EB-PVD热障涂层热循环性能评价方法研究

制备8批次EB-PVD双层结构热障涂层试样,采用循环加热快速冷却实验装置模拟热障涂层服役环境,开展了热障涂层试样在不同热循环保温时间条件下的热循环性能评价实验,采用指数下降的数学模型对热循环实验数据进行拟合分析,获得了表征热障涂层试样静态氧化性能和热疲劳性能的物理量。结果表明,在本实验工艺条件下制备的不同批次热障涂层试样的静态氧化性能和热疲劳性能具有不同的匹配关系,热障涂层试样静态氧化性能总体估计值为(677±194)h,热疲劳性能总体估计值为(6789±1818)次。     

EB-PVD工艺中粘结层厚度对热障涂层寿命的影响

采用电子束物理气相沉积技术在高温合金基体上制备不同粘结层厚度的YSZ热障涂层试样来分析粘结层厚度对热障涂层体系寿命的影响。对试样进行循环氧化试验以及热重分析来测试试样的热循环寿命和抗氧化性能。分别采用XRD、SEM和EDS对不同状态下的涂层进行相组成、微观形貌和成分组成分析。结果显示:热障涂层体系有明显的抗氧化作用,且抗氧化作用随着粘结层厚度的增加逐渐增强;粘结层的厚度对涂层体系的寿命影响显著,在特定的厚度范围内,涂层体系热循环寿命较长。综合各方面影响因素,得出本试验条件下粘结层厚度最优范围为50～70μm。     

TGO对YSZ热障涂层热循环寿命的影响

采用大气等离子弧喷涂(APS)制备YSZ热障涂层,在1 200℃燃气热冲击循环条件下,对热障涂层抗热冲击循环性能进行测试。采用扫描电镜系统研究热生长氧化物(TGO)对热障涂层热循环寿命的影响。结果表明:随着TGO厚度的增加,热障涂层热循环寿命出现了先增后减的趋势,拐点出现在TGO层中尖晶石氧化物出现的时间,表明初始TGO对热障涂层的热循环寿命有积极作用,但后期的尖晶石氧化物对热障涂层的热循环寿命有破坏性的负面影响。     

等离子喷涂热障涂层高温风洞热震行为

采用等离子喷涂工艺制备ZrO2-8%Y2O3(质量分数,下同)陶瓷层,冷喷涂制备CoNiCrAlY粘结层,在高温燃气风洞条件下测试热障涂层的热震性能,并研究了高温氧化处理对试样热震性能的影响.结果表明,等离子喷涂热障涂层具有较好的抗热震性能,经过100次热震循环后,涂层与基体结合良好,涂层较为完整,未出现大面积的剥落;经过氧化处理后的试样抗热震性较差.     

热障涂层对单晶高温合金多轴热机疲劳性能的影响

采用电子束物理气相沉积工艺在CMSX-4单晶合金空心试管表面制备了Y₂O₃(7%~8%,质量分数)-ZrO₂热障涂层,然后在500~1000 ℃范围内对带/不带涂层试样进行了机械应变控制的热机械疲劳(TMF)和热梯度机械疲劳试验(TGMF)。结果表明,热障涂层可在一定程度上提高单晶合金试棒的疲劳寿命,同时,在相同的应变幅值下,同相位带热障涂层试样的热梯度机械疲劳寿命略高于反相位带涂层试样。试样的断口分析结果表明,同相位热机疲劳和反相位热机疲劳断口呈现显著差异,反相位疲劳试样断口具有明显的疲劳辉纹,材料蠕变和氧化对断口影响较小;同相位试样断口则明显与材料的蠕变和氧化相关。     

IC10合金热障涂层的界面结合强度研究

采用IC10作为基体制备双层结构热障涂层，并对有、无涂层的试样进行了氧化循环试验.采用洛氏硬度计和努氏硬度计研究其界面结合力.结果表明，随着热循环时间的增加，有涂层和没有涂层的试样均有明显的增重，对于IC10高温合金，在1373K进行热循环，经过600 h后，其氧化增重大约为0.9 mg/cm2，而有粘结层的试样，其氧化增重大约为0.46 mg/cm2；有TBCs的试样，其氧化增重大约为0.42 mg/cm2.以IC10为基体的双层结构热障涂层在1373K下的热循环寿命为810 h，基体中的元素Mo、W、Ha和Ta向粘结层中少量的扩散.采用两种硬度压痕法对界面结合强度进行检测，结果表明，以IC10为基体的双层结构热障涂层的界面结合强度较高，但结合力随热循环时间的延长而下降.      

粘结层成分对单晶合金热障涂层寿命影响研究

采用电子束物理气相沉积工艺(EB-PVD)制备了针对第二代单晶高温合金的热障涂层,用SEM观察分析了不同成分粘结层的热障涂层热循环试验后的结构和晶体形貌,在N2条件下对比了不同成分粘结层材料与第二代单晶高温合金的热膨胀系数,分析了热循环试验后粘结层与热生长氧化(TGO)层成分、厚度及完整性情况。结果表明:NiCoCrAlYHf与第二代单晶高温合金热膨胀系数更为接近,匹配性更好;采用EB-PVD工艺制备的热障涂层在热循环试验过程中会产生大量垂直裂纹使涂层具有良好的应变容限;粘结层中Al元素含量的提高以及Hf等元素的加入,使得热循环试验后涂层TGO层的Al2O3纯度较高、生长缓慢无块状物生成,并且极大地改善了粘结层和合金基体的内氧化,涂层1 100℃循环氧化寿命达到1 200 h以上。     

电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层抗高温腐蚀性能的研究

对采用电子束物理气相沉积方法制备的MCrAlY涂层、双层结构热障涂层以及新型梯度结构热障涂层的高温氧化性能以及热腐蚀性能进行了研究。3种涂层均具有良好的抗高温氧化性能，但在950℃等温热腐蚀环境下，涂层的氧化速率加快，梯度热障涂层的增重小于NiCoAlY涂层，表明YSZ陶瓷层有助于提高NiCoAlY涂层的抗热腐蚀性能，但热循环寿命降低。     

EB-PVD工艺中的熔池飞溅对TBCs的影响

采用电子束物理气相沉积技术在高温合金基体表面制备了YSZ热障涂层试样来分析沉积过程中产生的熔池飞溅对涂层性能的影响。对试样进行高温循环氧化实验,采用SEM对不同状态下试样的显微结构进行分析。结果表明,沉积过程中飞溅影响区高于涂层表面,在沉积过程中一直对其边界区域形成遮挡,造成飞溅影响区边界处组织疏松,且该区域边界在热循环过程中容易产生裂纹,使涂层体系过早失效。     

炭/炭复合材料表面SiC/ZrSiO_4-SiO_2复合涂层的氧化行为（英文）

为提高炭/炭(C/C)复合材料的高温抗氧化性,采用包埋–刷涂法在其表面制备SiC/ZrSiO_4-SiO_2(SZS)复合涂层。研究SZS复合涂层包覆C/C复合材料在1500°C下不同氧分压测试环境下的抗氧化性能以及1500°C至沸水(100°C)的热循环性能。结果表明:SZS复合涂层试样具有优异的高温抗氧化性能和热震性能。在1500°C等温高氧分压环境下(空气流量36 L/h)氧化50 h后试样仅轻微失重(约0.03%),而在1500°C低氧分压(静态空气)中氧化111 h后仍然增重0.54%。此外,SZS复合涂层试样在高氧分压下氧化50 h及低氧分压下氧化80 h后,其残余压缩强度分别为70%和72.5%。SZS复合涂层试样在经历30次热循环以后,其质量损失率仅为1.61%,残余压缩强度约为74%。SZS涂层表现出良好的抗氧化性能和抗热震性能,可在高温下为C/C复合材料提供长期的保护。     

Failure Mechanism for Thermal Fatigue of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems

Thick thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), consisting of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and yttria-partially stabilized zirconia top coat with different porosity values, were produced by air plasma spray (APS). The thermal fatigue resistance limit of the TBCs was tested by furnace cycling tests (FCT) according to the specifications of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The morphology, residual stresses, and micromechanical properties (microhardness, indentation fracture toughness) of the TBC systems before and after FCT were analyzed. The thermal fatigue resistance increases with the amount of porosity in the top coat. The compressive in-plane stresses increase in the TBC systems after thermal cycling; nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend contrary to the porosity level of top coat. The data suggest that the spallation happens at the TGO/top coat interface. The failure mechanism of thick TBCs was found to be similar to that of conventional thin TBC systems made by APS.     

Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Thick and Porous Thermal Barrier Coatings Systems

High-temperature thermal fatigue causes the failure of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. This paper addresses the development of thick TBCs, focusing on the microstructure and the porosity of the yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) coating, regarding its resistance to thermal fatigue. Thick TBCs, with different porosity levels, were produced by means of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and YPSZ top coat, both had been sprayed by air plasma spray. The thermal fatigue resistance of new TBC systems and the evolution of the coatings before and after thermal cycling was then evaluated. The limit of thermal fatigue resistance increases depending on the amount of porosity in the top coat. Raman analysis shows that the compressive in-plane stress increases in the TBC systems after thermal cycling, nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend which is contrary to the porosity level of top coat. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

等离子喷涂Al2O3与ZrO2复合热障涂层的高温性能

采用等离子喷涂(PS)方法，在GH536高温合金基材上制备了传统的双层热障涂层(TBCs)和2种含有Al2O3与ZrO2陶瓷复合层的3层热障涂层。传统TBC8结构为Ni22Cr10AlY合金连接层和8％Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2(8YPSZ)陶瓷顶层；3层TBCs中分别采用置于8YPSZ陶瓷层内层及外层的Al2O3与8YPSZ复合层。3种类型试样的100h。1050℃静态氧化试验及1050℃热震试验结果表明：3层涂层较双层涂层的氧化阻力提高，双层涂层的热震阻力最佳，氧化阻力最差。不同复合层形式试样的热振失效方式和寿命也有差别，复合层置于陶瓷层外层热震寿命略高，但100h氧化增重有明显提高，抗氧化性降低。     

热障涂层系统的热梯度机械疲劳应力分析

基于IN738高温合金基体上涂覆的热障涂层系统(Thermal barrier coating system,TBCs),分析热循环和热梯度机械疲劳加载条件下涂层的应力分布及演变。通过有限元分析研究了热生长氧化层(Thermally growth oxidation,TGO)的应力分布,以预测不同载荷作用下TBCs的失效行为。结果可知,在热循环的基础上施加应变载荷会造成TGO应力性质及大小的改变。只施加温度载荷,在加热过程中TGO/粘结层(Bond coat,BC)界面波峰位置会承受轴向较大的拉伸应力,裂纹多会在此处萌生,且以层间开裂的方式失效。而在温度与机械载荷的共同作用下,冷却过程中会承受较大的拉伸应力,显著增大的轴向应力与径向应力共同作用,使垂直于TGO/BC界面的裂纹沿着界面方向扩展,从而造成陶瓷层(Top coat,TC)剥落。进一步对比分析了同相和反相加载时的应力分布,结果表明反相加载时一次循环周期内会产生拉伸平均应力,更易发生TBCs的失效。     

Al2O3对等离子喷涂热障涂层高温氧化及热震性能的影响

采用等离子喷涂 (PS)在GH5 36高温合金基材上制备了典型的双层热障涂层 (TBCs)和两种分别加入了Al2 O3 陶瓷成分的复合热障涂层。典型的TBCs采用Ni2 2Cr10AlY连接层与 8%Y2 O3 稳定的 (8YPSZ)顶层的双层结构 ;多层涂层分别采用Al2 O3 与Ni2 2Cr10AlY复合的连接层和Al2 O3 与 8YPSZ复合的顶层。3种类型试样的10 0h ,10 0 0℃静态氧化及 10 5 0℃热震试验的结果分析表明 :8YPSZ Al2 O3 的复合氧障层具有最佳的氧化阻力 ;Ni2 2Cr10AlY 8YPSZ双层涂层的热震阻力最佳 ,氧化阻力最差 ;连接层采用Ni2 2Cr10AlY Al2 O3 复合涂层具有热震和静态氧化条件下综合优良的高温热循环性能     

Microstructures and Properties of Laser-Glazed Plasma-Sprayed ZrO2-YO1.5/Ni-22Cr-10AI-1Y Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) consisting of two layers with various yttria contents (ZrO ₂- YO_1.5/Ni-22Cr-10Al- lY) were plasma sprayed, and parts of the various specimens were glazed by using a pulsed CO₂ laser. All the specimens were then subjected to furnace thermal cycling tests at 1100 °C; the effect of laser glazing on the durability and failure mechanism of the TBCs was then evaluated. From these results, two models were developed to show the failure mechanism of as- sprayed and laser- glazed TBCs: model A, which is thermal-stress dominant, and model V, which is oxidation-stress dominant. For top coats containing cubic phase, cubic and monoclinic phases, or tetragonal and a relatively larger amount of monoclinic phases, whose degradation is thermal- stress dominant, laser glazing improved the durability of TBCs by a factor of about two to six. Segmented cracks that occurred during glazing proved beneficial for accommodating thermal stress and raising the tolerance to oxidation, which resulted in a higher durability. Thermal barrier coatings with top coats containing tetragonal phase had the highest durability. Degradation of such TBCs resulted mainly from oxidation of the bond coats. For top coats with a greater amount of monoclinic phase, thermal mismatch stress occurred during cooling and detrimentally affected durability.     

热喷涂纳米结构热障涂层的最新研究

分析列举了近些年来热喷涂纳米结构热障涂层（TBCs）的最新研究进展和成果。重点比较了热喷涂纳米结构TBCs与传统TBCs之间的性能差异。最后对热喷涂TBCs的研究前景作了展望。     

等离子工艺热障涂层的热疲劳分析

热障涂层作为先进的热防护技术,在航空发动机热端部件上有重要的应用,它与先进气膜冷却技术、先进单晶合金材料技术并称为航空发动机涡轮叶片三大关键技术。为了保证发动机安全可靠地工作,研究并测试热障涂层的力学参数和热疲劳特性是其工程应用的前提与基础。本文以等离子喷涂工艺制备的热障涂层为研究对象,利用共振原理和复合梁理论,获得了热障涂层表层一陶瓷层从常温到1150℃高温条件下的杨氏模量。同时,鉴于热障涂层的热疲劳失效模式为剥落,着重对热障涂层的热疲劳特性进行研究。以带热障涂层的圆管试样为模拟件进行了热疲劳试验,试验载荷选择50℃／1050℃的梯形波。利用所测试的材料参数和有限元方法进行了热变形分析,提取了热疲劳寿命控制参量,对模拟试样的热疲劳寿命进行了预测,结果显示,预测结果较为精确。     

Application of Plasma-Sprayed Complex Perovskites as Thermal Barrier Coatings

In an effort to improve the performance of heat engines at high temperatures, advanced surface coatings have been developed from complex perovskites. Materials of Ba(Mg_1/3Ta_2/3)O₃ and La(Al_1/4Mg_1/2Ta_1/4)O₃ composition were synthesized and applied as ceramic topcoats of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) in single layer and in double-layer combination with conventional yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Microstructural and phase analyses reveal that plasma spraying of complex perovskites is accompanied with the formation of vertical crack networks and secondary oxide phases which influence the failure mechanism of the TBCs. The low value of fracture toughness for the complex perovskites and the thermally grown oxide at the topcoat-bondcoat interface of the TBCs are, however, the major factors which lead to the coating failure on thermal cycling at about 1250 °C.