石墨烯纳米材料对卷烟主流烟气苯并[a]芘和苯酚的降低作用研究

研究了石墨烯纳米材料对卷烟主流烟气中苯并[a]芘和苯酚释放量的影响作用。将石墨烯纳米材料用作卷烟滤棒的添加剂制备了石墨烯纳米-醋酸纤维二元复合滤棒并制备卷烟制品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法和高效液相色谱法,对添加石墨烯纳米材料前后卷烟样品主流烟气中苯并[a]芘和苯酚含量进行检测,结果表明:石墨烯纳米材料对苯并[a]芘和苯酚释放量具有明显的选择性降低作用且时效性较长;石墨烯纳米材料对苯并[a]芘的降低幅度可达31.3%,对苯酚的降低幅度可达32.8%;卷烟的物理指标不因石墨烯的添加发生明显变化,且能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。     

烟丝含水率对主流烟气CO等7种有害成分释放量的影响

为考察烟丝含水率对主流烟气CO等7种有害成分释放量的影响,采用3种饱和盐溶液制备了不同烟丝含水率的卷烟,分别收集3组卷烟的烟气总粒相物、测定主流烟气中CO等7种有害成分的释放量,并对卷烟的物理参数和固相燃烧温度进行了检测。结果表明:①烟丝含水率对7种有害成分的释放量影响不尽相同,随着烟丝含水率的升高,卷烟主流烟气中氨(NH3)、4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、苯酚的释放量呈降低趋势,CO,苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)释放量呈升高趋势,氢氰酸(HCN)及巴豆醛的变化不明显;②烟丝含水率对卷烟的固相燃烧温度没有显著影响,但影响卷烟的燃烧速率(燃烧过程),进而影响了烟气成分的形成、转移和释放。     

卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量的影响

为掌握卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分(CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,苯并[a]芘,苯酚,巴豆醛)释放量的影响,采用不同特性的卷烟纸卷制卷烟,通过相关的标准方法测定其主流烟气中7种有害成分的含量.结果发现:卷烟纸助燃剂含量变化对卷烟主流7种有害成分释放量的影响最大;卷烟纸透气度、定量和助燃剂类型的影响次之;亚麻配比对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量也有一定影响.     

不同三醋酸甘油酯添加量的醋纤滤棒对卷烟烟气主要酚类的过滤效率

为探索降低卷烟主流烟气酚类物质的新途径,考察了不同三醋酸甘油酯施加量的醋酸纤维滤嘴对卷烟主流烟气主要酚类物质的过滤效率。结果表明:①随着三醋酸甘油酯施加量的增加,滤棒对卷烟烟气中单酚类物质的过滤效率随之增大,但增幅不大,而二酚类物质的过滤效率未发生明显变化;②醋酸纤维滤棒对单酚的过滤效率明显高于二酚,其高低顺序为苯酚邻甲酚间、对甲酚邻苯二酚对苯二酚间苯二酚。     

富硒烟叶对烟气有害成分释放量作用分析

测定分析了天然富硒烟叶、外加硒的烟叶、盆栽富硒烟叶卷烟烟气中主要有害成分释放量,结果表明硒元素对烟气主要有害成分释放量具有抑制作用。(1)以天然富硒白肋烟为原料的卷烟可降低烟气中苯并[a]芘、TSNA、氨的释放量,以天然富硒烤烟为原料的卷烟可降低烟气中B[a]P、HCN、巴豆醛的释放量,但烟气中苯酚等的释放量稍有增加。(2)在卷烟工业过程中外加有机硒10μg.cig-1或无机硒2μg.cig-1均可明显降低烟气B[a]P、NNK、NNN、NAB、氢氰酸、氨等的释放量。(3)农业生产过程中外源施硒可降低烟气中苯酚、巴豆醛、HCN、氨等的释放量,但同时可增加烟气中CO、NNK的释放量。综合来看,卷烟工业过程中外源加硒可降低烟气有害成分释放量。     

卷烟辅材参数对中支卷烟常规烟气指标及感官品质的影响

【目的】考察卷烟辅材参数对中支卷烟常规烟气和感官质量的影响。【方法】制备不同卷烟纸参数和滤棒参数的中支卷烟，检测主流烟气常规成分释放量并对感官质量评价。【结果】(1)增加卷烟纸定量和透气度，中支卷烟的烟气指标和感官整体呈下降趋势。卷烟纸定量对中支卷烟烟气指标影响程度大。烟气指标平均单口释放量与卷烟纸定量成正相关，而与卷烟纸透气度成负相关。(2)增加卷烟纸助燃剂钾离子含量，多数烟气指标的释放量呈降低的趋势，而阴离子含量对中支卷烟的烟气常规烟气指标影响不明显。卷烟纸助燃剂为柠檬酸钾和酒石酸钾的卷烟感官质量较好。(3)增加接装纸透气度，抽吸口数增加，中支卷烟烟气指标显著下降，对水分释放量影响最大，感官质量呈降低趋势。(4)增加滤棒吸阻，TPM和焦油降低，水分，烟碱和CO基本没有变化。适当提高滤棒的吸阻可减轻杂气和刺激性，改善吸味。【结论】通过优化设计卷烟辅材设计参数，可以调控烟气中TPM、焦油和CO的释放量，且有助于提升中支卷烟感官质量。     

胆碱-赖氨酸离子液体选择性降低卷烟烟气中的氰化氢和巴豆醛

为选择性降低卷烟主流烟气中氰化氢(HCN)和巴豆醛的释放量,采用滤嘴减害添加剂模拟测试装置对20种天然氨基酸进行了筛选,优选赖氨酸制备了气相二氧化硅固载的胆碱-赖氨酸离子液体([Ch][Lys]/SiO_2)颗粒材料(0.30~0.20 mm,60~80目),对材料进行了结构表征和减害性能模拟评价,并通过二元复合滤棒形式进行了卷烟应用效果考察和感官质量评价。减害性能测试结果显示:赖氨酸对降低HCN和巴豆醛有显著效果(P0.01);[Ch][Lys]/SiO_2的作用效果优于赖氨酸,可使对照卷烟烟气中HCN和巴豆醛的释放量分别降低83%和29%,降幅与添加量(0~0.3 mmol/支)线性正相关。卷烟应用效果表明:二元复合滤棒中[Ch][Lys]/SiO_2的添加量为0.08 mmol/支时,试验卷烟烟气中HCN和巴豆醛释放量较对照卷烟分别降低28%和10%;烟气常规成分及氨、NNK、B[a]P、苯酚等其他代表性有害成分的释放量变化较小;卷烟风格基本一致,感官质量无显著差异(P0.05)。     

含有醋酸纤维素的纤维纸及滤棒的开发与性能研究

为进一步发挥纸质滤棒的过滤作用、改善纯木浆纸质滤棒卷烟感官质量,在纯木浆纤维中加入一定量二醋酸纤维素纤维,采用湿法造纸和在线干法压纹工艺,开发一种含有醋酸纤维素的纤维纸(CAP原纸)及醋酸纤维素纤维纸滤棒(CAPF滤棒),并对CAPF滤棒的物理指标、卷烟烟气的常规化学指标及7种成分的变化进行测试评价。结果表明:与醋酸纤维滤棒相比,使用CAPF滤棒,卷烟焦油降低了15%~41%,每毫米长度CAP滤嘴降焦效率提高1.5%以上;卷烟主流烟气7种成分中NH3和B[a]P降低了15%以上,NNK降低了20%以上;与传统纯木浆纸质-醋纤复合滤棒相比,使用CAPF滤棒,卷烟感官评价分值提高0.9分。CAPF滤棒的卷烟感官质量与醋纤滤棒卷烟的感官质量相近。     

造纸法再造烟叶对卷烟烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为考察造纸法再造烟叶对卷烟烟气有害成分释放量的影响,分别添加0%、3.94%、7.87%、11.81%、39.37%、78.7%(占总组分)的造纸法再造烟叶,测定卷烟烟气中苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)、NNK、CO、氢氰酸(HCN)、氨(NH3)、苯酚、巴豆醛等7种有害成分含量。结果表明:添加造纸法再造烟叶,能有效降低卷烟烟气中苯酚等6种有害成分的释放量,具有显著线性相关关系,对CO释放量的影响不大,影响程度由大到小依次为:苯酚B[a]PHCN巴豆醛NNKNH3CO;增加造纸法再造烟叶的使用比例能有效降低卷烟危害性评价指数,两者具有显著线性相关关系。     

烟叶产地与部位对卷烟主流烟气焦油和7种有害成分释放量的影响

为考察国内烟叶产地及烟叶部位对卷烟主流烟气焦油和7种有害成分释放量的影响,选取国内代表性烟叶产区不同部位烟叶样品467个,卷制成单料烟并测试烟气焦油、7种代表性有害成分和烟碱释放量,研究了烟叶产地和部位对卷烟主流烟气焦油、卷烟危害性评价指数(H)、7种代表性有害成分及烟碱释放量的影响。结果表明:(1)烟叶产地对NNK的单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量影响最大,其次为氨、HCN和苯酚等3种成分,对焦油、烟碱、H、B[a]P、巴豆醛、CO等指标影响较小。(2)烟叶产地对氨和NNK的单位烟碱释放量影响最大,其次为HCN、巴豆醛、B[a]P、苯酚和CO等5种成分,对焦油和H影响较小。(3)烟叶部位对氨、烟碱、苯酚、NNK等4种成分的单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量影响显著,对焦油、H、HCN、B[a]P、巴豆醛、CO等指标影响较小。(4)烟叶部位对巴豆醛、CO、NNK、B[a]P和HCN等5种成分的单位烟碱释放量影响显著,对焦油、H、氨和苯酚等指标影响较小。通过调控卷烟配方中烟叶的产地和部位,有助于降低烟气中焦油、7种有害成分的单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量或单位烟碱释放量。     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

凹凸棒石吸附剂在卷烟滤嘴中的应用实验

为寻求一种能够有选择性地去除卷烟烟气中有害物质的吸附剂 ,进行了凹凸棒石在卷烟滤嘴中的添加应用实验。在滤棒成形机上将 3%的凹凸棒石悬浊液均匀施加到开松后的醋酸纤维丝束上 ,制备成合格的滤棒样品 ,控制每支滤棒中的吸附剂含量约为 1.5mg ;取普通醋酸纤维滤棒作对照 ,与添加凹凸棒石吸附剂的醋酸纤维滤棒于同一卷接机组、同一原材料、同一卷制条件下卷接成烟支 ,进行卷烟烟气分析和评吸对比。实验结果表明 ,在醋酸纤维滤棒中添加凹凸棒石吸附剂 ,能使焦油降低 1.4mg 支 ,一氧化碳降低 1.1mg 支 ,而烟碱量保持不变 ,且卷烟的内在质量不受影响 ,能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。     

丁酸乙酯对卷烟烟气的影响

为研究丁酸乙酯对卷烟烟气的影响,在模拟卷烟燃烧条件下对其进行热裂解实验;按照不同用量加入空白卷烟,测试主流烟气中7种有害成分(CO、HCN、NNK、B[a]P、巴豆醛、苯酚和氨)的释放量以及烟气粒相物的细菌致突变性、体外细胞毒性和体外微核率。结果表明:①丁酸乙酯在模拟卷烟燃烧温度条件下的热解行为主要是原形转移;②与空白卷烟相比,加入丁酸乙酯后7种烟气有害成分的释放量无显著增加;③3种不同剂量丁酸乙酯分别加入空白卷烟后,烟气粒相物的细菌致突变性、体外细胞毒性及体外微核测定结果均无显著增加。      

辅助材料设计参数对烤烟型卷烟烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响

为探索辅助材料与卷烟烟气化学成分之间的关系,研究了卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、成形纸透气度、接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻对卷烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响,并通过辅材设计参数的组合设计,建立了辅材设计参数预测焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的数学模型.结果表明:①卷烟纸定量增加CO释放量增加;②卷烟纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低;③滤棒吸阻增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低;④接装纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量显著降低;⑤成形纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低,降低程度与配合使用的接装纸透气度有关;⑥焦油、烟碱和CO释放量预测模型的预测值与实测值基本吻合.     

Effect of charcoal-containing cigarette filters on gas phase volatile organic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke

Of the chemicals identified to date in mainstream cigarette smoke with known toxicological properties, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the most hazardous group owing to their high abundance and toxicity. In this research we evaluate a recently introduced line of cigarettes that contain charcoal in their filters. The amount of charcoal in these filters ranged from 45 mg to 180 mg and were either dispersed among the filter material or contained in a small cavity in the filter segment. Charcoal has long been used for removing VOCs from both water and air. Our findings indicate that these cigarettes reduce machine generated mainstream smoke deliveries of a wide range of VOCs compared to a similar, non-charcoal filtered, cigarette. However, this reduction is dependent not only on the amount of charcoal present but also on the volume of smoke being drawn through the filter. While a brand with 45 mg charcoal reduces VOC delivery under ISO smoking conditions, charcoal saturation and breakthrough occur under more intense smoking conditions. Breakthrough is minimised for brands with the most charcoal. Overall, the brands with the most charcoal are effective at reducing VOC deliveries under even intense smoking conditions.     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes

Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemical compounds, including many carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To determine the concentration ranges of PAHs in tobacco smoke and to understand what factors alter their levels, we quantitatively measured 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from a transnational U.S. brand (Marlboro) and from locally popular brand cigarettes from 14 countries. We used standardized machine smoking conditions (35-mL puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration), extraction of total particulate matter from the Cambridge filters, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detection. Deliveries of total PAHs in mainstream smoke of local brands were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than Marlboros in seven countries. In four countries, Marlboro cigarettes had mainstream smoke total PAH levels that were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than local brands. In the remaining three countries, the differences in PAH levels were not statistically significant. Under standard machine smoking conditions, PAH levels were negatively correlated with cigarette filter ventilation levels. We found that several local brands containing primarily flue-cured tobacco filler had relatively high mainstream smoke PAH deliveries, in agreement with findings by previous researchers that flue-cured tobacco typically delivers more PAHs than other tobacco types. We also observed that PAHs were inversely correlated with total carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nitrate content, but these correlations were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The findings suggest that tobacco blend and nitrate levels may influence PAH deliveries, but other factors may confound this relation.     

两种抽吸模式下卷烟烟气有害成分释放量与滤嘴通风率的关系

为了解不同抽吸模式下卷烟烟气有害成分释放量与滤嘴通风率的关系,考察了ISO和加拿大卫生部深度(HCI)两种抽吸模式下主流烟气中烟碱及乙醛、丙烯醛、苯、苯并[a]芘、1,3-丁二烯、一氧化碳(CO)、甲醛、N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、4-(N-甲基-N-亚硝氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、苯酚、巴豆醛、氢氰酸(HCN)和氨等13种有害成分的释放量与滤嘴通风率的相关关系,并进一步探讨了单位烟碱有害成分释放量与滤嘴通风率的相关性。结果表明:①在ISO抽吸模式下,除NNN、NNK外,其他有害成分的释放量与滤嘴通风率负相关;甲醛和巴豆醛的单位烟碱释放量与滤嘴通风率负相关,乙醛、CO、苯并[a]芘和氨的单位烟碱释放量与滤嘴通风正相关。②在HCI抽吸模式下,甲醛、巴豆醛、苯并[a]芘、苯酚和烟碱的释放量与滤嘴通风率负相关,HCN释放量与滤嘴通风率正相关,其余有害成分的释放量与滤嘴通风无显著相关性;乙醛、丙烯醛、巴豆醛、CO、HCN和氨的单位烟碱释放量与滤嘴通风率正相关。      

Determination of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke from U.S.-brand and non-U.S.-brand cigarettes from 14 countries.

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) comprise one of the major classes of carcinogenic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. As part of collaborative efforts between the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce tobacco use and resulting disease, the CDC examined carcinogenic TSNA levels from cigarettes obtained from selected countries around the world. Using a modern, high-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method under stringent quality control protocols, we determined the carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from a globally marketed brand, Marlboro, and from local top-selling cigarette brands from 14 countries. The levels of carcinogenic TSNAs in mainstream smoke collected using a 35-ml puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration correlated well (R=0.79, p<.0001) with previously reported levels in the corresponding tobacco filler. Marlboro cigarettes purchased in 10 countries had significantly higher carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke than did local-brand cigarettes from the same country. In only one country, Brazil, were the carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from Marlboro cigarettes significantly lower than in the locally popular brand. However, carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from Brazilian Marlboro cigarettes were usually lower than those in mainstream smoke from the Marlboros purchased in the other 13 countries, suggesting a reason for the difference. The wide range of mainstream smoke carcinogenic TSNA levels measured in the present study (8.7-312 ng/cigarette) suggest that manufacturers can lower the carcinogenic TSNA levels and that, for similar filter ventilation, carcinogenic TSNA levels in the tobacco filler of a cigarette are a useful indicator of the corresponding levels in mainstream smoke.