菌B9在28℃、pH值7．0生长最好，培养60h时，其OD值可达到1．708。经初步鉴定，该拮抗菌株属于黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium　sp.）。     

细辛菌核疫病Sclerotinia asari的研究 Ⅰ.损失调查、症状类型及病原菌

细辛菌核疫病是随着细辛人工扩大栽培而出现的一个新问题。此病在辽宁省的新宾、凤城、宽甸、桓仁、本溪、丹东市郊区和吉林省等局部地区均有发生。病害发生在植株的地下和地上各个部分,诱致根腐、芽腐、苗腐、叶腐、柄腐和果腐等症状,最后使全株腐烂死亡。病害由细辛核盘菌,Sclerotinia asari 侵害所致。病菌具有无性与有性两个世代。在田间自然情况下,无性世代的菌丝体是主要的侵染源,多次试验重复,由菌核萌发产生子囊盘的机率较低,子囊孢子致病力很弱。细辛核盘菌生长温度范围为0～27℃,至28℃以上基本上不能生长,32℃经24小时即死亡。适温条件为7～15℃。病菌在PDA上可以生长,但致病力似有减弱现象,用胡萝卜切块培养具有复壮作用。病菌寄主范围较窄,目前仅知对细聿具有高度致病作用。     

沼泽红假单胞菌培养条件研究

对光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌(B9)的培养条件及培养基配方进行了研究。新筛选的培养基配方具有成分少、易配制、价格低的特点。试验结果表明，沼泽红假单胞菌(B9)是一株较耐低营养的微耗氧的菌株，在500—5000lx光照下能良好生长，最适的生长温度为30℃．培养周期为4d。     

高压静电场对桔青霉菌的萌发率与产孢量的影响

采用不同的预处理方法，利用匀强高压静电场的不同场强，研究了高压静电场、处理时间、预萌发时间对桔青霉菌的萌发率、产孢量的作用效果。结果表明：场强对青霉菌的萌发率的作用效果极显著，场强不同，作用效果不同。随着处理时间的增加，桔青霉菌的萌发率有下降的趋势。对萌发一定时间的孢子悬液处理，其萌发率与对照相比没有明显的差别。     

小麦白粉病潜在生防菌的筛选与控病特性研究

2001-2004年从山东，河南等11省采集土样78份，通过稀释平板法共分离菌株282株，其中真菌138株，细菌72株，放线菌61株。通过小麦白粉菌的孢子萌发抑制试验和小麦离体叶病害抑制试验的初步筛选，共得到12株防效较好的菌种。将所筛选的12个菌株进行温室盆栽苗病害控制试验。结果表明：细菌菌种PE4、C26、C27与真菌菌种P17-1对小麦白粉病抑制能力较强。防治效果分别达74．96％、70．1％、67．33％和64．71％。并对不同处理的小麦株高和千粒重进行方差分析。其中菌株PE4、C26、GE11处理的小麦千粒重分别为43．57，42．21，41．57g，与对照千粒重（29．22g）差异极显著。     

木霉菌诱导甜瓜抗枯萎病相关防御反应酶系的研究

测定了木霉菌对甜瓜枯萎病的室内及田间防效。分析了应用木霉菌后，甜瓜根组织中部分防御酶系比活力的变化。结果表明：木霉菌对甜瓜枯萎病有较好的防治效果，室内防效和田间防效分别为72．73％和79．00％，接种木霉菌后β-1，3-葡聚糖酶活性升高，挑战接种尖孢镰孢菌，苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性有明显的增强，表明木霉菌能明显诱导甜瓜对枯萎病的抗性反应。     

A literature survey of biocontrol systems

Review of the various aspects of biological control systems and their relation to feedback theory is presented in this paper. To systematize the study of biocontrol systems the material is classified into the following topics: 1) General Human Operator Dynamics; 2) Neuromuscular Systems; 3) Eye Dynamics; 4) Respiratory and Circulatory Systems; 5) Biological Process Control; 6) Central Nervous Systems and Brain. Each of the above topics is summarily discussed and each is separately documented with the pertinent literature and research activities. In the conclusion of the paper the connection between the recent theoretical work in feedback control and the problems of bio-control systems is discussed. It is hoped that with this survey a new burst of research activities on the part of control scientists in the challenging field of biocontrol systems will be materialized.     

甜瓜枯萎病土壤拮抗菌的初步筛选

从土壤中分离并筛选到4个对甜瓜枯萎病菌具有稳定拮抗作用的细菌，经初步鉴定，Y1、Y2、X1、X11均为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）。室内防治试验测定表明，它们对甜瓜枯萎病均有一定的防治效果，其中最好的Y1防治效果可达75．32％。     

Use of TRMM in determining the climatic characteristics of rainfall over Bangladesh

Five years of data from 1998 to 2002 of TRMM-3B42 version 5 (V5), 3B43 V5, 3B42 version 6 (V6), 3B43 V6, and the Bangladesh Meteorological Department rain-gauge network were analyzed to understand the climatic characteristics of rainfall over Bangladesh. TRMM-PR 2A25 data were used to obtain the precipitation field of the convection events. Daily rainfall measured by TRMM V5 3B42 was compared to that of rain-gauge values from pre-monsoon to post-monsoon months (March-November). The time sequence patterns of the daily rainfall determined by the V5 3B42 and those from rain gauges were remarkably similar. The spatial and temporal averages of rainfall revealed good estimations of rainfall: during March to November, the V5 3B42- and rain gauge-estimated daily rainfall was 8.12 and 8.34 mm, respectively. In annual scale, TRMM V5 3B42-, V5 3B43-, V6 3B42-, V6 3B43- and rain-gauge estimated rainfall was 6.9, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8 and 7.1 mm/day, respectively. The average percentage of rainy days determined by V5 3B42 data with respect to the rain-gauge value was 96%. TRMM is useful for estimating the average values of rainfall in Bangladesh. The prominent difference between rainfall estimated by rain-gauge and V5 3B42 was found to be period- and location-dependent. The V5 3B42 overestimated the rainfall during the pre-monsoon period and in dry regions but underestimated it during the monsoon period and in wet regions. The reason for the differences according to season and locations is considered to be the vertical cross section of convection obtained by TRMM-PR 2A25 data. The rainfall overestimation in pre-monsoon and underestimation in monsoon period measured by V5 3B42 is reduced to reasonable amount by V6 3B42 and V6 3B43. In this manner, the merit of using TRMM data for climatological studies of rainfall over Bangladesh is shown.     

Estimation of LAI and FAPAR by constraining the leaf and soil spectral characteristics in a radiative transfer model

We evaluated the estimation of the leaf area index (LAI) and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) of green plant canopies from top-of-the-canopy (TOC) spectral indices by using the PROSAIL model under the possible constraints of leaf and soil spectra. For the LAI estimation, the ratios (B1 – B3)/(B1?+?B3) and B1/B3 provided fewer estimation errors than (B4 – B3)/(B4?+?B3) or B4/B3 when the variation in the soil spectral reflectance was small or LAI was large. Here, B1, B3 and B4 denote the blue, red and near-infrared bands of Landsat ETM+, respectively. For the FAPAR estimation, the ratios (B5 – B7)/(B5?+?B7) and B5/B7 provided fewer estimation errors than (NIR – R)/(NIR?+?R) or NIR/R for a FAPAR value of 0.3–0.7 when the variation in the soil spectral reflectance was large. Here, B5 and B7 denote the bands with wavelengths 1.55–1.75 and 2.09–2.35 μm, respectively. These were maintained for various conditions of the solar incident zenith angle (θ_s), leaf angle distribution (LAD), canopy hotspot parameter (s ₁) and clumping index (Ω).     

Hyperspectral reflectance features of water hyacinth growing under feeding stresses of Neochetina spp. and different heavy metal pollutants

Spectral signatures of water hyacinth grown with biocontrol agents (Neochetina eichornia and N. bruchi) and various heavy metal pollutants were collected at the plant canopy level using a hand-held spectrometer to detect the biocontrol agent and heavy metal-induced plant stresses and the interaction between the two stressors. Water hyacinth was grown in 65l tubs, each with a single element from one of: As (1 mg l^?1), Au (1 mg l^?1), Cu (2 mg l^?1), Fe (0.5, 2 and 4 mg l^?1), Hg (1 mg l^?1), Mn (0.5, 2, and 4 mg l^?1), U (1 mg l^?1), and Zn (4 mg l^?1), with the exception of the control treatment. Three weeks after the metal treatments, the weevils were added to each tub, including those of the control treatment. Spectral measurements were taken before and after the addition of the weevils. Several spectral indicators of plant stress including red edge normalized difference vegetation index (RE-NDVI), modified red edge NDVI (mNDVI₇₀₅), modified simple ratio (mSR), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and red edge position (REP) calculated using first derivative and linear extrapolation and water band index (WBI) were used to identify the plant stresses of water hyacinth. The spectral indicators of both metal and weevil plant stressors were correlated with the leaf chlorophyll content from the SPAD-502 readings at the end of the experiment. Correlations of mNDVI₇₀₅ with SPAD-502 readings were the highest followed by the indicators of REP. Cu-, Hg-, and Zn-treated plants showed significantly lower chlorophyll contents compared with the control treatment. A similar trend with four additional treatments (As, Fe-M, Mn-L, and Mn-H) was seen after the release of the weevils, indicating plant stress due to feeding by the biocontrol agent. However, adult and larval feeding was significantly reduced by Cu, Hg, and Zn elements, of which Cu was the most stressful. These results indicate that hyperspectral remote sensing has potential as a tool to determine the health status of water hyacinth from a remote location, to inform management interventions in control of the weed. However, its usage at a larger scale requires further studies.     

A model for biological control in agriculture

Persistence and global stability of the coexistence equilibrium of a recently published model in biocontrol of crops are here shown both in the absence and the presence of delays, introduced to simulate the handling time of the prey. In the latter case, the system can behave in two different ways, in dependence of whether a suitably defined key parameter exceeds a certain threshold. Namely, below the threshold the delay is shown not to be able to influence the stability of the coexistence equilibrium; above it, existence of a Hopf bifurcation is analytically proven. Further, in this range, numerical simulations reveal a route to chaotic behavior as function of the size of the delay. Some operative conclusions for agroecosystem management are drawn, although they ultimately depend on each particular situation.     

Robust biometric-based three-party authenticated key establishment protocols

This paper proposes secure and efficient biometric-based three-party authenticated key establishment (B3AKE) protocols to minimize the computation costs of each participant and fit three-party communication. The proposed B3AKE protocols adopts a three-factor authentication mechanism which uses biometric, token, and passwords for users unlike the related protocols. In addition, the proposed B3AKE protocols are composed of four sub-protocols, which are registration, biometric-based three-party authenticated key transport, biometric-based three-party authenticated key agreement (B3AKA), and password update. In order to exploit the key block size, speed, and security jointly, the proposed B3AKA protocol is based on symmetric key cryptosystems and elliptic curve cryptography. As a result, the proposed B3AKE protocols not only are secure against well-known cryptographical attacks but also provide perfect forward secrecy. Furthermore, the number of rounds is smaller by one round than the related protocols and the asymmetric key encryption/decryption operations do not need to establish a session key and authenticate between two users and a server. Thus, the proposed B3AKE protocols are very useful in limited computation and communication resource environments to access remote information systems since it provides security, reliability, and efficiency.     

ASTER遥感影像水体信息提取方法研究

以安徽省芜湖市为试验区,首先对试验区水体和其它各类地物的光谱特征进行分析,探讨水体在ASTER遥感影像各个波段与其它地物之间的可分性,然后经过反复实验和分析,构建了基于波段阈值和谱间关系的水体提取模型:B2>B3,B1+B6<127,B3+B4<54和B3<24,最后将该方法提取结果与非监督分类、监督分类和植被指数法提取结果进行评价和比较。实验结果表明该方法可较好地提取研究区各类水体,分类精度明显优于传统提取方法,且简单实用,但在对光谱特征分析过程中样本点选取要求较高。     

Trends in predicted chemoselectivity of cytochrome P450 oxidation: B3LYP barrier heights for epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions

Prediction of epoxide formation in drug metabolism is a difficult but important task, as epoxide formation is linked to drug toxicity. A comparison of the energy barriers for cytochrome P450 mediated epoxidation of alkenes to the barriers for the hydroxylation of an aliphatic carbon atom next to a double bond has been performed using B3LYP and B3LYP-D3. Relevant experimental data on oxidation selectivity has also been assessed. The results show that density functional theory, when using B3LYP-D3, does well in reproducing the experimental trends. Considering that the comparison involves chemical steps with quite different features this is remarkable. We also find that B3LYP consistently underestimates the hydrogen abstraction barriers relative to the epoxidation barriers, and that including a dispersion correction reduces this problem.     

Remote monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and evapotranspiration following saltcedar leaf beetle attack

Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) has invaded riparian ecosystems throughout the Western United States, including significant portions of riparian ecosystems within U.S. National Parks and Monuments. Recently, the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata) was released as a tamarisk biocontrol agent. Although initial releases have been monitored, no comprehensive program is currently in place to monitor the rapid spread of Diorhabda that has resulted from numerous subsequent releases by county and state agencies. Long term monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and its impacts on habitat and water resources is needed. This study examines the potential for using higher spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data and lower spatial resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for monitoring defoliation caused by Diorhabda and subsequent changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Widespread tamarisk defoliation was observed in an eastern Utah study area during summer 2007. ASTER normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed only minor changes between 2005 and 2006, but a significant drop in NDVI was found within riparian areas between 2006 and 2007. The decrease in NDVI caused by defoliation was apparent despite partial refoliation within the study area. MODIS time series data revealed that absolute decline in EVI varied by site, but that the timing of EVI decline during summer 2007 was early with respect to phenological patterns from 2001 through 2006. Defoliation caused decreases in ET values estimated from both ASTER and MODIS data. MODIS estimated ET declined earlier than in previous years, although annual ET was not significantly different than ET in previous years due to high year-to-year variability. Challenges to detection and monitoring of tamarisk defoliation include spectral mixing of tamarisk and other cover types at subpixel spatial resolution, spatial coregistration of time series images, the timing of image acquisition, and changes unrelated to defoliation in non-tamarisk land cover over time. Continued development of the techniques presented in this paper may allow monitoring the spread of Diorhabda and assessment of potential water salvage resulting from biocontrol of tamarisk.