虾类过敏原的研究进展

虾口感鲜美、营养丰富,但易致敏。本文综述国内外致敏虾品种和主要过敏原以及虾类过敏原消减技术的研究,为进一步对虾类过敏原的研究提供一定参考。     

果糖和木糖在美拉德反应中对虾类过敏原活性影响的研究

目的：研究果糖和木糖在美拉德反应中对虾类过敏原活性的影响。方法：选取果糖和木糖两种还原糖,在一定的条件下与虾类过敏原反应,通过检测虾类过敏原蛋白的分子量、赖氨酸含量及免疫活性的变化,研究美拉德反应对虾类过敏原免疫活性的影响。结果：木糖和果糖在与虾类过敏原反应后使得其分子量增高,并且作用时间越长,分子量增加越多;但赖氨酸含量的变化没有明显的规律性;酶联免疫的结果显示美拉德反应12h时果糖能够使虾过敏原活性增加44%,但随着时间的延长,虾过敏原的活性回复到初始的水平;而木糖对虾过敏原的免疫活性的影响在10%以内。结论：果糖和木糖在美拉德反应中不能有效降低虾过敏原的免疫活性。     

虾类主要过敏原及其消减技术研究进展

虾类使消费者产生过敏反应的根源在于其含有多种过敏原蛋白。本文概述了虾类主要过敏原的种类,简要介绍了原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、磷酸丙糖异构酶、血蓝蛋白等致敏原特性,综述了热处理、辐照技术、酶解技术、美拉德反应以及超高压技术等在虾类过敏原消减方面的研究进展。     

美拉德反应中麦芽糖、葡萄糖对虾过敏原活性影响的研究

虾类加工过程能够改变虾类过敏原的结构和性质,从而影响其致敏活性.实验选取麦芽糖、葡萄糖等还原糖,与虾过敏原进行美拉德反应,通过检测虾过敏原蛋白的分子量、赖氨酸含量及免疫活性的变化,研究美拉德反应对虾过敏原免疫活性的影响.SDS-PAGE结果表明,美拉德反应使虾过敏原分子量增高,但赖氨酸含量的变化没有明显的规律性;而不同的还原糖时虾过敏原免疫活性的影响不同,葡萄糖使虾过敏原免疫活性降低约10%,麦芽糖能够使虾过敏原的免疫活性降低60%.实验表明,在合适的条件下,芙拉德反应能够有效降低虾过敏原的免疫活性.     

虾类过敏原的识别、纯化和检测技术研究

虾类是人类优质的食用蛋白资源之一,也是联合国粮农组织公布的八大类过敏食物之一。虾类过敏反应严重影响着过敏人群的身体健康和生活质量,为此开展虾类过敏原的识别、纯化和检测技术研究非常必要。通过问卷调查初步了解食物过敏现状,获取自诉虾类过敏患者血清和正常人阴性对照血清,采用特异性IgE检测试剂盒筛选虾类过敏血清。提取南美白对虾蛋白,进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及免疫印迹识别虾类过敏蛋白,并对患者识别率最高的虾类的主要过敏原进行分离纯化。采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、免疫印迹和酶联免疫吸附测定等方法对纯化虾蛋白进行检测分析。患者识别的南美白对虾致敏原的分子质量依次约为200、175、116、85和36kDa,通过硫酸铵盐析及等电点沉淀等方法可以得到电泳纯的虾主要过敏蛋白。免疫印迹结果证实纯化的虾蛋白是具有过敏原性的原肌球蛋白,在此基础上,建立了虾原肌球蛋白的酶联免疫吸附测定方法。     

虾类主要过敏原及其检测技术的研究进展

虾是一种肉质鲜美,富含蛋白质的食物,但作为主要致敏原之一,可引起不同程度的过敏反应。该文介绍虾类的过敏机制,虾类主要过敏原（原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌球蛋白轻链、肌质钙结合蛋白、丙酮酸激酶、血蓝蛋白）,并综述了近几年虾过敏原检测技术的研究进展,主要包括免疫学方法、色谱与质谱联用技术、分子生物学方法和传感器技术。对虾过敏原检测技术未来的发展进行展望,以期为进一步的研究提供参考。     

基于虾类原肌球蛋白共同表位肽抗体的过敏原检测方法

目的建立一种能够同时检测多种虾原肌球蛋白的方法。方法通过合成不同虾类的共同表位肽,制备能够识别多种虾类原肌球蛋白的共同表位肽多克隆抗体,建立快速灵敏的虾类原肌球蛋白酶联免疫检测方法。结果该检测方法在4.79～1400 ng/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,其线性回归方程为Y=-19.083X+98.303(R~2=0.9813),最低检出限(IC_(10))为1.85 ng/mL;样品加标回收率在94.37%～103.45%之间;该检测方法与软体动物的原肌球蛋白有交叉反应,与鱼肉蛋白、牛奶、花生蛋白等无交叉反应;批内变异系数为3.4%～9.1%,板间变异系数为12.9%～19.6%,贮藏试验显示该酶联免疫试剂盒可以在4℃下保存6个月以上,能够应用于食品中虾类过敏原的检测。结论采用共同表位抗体,成功建立了基于酶联免疫的过敏原检测方法。     

超高压技术在虾类保鲜与加工中的应用

本文通过对国内外利用超高压技术在虾类杀菌、钝化多酚氧化酶、消除过敏原、脱壳、提取虾青素以及对肌肉色泽、p H、水分含量、蛋白质、风味、质构和组织结构的影响等方面的研究进行阐述,深入分析其作用机制和应用前景,并提出今后研究的关键技术与发展方向,为超高压技术在虾类保鲜与加工中的产业化应用提供理论参考。     

凡纳滨对虾过敏原精氨酸激酶的质谱鉴定及其免疫交叉反应研究

目的：鉴定凡纳滨对虾分子质量40 kD过敏原,并分析其在有壳水产食物中的免疫交叉反应。方法：运用基质辅助激光解析串联飞行时间质谱仪（matrix assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS）鉴定凡纳滨对虾40 kD过敏原组分;使用软件BLAST、Clustal X2、MEGA 5.0分析该蛋白氨基酸序列的种间同源性;制备抗凡纳滨对虾过敏原精氨酸激酶的多克隆抗体,并与17 种常见有壳水生动物粗提液进行Western blotting,以分析该过敏原的免疫交叉反应。结果：凡纳滨对虾40 kD过敏原为精氨酸激酶（arginine kinase,AK）;其氨基酸序列同源性分析显示AK在虾类（96%～100%）、蟹类（91%～93%）、贝类（49%～52%）、蟑螂（83%）中具有很高的同源性;Western blotting结果显示抗AK多抗与17 种不同虾类、蟹类、贝类的AK均能发生反应。结论：精氨酸激酶在甲壳类动物、软体动物、甚至昆虫中具有高度保守性,且能引起强免疫交叉反应,是有壳水生动物中的一种泛过敏原。     

食品过敏原对食品安全性的影响

通过讨论食品过敏原对食品安全性的影响及其风险的控制,详细阐述了食品过敏原的种类、过敏反应的症状、过敏原的检测方法等。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the