硬溶质型桃果实成熟过程中细胞壁多糖降解特性及其相关酶研究

以硬溶质型桃‘晚湖景’为试材,研究细胞壁多糖降解以及细胞壁多糖降解相关酶对硬溶质型桃果实成熟软化的影响。结果表明:硬溶质型桃果实成熟过程中,CDTA-1果胶含量上升,两种Na2CO3溶性果胶含量在成熟末期减少率分别为22.5%和27.4%。KOH溶性果胶含量在整个成熟过程中变化不明显。果实CDTA、Na2CO3组分中果胶多糖主链的断裂、半纤维素和纤维素组分中阿拉伯糖和半乳糖的降解主要发生在成熟末期;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)与桃果实成熟软化启动密切相关,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)对桃果实成熟后期快速软化起重要作用。Na2CO3-1溶性果胶多糖的降解与硬溶质型果实采后软化密切相关,KOH-1、KOH-2半纤维素多糖的降解可能促进硬溶质型桃果实成熟软化进程,富含半乳糖醛酸的果胶多糖主链的断裂以及果胶、半纤维素、纤维素中阿拉伯糖、半乳糖等中性糖的降解都可能是果肉软化的重要因素,并有多种多糖降解酶参与其中。     

1-甲基环丙烯对硬溶质型桃果实细胞壁多糖降解特性的影响

以硬溶质型桃"晚湖景"为试材,20℃下用1μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)密闭处理24h,研究1-MCP处理对细胞壁降解过程中多糖组分变化、单糖解离特性以及细胞壁多糖降解相关酶的影响。结果表明:1-MCP处理可以明显抑制硬溶质型桃果实硬度的下降,降低乙烯释放量。1-MCP处理的硬溶质型桃果实中CDTA-2、Na2CO3、KOH和CWM-残渣组分在贮藏过程中下降速率都明显低于未处理果。1-MCP处理能延缓CDTA溶性果胶多糖的解离。同时还抑制了Na2CO3溶性果胶多糖中半乳糖醛酸和鼠李糖构成的主链和阿拉伯糖、半乳糖支链的降解,对半纤维素和纤维素多糖成分降解有一定程度的抑制作用。1-MCP处理可能通过抑制参与细胞壁多糖降解相关酶的活性,从而抑制硬溶质型桃果实细胞壁多糖降解及单糖解离,达到延缓果实软化的目的。     

1-MCP处理对桃果实成熟软化及其α-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性和基因表达的影响

本研究以软溶质型桃果实‘雨花三号’和硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’为材料,研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对两种不同溶质型桃果实成熟软化过程中的基本生理变化及细胞壁多糖降解相关的重要酶α-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶的影响,为进一步研究核果类果实成熟软化机理提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:1-MCP有效延缓了‘雨花三号’和‘加纳岩’桃果实硬度的下降,抑制了‘雨花三号’贮藏前8 d的乙烯释放,对‘加纳岩’乙烯释放的抑制主要表现在贮藏4 d后。1-MCP处理后对不同溶质型桃果实呼吸速率具有一定的抑制作用,但对‘雨花三号’的抑制表现在贮藏前10 d,而对‘加纳岩’的抑制表现在贮藏6 d后。1-MCP处理后α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶基因和酶活性受到抑制,对‘雨花三号’和‘加纳岩’桃果实贮藏6 d和12 d时酶活性的抑制率均达50%左右,果实软化延迟,进一步证明α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶作用于细胞壁的降解受乙烯调控。     

冬枣后熟软化过程中细胞壁多糖降解特性的研究

研究冬枣采后成熟过程中,果实硬度、呼吸强度、细胞壁物质和不同细胞壁多糖组分的单糖含量的变化。在不同的贮藏阶段(0 d和60 d)提取果实的细胞壁物质和8种细胞壁多糖组分,采用离子色谱法分析部分细胞壁多糖组分的单糖组成。结果表明,随着贮藏期的延长,果实硬度缓慢下降,呼吸强度逐渐升高。后熟过程中果肉细胞壁多糖组分量减少,贮藏前、后Na2CO3-1、CDTA-1和KOH-1溶性多糖量的减少率均呈显著差异(P0.01),其中Na2CO3-1和CDTA-1溶性果胶细胞壁多糖减少尤为显著,表明冬枣果肉软化与CDTA和Na2CO3溶性多糖组分的降解密切相关。Na2CO3和CDTA溶性果胶多糖的单糖组分中,富含阿拉伯糖。贮藏前、后阿拉伯糖降解明显,表明支链的降解促进了果实的软化。半纤维素组分(KOH-1、KOH-2、KOH-3细胞壁多糖组分)在成熟过程中下降,但贮藏前、后KOH溶性半纤维素多糖分子质量峰值几乎没有变化,推测其参与果实软化的进程较复杂。     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟衰老过程中线粒体内细胞色素氧化酶的变化

以软溶质型桃‘雨花3号’和硬溶质型桃‘加纳岩’果实为试材,研究不同溶质型桃成熟衰老过程中细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome c oxidase,COX）活性以及线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基（COXⅠ、COXⅡ、COXⅢ）基因表达量的变化。结果表明：桃果实成熟前期,COX活性不断增加,成熟后期,COX活性开始下降。‘加纳岩’COX 3 种亚基基因的表达量高于‘雨花3号’,且COX 3 种亚基在桃果实成熟前期表达量较高。说明线粒体DNA编码的COX 3 种亚基主要作用于桃果实成熟前期,为果实生长代谢提供所需能量,到了后期表达量降低,活性受影响,导致果实线粒体内的活性氧积累,机体代谢失衡,呼吸速率增加,线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基与桃果实成熟衰老之间存在一定的内在联系。     

不同肉质桃品种的2 个成熟度果实常温贮藏特性比较

目的：比较不同肉质和成熟度的桃品种常温条件下的贮藏特性。方法：以软溶质型桃‘霞晖1号’、硬溶质型桃‘霞晖6号’、不溶质型桃‘金晖’为试材,研究7、8 成熟度条件下果实常温贮藏过程中果实硬度、乙烯释放量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和有机酸含量的变化。结果：货架期间,所有处理桃果实均有正常乙烯释放峰值出现,不溶质桃果实具有最长的果实货架生理周期,但可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量较软溶质和硬溶质品种低,风味不足,‘霞晖6号’8 成熟果实在贮藏过程中,能保持较高的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,风味渐佳。结论：硬溶质肉质类型桃在货架期间贮藏效果较好,8 成熟是其适宜的采收成熟度。     

不同溶质型桃果实采后贮藏过程中线粒体内COX活性及其基因的表达

以软溶质型桃‘雨花三号’(Prumus persica(L.)Batsch,cv.Yuhua3)和硬溶质型桃‘加纳岩’(Prumus persica(L.)Batsch,cv.Jianayan)果实为试材,研究不同溶质型桃果实采后贮藏过程中呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、细胞色素氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase,COX)活性以及线粒体编码的COX 3种亚基(COXⅠ、COXⅡ、COXⅢ)基因表达量的变化。结果表明:‘雨花三号’桃果实贮藏过程中,硬度不断下降,且在贮藏后期伴随着呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰的出现;而‘加纳岩’在贮藏过程中,硬度下降较缓慢,乙烯释放量较少,呼吸速率较平稳。两种溶质型桃果实在贮藏前期,COX活性不断增加,但到贮藏后期,COX活性下降。‘雨花三号’桃果实中COX活性三种亚基基因的表达量显著低于‘加纳岩’。COX主要作用于桃果实贮藏前期,为果实后熟提供足够能量,贮藏后期表达量降低,活性受影响,机体代谢失衡,线粒体编码的COX与桃果实采后衰老之间存在一定的内在联系。     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟过程中酚类代谢与抗氧化能力的研究

以不同溶质型桃果实"加纳岩"和"雨花三号"为试材,测定两个品种桃果实在树体成熟过程中的多酚含量、类黄酮含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanin ammonialyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性变化,并采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法及2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)法对其抗氧化能力进行评价。结果表明:"加纳岩"桃果实的多酚含量和类黄酮含量在成熟过程中均显著高于"雨花三号"桃果实;软溶质型"雨花三号"桃PPO活力高于硬溶质型"加纳岩"桃,但前者POD及PAL活力低于后者,其中"加纳岩"桃PAL活力初期高,成熟过程中与多酚含量呈正相关,"雨花三号"桃PAL活力呈上升趋势,与多酚含量无显著相关性;DPPH法和ABTS法均表明"加纳岩"桃抗氧化能力高于"雨花三号"桃。     

细胞壁组分变化与果实成熟软化的关系研究进展

果实软化是由细胞壁结构和组分的变化引起的,果实细胞壁的主要成分为果胶、纤维素和半纤维素,还有少量的蛋白质。根据近年来国内外有关果实成熟软化的研究现状,从细胞壁的化学组成与结构、细胞壁结构的变化和细胞壁组分的变化等3个方面综述了果实成熟软化的生理生化机制。     

外源乙烯对桃果实采后贮藏过程中线粒体内细胞色素氧化酶的影响

以硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’为试材,研究外源乙烯处理对桃果实采后贮藏过程中呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome C oxidase,COX）活性以及线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基（COXⅠ 、COXⅡ 、COXⅢ ）基因表达量的影响。结果表明：外源乙烯处理加速了硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’在采后贮藏过程中硬度的下降,促进了呼吸作用和内源乙烯释放,使呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰提前出现。同时外源乙烯抑制了COX酶活性,抑制了贮藏后期COXⅠ 和COXⅡ 亚基基因的表达,抑制了整个贮藏过程中COXⅢ 亚基基因的表达。外源乙烯处理抑制了COX途径的呼吸,加速了果实的软化衰老。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press