茄子果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

研究了细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化与茄子果实采后软化的关系。结果表明,采后茄子果肉硬度随贮藏时间的延长而不断下降。贮藏期间果肉水溶性果胶(WSP)含量在贮藏前12天不断增加,之后快速下降,而共价结合型果胶(CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素等细胞壁组分含量持续减少。果肉果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CX)活性均呈先升高后下降趋势,分别在贮藏至第6、9、12天达到最大值;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性始终保持较高水平,且在整个贮藏期间活性变化不明显。相关性分析结果表明,CSP、半纤维素和纤维素的降解与采后茄子果实软化密切相关,PG和CX在茄子果实采后软化过程中起着重要的作用。     

嘎拉苹果果实质地发育软化与细胞壁降解及其基因表达的关系

以嘎拉苹果为试材,分析了果实发育软化过程细胞壁组分、细胞壁酶活性及其酶基因表达的变化。结果表明,发育期,细胞壁物质(CWM)及其组分均先升后降,果胶中共价结合果胶(CSP)含量最高,纤维素含量远高于半纤维素,此期CSP和纤维素含量与硬度显著相关,细胞壁酶表现不同的活性变化和基因表达,并与细胞壁组分存在一定相关性,表明细胞壁降解参与了果实发育期的相关生理过程。采后CSP含量快速降低,水溶性果胶(WSP)含量开始增加,纤维素和半纤维素含量降低,均与硬度显著或极显著相关;细胞壁酶中,β-Gal活性和基因表达量增幅最快,α-Af和PG次之,PME活性和基因表达的增加时期相对滞后,且β-Gal和α-Af活性与硬度和各细胞壁组分的相关性强于PG和PME,PG与CSP和半纤维素表现较强相关性,而在PME上的相关性最差,说明细胞壁代谢与嘎拉果实软化密切相关,β-Gal和α-Af可能对果实软化的作用更强。     

果实成熟软化与相关的酶学研究

果实采后仍然是活的有机体,其后熟软化是一个复杂的生理生化变化过程,其中细胞壁降解酶起着重要的调控作用。综述了与果实成熟软化相关的胞壁酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、果胶甲酯酶、β-半乳糖苷酶)在果实成熟衰老和软化过程中的作用和活性变化规律,为抑制果实采后软化、延长贮藏期提供理论依据。     

冷藏对蓝莓果实细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的影响

以"蓝丰"蓝莓果实为试材,研究了冷藏对蓝莓果实细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的影响。结果表明:蓝莓果实的软化与离子结合型果胶(ISP)、共价结合型果胶(CSP)含量和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性关系密切,其中,ISP含量和PG活性与果实硬度呈显著负相关,Cx和β-Gal活性与果实硬度呈极显著负相关,CSP含量与果实硬度呈极显著正相关;冷藏期间,随果实硬度的逐渐下降,CSP含量逐渐降低,ISP含量变化幅度小,PG和β-Gal活性呈上升趋势,Cx活性呈现先下降后上升趋势,3种酶均在贮藏的后期活性急剧上升;在冷藏的30 d,果实的细胞壁组分和相关酶活性变化较小,果实硬度下降缓慢;与采后自然后熟的果实相比,冷藏30 d的蓝莓果实常温货架期间Cx活性和β-Gal活性一直处于较低水平,PG活性高峰延晚出现,Cx活性高峰极显著降低,果胶甲酯酶(PE)活性未出现高峰。可见,冷藏30 d的蓝莓果实细胞壁组分含量及相关酶活性的变化一定程度受到抑制,果实状态保持良好。     

基于细胞壁特性改变的猕猴桃果实软化机制研究

为探究采后猕猴桃果实软化与细胞壁特性的作用机制,以采后不同时期的陇南猕猴桃为研究对象,分析采后0d(硬熟期-T1)和采后20℃、45％RH条件下熟化3 d(软化初期-T2)2个时期可滴定酸(TAC)、呼吸速率、可溶性固形物(SSC)、果实细胞微观结构、粗细胞壁、纤维素、半纤维素、果胶(WSP、CSP、ISP)含量、细胞...     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁多糖分子质量的分布变化

以软溶质型桃"雨花三号"和硬溶质型桃"加纳岩"果实为试材,采用高效液相色谱法测定细胞壁多糖组分分子质量分布变化。结果表明:CDTA、Na2CO3和KOH组分多糖的分子质量在两种桃果实成熟软化过程中都发生下降,说明细胞壁多糖在桃果实成熟过程中发生了解聚,高分子质量物质向低分子质量物质转变。但两种溶质型桃在多糖组分分子质量的大小、各分子质量组分含量及出现解聚的时间都明显不同,说明多糖组分的解聚方式对桃果实软化过程有一定影响。     

草莓果实成熟过程中细胞壁组分变化的研究

目的研究草莓果实发育成熟过程中细胞壁成分的变化。方法以丰香和红丰草莓为试材，选择小而绿、大而绿、白熟、红熟、全熟5个时期采收，测定细胞组分含量。结果与结论随果实发育成熟，细胞壁中可溶性果胶和半纤维素增加，而离子结合果胶和共价结合果胶及纤维素减少，导致草莓果实成熟软化。     

草莓果实成熟过程中细胞壁组分变化的研究

目的 研究草莓果实发育成熟过程中细胞壁成分的变化.方法 以丰香和红丰草莓为试材,选择小而绿、大而绿、白熟、红熟、全熟5个时期采收,测定细胞组分含量.结果 与结论随果实发育成熟,细胞壁中可溶性果胶和半纤维素增加,而离子结合果胶和共价结合果胶及纤维素减少,导致草莓果实成熟软化.     

外源草酸对采后‘蜂糖李’果实软化和细胞壁降解的影响

为探讨外源草酸处理对采后李果实软化进程的影响,以‘蜂糖李’果实为试材,采用5 mmol/L草酸(oxalic acid, OA)溶液浸泡处理10 min,以蒸馏水浸泡处理10 min为对照(CK),自然晾干后置于室温(25±1)℃条件下贮藏20 d。分析果实硬度、纤维素、原果胶和可溶性果胶含量的变化以及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase, PG)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase, PME)、纤维素酶(cellulase, Cx)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-L-Af)和木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶(xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, XET)活性。结果表明,外源OA处理能使‘蜂糖李’果实保持较高的硬度,延缓原果胶和纤维素含量的下降以及可溶性果胶含量的增加,抑制果实PG、PME、Cx、β-Gal、α-L-Af和XET活性上升。果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素、可溶性果胶含量、Cx、β-Gal、XET和α-L-Af活性均...     

不同成熟度杏果实采后细胞壁物质代谢规律的研究

为探究不同成熟度杏果实采后细胞壁物质代谢的变化。以新疆"赛买提"杏为试材,根据转黄率将果实分为成熟度Ⅰ(着色面积50%)、成熟度Ⅱ(着色面积50%~80%)和成熟度Ⅲ(着色面积80%),置于4℃、90%~95%RH贮藏,每7 d测定相关指标的变化。试验结果表明,成熟度Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ杏果实可溶性果胶(WSF)、CDTA溶解性果胶(CSF)、纤维素含量逐渐上升,Na_2CO_3溶解性果胶(NSF1)和NaOH溶解性果胶(NSF2)含量逐渐下降,木质素含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(Polygalacturonase,PG)、果胶甲酯酶(Pectinmethylesterase,PME)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,β-G)、纤维素酶(Cellulase,Cx)酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势。贮藏结束时,成熟度Ⅱ杏果实纤维素含量、PG、PME活性低于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ果实(p0.05),木质素含量高于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ果实(p0.01),硬度、Cx活性高于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ杏果实(p0.05)。说明采后贮藏杏果实可选择成熟度Ⅱ作为适宜采收成熟度。     

Molecular aspects of cell wall modifications during fruit ripening

Fruit ripening is associated with cell wall modifications. The present review focuses on cell wall components and the nature of noncovalent and covalent interactions in the primary cell wall. The role of structural protein cross-links are evaluated within the context of cell wall-mediated changes in texture during fruit ripening. The article discusses molecular approaches in fruit cell wall interactions to regulate processes in fruit ripening in order to improve post-harvest textural characteristics.     

Mango ripening: changes in cell wall constituents in relation to textural softening

Ripening of mango (Mangifera indica L., cv. Alphonso) fruit is characterized by a series of biochemical changes resulting in gradual textural softening. From unripe to ripe stage, the starch content came down from 18% to 0.1%; pectin from 1.9% to 0.5%; cellulose from 2% to 0.9% and hemicelluloses from 0.8% to 0.2%. Concomitantly, the total soluble solids increased from 7% to 20%, total soluble sugars from 1% to 15% and pH increased from 2.8 to 5.1. The increase in activity of several of the carbohydrate‐degrading enzymes, which resulted in solubilization of the various polysaccharide fractions, correlated with fruit‐softening phenomenon. Efficient distribution of ¹⁴C‐starch into glucose, fructose and sucrose revealed considerable sugar interconversions indicating active gluconeogenesis during mango fruit ripening. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relationship between softening and the polyuronides in ripening banana fruit

Banana fruits, Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Williams’ were ripened in air at 20°C with ethylene. Pulp began softening between days 1 and 2 of ripening and reached a maximum by the fourth day. Total pulp cell wall uronic acid and uronic acid soluble in 40 mM EDTA, 50 mM acetate, pH 4.5, also began to decrease and increase respectively between days 1 and 2. By day 8, total uronic acid had decreased from 10.2 to 4.4 mg g^?1 fresh weight, and had become entirely soluble in EDTA-buffer, while EDTA-buffer-soluble uronic acid had increased from 2.3 to 4.5 mg g^?1. The molecular size distribution of the EDTA-buffer-soluble uronic acid was unchanged up to day 4, when there was a slight loss in the proportion of smaller species. The average molecular size of this uronic acid did not change significantly during 8 days of ripening (relative to dextrans, M_n 36 kDa; M_w 173 kDa). The large change in total content and extractability of cell wall polyuronides that correlated with softening was inconsistent with depolymerisation by endopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15), reduced cross-linking of polyuronides by calcium, or extraction artefacts.     

The linkage between cell wall metabolism and fruit softening: looking to the future

The softening that accompanies ripening of commercially important fruits exacerbates damage incurred during shipping and handling and increases pathogen susceptibility. Thus, postharvest biologists have studied fruit softening to identify ways to manage ripening and optimise fruit quality. Studies, generally based on the premise that cell wall polysaccharide breakdown causes ripening‐associated softening, have not provided the insights needed to genetically engineer, or selectively breed for, fruits whose softening can be adequately controlled. Herein it is argued that a more holistic view of fruit softening is required. Polysaccharide metabolism is undoubtedly important, but understanding this requires a full appreciation of wall structure and how wall components interact to provide strength. Consideration must be given to wall assembly as well as to wall disassembly. Furthermore, the apoplast must be considered as a developmentally and biochemically distinct, dynamic ‘compartment’, not just the location of the cell wall structural matrix. New analytical approaches for enhancing the ability to understand wall structure and metabolism are discussed. Fruit cells regulate their turgor pressure as well as cell wall integrity as they ripen, and it is proposed that future studies of fruit softening should include attempts to understand the bases of cell‐ and tissue‐level turgor regulation if the goal of optimising softening control is to be reached. Finally, recent studies show that cell wall breakdown provides sugar substrates that fuel other important cellular pathways and processes. These connections must be explored so that optimisation of softening does not lead to decreases in other aspects of fruit quality. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

1-MCP对梨果实脂膜过氧化影响的研究

以"爱甘水"梨果实为实验材料,研究了1-MCP处理对梨果实脂膜过氧化及其相关酶的影响,测定了经1-MCP处理后梨果实中乙烯释放量、丙二醛(MDA)含量,过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化,探讨了1-MCP对梨脂膜过氧化的影响。结果表明:1-MCP对梨果实采后贮藏过程中脂膜过氧化有一定抑制作用,抑制了MDA和H2O2含量的增加,对CAT活性、PPO活性、POD活性、APX活性有一定促进作用。1-MCP可以有效地延长果实的贮藏寿命,保持果实品质。     

李子采后软化过程中细胞壁酶活性对果胶降解的影响

以半边红李子为实验材料,利用质构分析仪研究其常温贮藏软化过程,并考察主要细胞壁酶（果胶酯酶PE、外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶exo-PG、内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶endo-PG和葡聚糖苷酶EG）活性变化对果实软化及原果胶降解为可溶性果胶（WSP、ASP、HSP、SSP）的影响。结果表明,李子常温贮藏过程中PE活性变化较小,exo-PG活性一直不断下降,endo-PG活性不断升高,EG活性贮藏前期略有下降,8d之后开始不断升高。李子果肉硬度和粘性降低与原果胶和SSP降解关系密切,ASP降解与粘度降低极显著相关（p<0.01）,HSP降解与果肉硬度下降显著相关（p<0.05）。果肉硬度和粘度变化与exo-PG活性极显著（p<0.01）和显著（p<0.05）相关。endo-PG活性变化对果肉硬度下降影响比较明显（p<0.05）。PE活性变化与原果胶、ASP、HSP、WSP含量变化均显著相关（p<0.05）;exo-PG活性变化与原果胶、HSP含量变化极显著相关（p<0.01）,与SSP、WSP含量变化显著相关（p<0.05）;endo-PG对原果胶和HSP的降解影响比较大（p<0.05）。EG对果胶降解影响较小。      

Fruit softening correlates with enzymatic activities and compositional changes in fruit cell wall during growing in Lycium barbarum L.

The present study aims to examine fruit cell wall-associated fruit softening in Lycium barbarum L. by the microstructure of the fruit cells and the changes in the contents of cell wall components, molecular weights of cell wall polysaccharides and the activities of related cell wall degrading enzymes at different development stages of L. barbarum L. fruit. Fruit firmness significantly declined during ripening, with the greatest reduction between the 28 and 35 days stages. The decrease in firmness correlated with an extensively deformed microstructure in the parenchyma tissues and positively correlated with reductions in the contents of fruit cell wall materials and molecular weight in cell wall polysaccharide. Cellulase, α-galactosidase, polygalactosidase and pectin methylesterase showed higher activities during 28 days; whereas, the activities of β-galactosidase were higher during 35 days. These results indicate that cell wall-related processes are a key feature of early softening in L. barbarum L.