鲜橙汁冷藏期间色泽变化研究

在4℃条件下贮藏鲜橙汁12 周期间,橙汁的红绿值a*、色泽指数OJ 值减小,亮度值L*、黄蓝值b*,饱和度C* 以及色调Hue 增大,Δ E* 值显著增大(P ＜ 0.05),橙汁色泽显著变差。同时,橙汁中类胡萝卜素和VC含量不断降低,褐变指数上升。橙汁色泽参数变化与类胡萝卜素和VC 含量的变化呈显著正相关,与褐变指数呈显著负相关。在4℃冷藏条件下贮藏鲜橙汁,其色泽的保质期为7～9 周。     

热破碎番茄浆贮藏期间非酶褐变动力学分析

探讨热破碎番茄浆在贮藏过程中非酶褐变的规律,以期为番茄浆的贮藏提供指导。在0、25℃和37 ℃条件对其进行了5个月的贮藏研究,并对产品中与非酶褐变相关的指标总氨基酸、总糖、维生素C(VC)、5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)和褐变度(BD)的变化分别应用零级、一级、联合动力学模型进行了拟合分析。结果表明：联合动力学模型较零级、一级动力学模型能更好地解释热破碎番茄浆贮藏过程中非酶褐变的动态变化。25℃和37 ℃贮藏过程中,热破碎番茄浆中HMF含量和BD的变化呈线性关系,同时颜色指标亮度L*、红值a*、黄值b*是HMF的函数,可用联合动力学方程表示。较高的贮藏温度(25℃和37℃)对热破番茄浆中总氨基酸、总糖、VC、HMF含量、BD以及颜色指标(亮度L*、红值a*、黄值b*)影响显著(P＜0.05),较低温度(0℃)贮藏条件下,HMF含量、褐变度BD及颜色指标变化不明显(P＞0.05)。表明高温贮藏显著降低热破碎番茄浆的品质,而低温贮藏可有效保护热破碎番茄浆的品质。     

血橙果汁贮藏过程中品质变化研究

通过血橙原汁成分分析,对血橙原汁低温贮藏过程中与品质相关的几项指标的变化进行监测,以探讨低温贮藏对血橙果汁品质的影响。结果表明：血橙汁富含花色苷(68.84mg/L)、黄酮类物质(0.18mg/mL)、抗坏血酸(0.63mg/mL)、氨基酸(43.012mg/mL)、糖类(128.3mg/mL)等物质,还含有Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu 等丰富的人体必需微量元素;同时HPLC 分析显示血橙汁含有的可溶性糖主要是蔗糖(7.4g/100mL)、果糖(2.2g/100mL)、葡萄糖(2.1g/100mL)。在血橙汁贮藏过程中,随着花色苷含量的下降橙汁鲜艳的红色也逐渐褪色成浅黄褐色,抗坏血酸含量明显下降,贮藏40d 后含量下降约52%;而还原糖含量变化缓慢,总酸含量平缓增加。     

温度对西兰花抗氧化活性及其品质指标影响

研究0、10和20℃下,西兰花抗氧化活性及相关品质指标的变化规律,为西兰花采后不同温度条件下功能营养变化规律及适宜温度条件的确定提供参考。试验结果表明不同温度西兰花的黄化时间显著不同。10℃和20℃条件下,西兰花抗氧化活性、总酚含量、可溶性固形物含量等指标呈先升高后下降的趋势。与10℃和20℃相比,0℃能有效延长西兰花中VC、类黄酮、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量的保持时间,贮藏28 d时西兰花品质良好。采后短期贮藏有利于西兰花功能营养的提高。整个贮藏过程中西兰花的抗氧化活性与总酚含量相关性最大,其次是类黄酮,与VC和类胡萝卜素含量的相关性不大。     

油豆角冰温贮藏对淀粉与蛋白质降解速度的影响

以"将军"油豆角为试材,分析了不同温度贮藏过程中油豆角淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游高氨基酸的变化。结果表明:0℃冰温贮藏的油豆角淀粉和可溶性蛋白降解的速度最慢,8℃次之,25℃最快;不同温度贮藏期间可溶性糖含量有差异,25℃贮藏油豆角的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量迅速降低,8℃贮藏油豆角可溶性糖消耗速度大于冰温贮藏,其果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量低于冰温贮藏的油豆角;冰温贮藏末期油豆角游离氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸含量均高于8℃。     

壳聚糖涂膜对南湖菱果实贮藏生理及品质的影响

以新鲜南湖菱果实为试材,研究壳聚糖涂膜对南湖菱果实贮藏期间品质和生理的影响。用1.0g/100mL和2.0g/100mL壳聚糖溶液对果实涂膜后,4℃±1℃、相对湿度(90±2)%条件下贮藏15d,测定果实贮藏期间质量损失率、VC、总酚、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性固形物含量变化与多酚氧化酶(PPO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活力以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:1.0g/100mL和2.0g/100mL壳聚糖涂膜显著减少果实表面失水,减缓VC、总酚、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性固形物含量下降,维持果实营养品质;同时抑制褐变酶PPO比活力,减缓抗氧化酶APX和SOD比活力上升,减少膜脂过氧化产物MDA积累。因此,1.0g/100mL和2.0g/100mL壳聚糖涂膜能够有效地保存果实营养物质,延缓果实衰老,可以作为安全廉价的保鲜方法应用于南湖菱果实贮藏保鲜。     

贮藏温度对香蕉糖酸组分的影响

以"桂蕉6号"香蕉果实为对象,研究两种贮藏温度对其糖酸组分的影响。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定香蕉在室温(25℃)与低温(15℃)两种贮藏温度条件下糖酸组分含量的差异性。结果表明:贮藏温度显著影响(p0.05)香蕉果实的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、总糖、柠檬酸、总酸含量;在室温和低温贮藏条件下,其糖组分含量变化幅度较大,蔗糖增长幅度分别为74.66%、35.952%,葡萄糖增长幅度分别为62.30%、36.54%,果糖增长幅度分别为83.22%、57.65%,总糖增长幅度分别为73.731%、39.440%,而其有机酸组分及含量的变化相对缓和;在不同贮藏温度下,香蕉果实的糖酸组分含量存在一定差异,与室温贮藏相比,低温贮藏能有效抑制糖组分的增长速度。     

杀菌贮藏过程中橙汁功能成分降解规律的研究进展

橙汁中富含维生素C、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等功能成分,具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎症、抗过敏以及抗菌等作用。在橙汁的杀菌、贮藏过程中,这些功能成分会发生降解。综述了维生素C、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等功能成分在杀菌和贮藏过程中的降解规律,以期对橙汁中功能成分的保持和货架期的平衡提供帮助。     

实验室模拟越夏贮藏条件对玉米籽粒中淀粉及淀粉酶活性的影响

选用2013年收获的"农大709"玉米籽粒,将其分别贮藏于室温和恒温恒湿培养箱(35℃,RH75%)中,并测定玉米籽粒淀粉酶活性、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的变化,分析了高温高湿(35℃,RH75%)条件下淀粉酶与可溶性糖代谢之间的关系。试验结果表明:常温条件下总淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶活性在贮藏初期仍继续上升,而后不再发生显著变化;除蔗糖含量降低外,总淀粉和直链淀粉以及果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖均无显著变化。高温高湿贮藏条件下,总淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶活性均显著下降;玉米总淀粉含量无明显变化而直链淀粉含量上升;葡萄糖和果糖变化一致,均先上升后下降;而麦芽糖和蔗糖含量均为先下降后上升。     

高氧和高二氧化碳处理对绿芦笋采后品质的影响

以空气为对照,研究不同浓度高氧和高二氧化碳(20%)气调包装处理对鲜切绿芦笋嫩茎在(4 ± 1)℃贮藏期间品质变化的影响。结果表明,80%～100% O2 处理可抑制绿芦笋贮藏期间的失重和丙二醛的积累,减缓总糖、VC、叶绿素、木质素含量的下降。60% O2 处理可抑制绿芦笋贮藏期间VC 的降解、丙二醛的积累及总糖含量的下降,而对失重率、总叶绿素和木质素含量无显著影响。40% O2 处理加速了总叶绿素和总糖含量的下降,而对VC、丙二醛、木质素含量及失重率等品质指标无显著影响。这些结果表明,80% 以上高氧结合高二氧化碳在绿芦笋采后贮藏中具有潜在的应用前景。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.