混料设计优化牦牛“曲拉”凝乳酶干酪素的工艺及产品的性质分析

为提高牦牛产业的附加值,以牦牛乳提取酥油后进行凝固沉淀,再经自然发酵、风干而成的蛋白质含量丰富的产品“曲拉”为原料,采用胃蛋白酶、木瓜凝乳酶和酵母凝乳酶复配成混合凝乳酶,通过单因素实验和混料设计对凝乳干酪素的制备工艺进行研究,并对干酪素的理化性质、红外光谱特性、热力学性质进行分析。结果表明,混合酶质量分数1%(其中胃蛋白酶∶木瓜凝乳酶∶酵母凝乳酶的质量比为0.60∶0.18∶0.22),在pH 6.3、45℃、添加质量分数CaCl 21%条件下,凝乳30 min,出品率为80.35%。混合酶法制备干酪素的理化性质、红外光谱特性和热力学性质与小牛皱胃酶干酪素差异不显著,而且符合GB31638—2016要求。     

曲拉凝乳酶干酪素工业化生产的关键技术

针对凝乳酶干酪素生产过程中出现的不凝乳或凝乳不完全及凝乳前出现白色沉淀的问题,采用酶活力测定及CaCl2促凝的关键技术,进行HCl浓度、流量和CaCl2浓度、流量的单因素实验,确定消除白色沉淀的最佳条件。通过CaCl2添加量、凝乳温度、凝乳pH值、凝乳后升温速率4个因素,设计正交实验,确定凝乳工艺条件。消除白色沉淀的最佳条件为:HCl浓度为0.3 moL/L,添加速率45 mL/min,CaCl2浓度为25%,添加速率为45mL/min;凝乳的最佳条件为:CaCl2添加量2%,凝乳温度40℃,凝乳pH值6.5,凝乳后升温速率为2℃/min,在此条件下,产品收率平均达到70.93%,蛋白质平均含量达到91.78%,灰分降低到5.30%,感官品质良好。     

米黑毛霉酶凝干酪素生产工艺参数的优化研究

以新鲜牛乳为原料,采用米黑毛霉凝乳酶为凝乳剂,先通过单因素实验研究凝乳酶添加量、Ca Cl2添加量、凝乳p H、凝乳温度对酶凝干酪素得率的影响,然后通过响应面设计进一步优化了米黑毛霉酶凝干酪素生产工艺参数。优化得到的最佳工艺参数为:凝乳酶添加量0.49%、Ca Cl2添加量0.37 mg/m L、凝乳p H6.08、凝乳温度35℃,在此条件下酶凝干酪素的得率可达3.39%。研究结果可为米黑毛霉凝乳酶在干酪素生产中的应用提供参考。     

米黑毛霉凝乳酶制备切达干酪的工艺参数优化

为确定米黑毛霉凝乳酶制作切达干酪的最佳工艺条件,以感官评分和出品率为响应值,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对主要工艺参数进行了优化。试验得到的米黑毛霉凝乳酶制作切达干酪的最佳工艺参数为:酶添加量为2900.38SU/L、凝乳pH为6.2、CaCl_2添加量为0.04%、凝乳温度为34℃、发酵剂添加量为0.14%;在此条件下,干酪感官评分为(95.2±0.34),试验结果与预测值接近,证明模型拟合程度较好。     

响应曲面法优化羊乳牛乳混合干酪出品率

采用响应曲面法建立了半硬质羊乳牛乳混合干酪出品率的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,并考察凝乳酶添加量、酸化值和CaCl2添加量对混合干酪出品率的影响,优化出混合干酪出品率的工艺参数为凝乳酶添加量3747.25SU,酸化值5.99,CaCl2添加量0.04%,并且干酪的品质较好。     

牦牛奶软质鲜奶酪生产技术研究

以牦牛鲜乳为原料,以凝乳时间、奶酪产率和感官评价为主要指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验,研究氯化钙和凝乳酶的添加量,凝乳温度对牦牛奶软质奶酪成品感官质量及出品率的影响,确定了牦牛奶软质鲜奶酪生产最佳生产工艺参数为:凝乳温度为35℃,凝乳酶添加量为0.003 g/100 mL,CaCl2的添加量为0.03 g/100 mL。     

半硬质干酪加工工艺条件的研究

通过单因素试验和正交优化试验,研究发酵剂添加量、CaCl2添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度和盐水浓度对半硬质干酪感官品质的影响,从而得出加工半硬质干酪的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,其最佳工艺参数为发酵剂添加量5%、CaCl2添加量0.02%、凝乳酶添加量3.0 g/100 L、凝乳温度36 ℃、盐水质量分数18%。此最佳工艺条件下得到干酪的感官评分最高为93.25分,干酪产率为10.37%,含盐量为0.74%,含水量为43.58%。香味浓郁、组织细腻、软硬适度、呈现乳白色且有光泽。     

豆乳-牛乳混合型新鲜干酪加工工艺优化

将豆奶与牛奶按一定比例混合生产干酪,不仅能保留牛奶干酪的传统风味,还可实现大豆与牛奶所含蛋白质和氨基酸的互补,为人体生长发育、各种生理活动及组织修复提供所需的营养成分,适合中国消费者食用。本实验以豆乳添加量、CaCl2添加量、凝乳酶添加量、预酸化pH值为因素先进行单因素实验,并在此基础上进行L9(34)正交试验,根据凝乳效果(感官评价)进行分析,确定豆乳-牛乳混合型新鲜干酪最佳工艺参数为:豆乳添加量为15%,CaCl2添加量为0.05%,凝乳酶添加量为0.01%,预酸化pH值为5.6。     

酶凝干酪素生产过程中酶凝工艺的优化

研究了凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度和凝乳时间对酶凝干酪素酶凝工艺的影响,通过对凝乳过程的感官评价,最终确定了酶凝干酪素的最佳酶凝工艺参数。结果表明:凝乳温度和凝乳时间对酶凝干酪素酶凝状态有显著影响,确定最优工艺条件为:凝乳酶添加量的体积分数为0.078%,凝乳温度为32℃,凝乳时间28 min。此条件下生产的酶凝干酪素与市售酶凝干酪素理化指标接近。     

钙试剂和温度对农家干酪品质及乳清OD值的影响

研究了直接加入钙试剂凝乳的方法来生产干酪,从而替代了凝乳酶的使用,根据单因素及L4(23)正交试验设计,筛选出了农家干酪的最佳工艺参数,其最佳的工艺条件:CaCl2添加量为1.6%,凝乳温度为75℃时农家干酪的品质最佳。结果表明,用CaCl2直接凝乳生产农家干酪的工艺所得的制品可以用于实际生产。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press