混凝土绝热温升的影响因素

研究了混凝土的初始入模温度、流动度和掺加粉煤灰等因素对混凝土绝热温升值和温升速率的影响,同时还研究了所用胶凝材料的水化动力学。研究结果表明,提高混凝土初始入模温度将加速胶凝材料的水化,并缩短水化反应持续时间。这对低强度等级混凝土所用胶凝材料的水化程度影响不大,因而对其绝热温升值影响不显著;但却会明显降低高强度等级混凝土所用胶凝材料的水化程度,使其绝热温升值下降。掺加粉煤灰或改变混凝土的工作性也会影响混凝土的绝热温升值和温升速率。     

混凝土绝热温升的实验测试与分析

从理论上讨论了影响混凝土绝热温升的主要因素，并通过实验分析了初始入模温度、掺加粉煤灰和减水剂等因素对混凝土绝热温升和温升速率的影响．结果表明，提高混凝土初始入模温度将加速胶凝材料的水化，并缩短水化反应持续时间，这对低强度等级混凝土所用胶凝材料的水化程度影响不大，所以对其绝热温升值影响不显著，但明显降低高强度等级混凝土所用胶凝材料的水化程度，使其绝热温升值下降．掺加粉煤灰或减水剂来改变混凝土的工作性也会影响混凝土的绝热温升值和温升速率．     

水泥用量对高强自密实混凝土性能的影响

对比研究了不同水泥用量对超细粉煤灰配制的高强自密实混凝土工作性能、力学性能、水化温升和收缩性能的影响规律.结果表明:胶凝材料总量560～600 kg/m3、超细粉煤灰掺量30％、水泥掺量在25％～60％之间时,均可配制出28 d抗压强度不低于80 MPa的高强混凝土;随着混凝土胶凝材料中水泥用量的减少,混凝土达到最高温峰的时间逐渐延长、混凝土最高水化温升值和自收缩率均逐渐的降低.     

水泥-淤泥焚烧灰复合胶凝材料的抗压强度与流动性EI北大核心CSCD

将湖、河淤泥焚烧后的残渣灰(淤泥焚烧灰,简称焚烧灰)在建材领域进行资源化处置,对比了焚烧灰与粉煤灰的火山灰活性,探讨了养护龄期、焚烧灰掺量和水胶比对水泥-焚烧灰复合胶凝材料净浆硬化浆体(简称为硬化浆体)抗压强度的影响;对比了焚烧灰与粉煤灰对新拌砂浆流动性的影响,探讨了焚烧灰掺量对砂浆流动性的影响规律;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了硬化浆体的微观结构.结果表明:焚烧灰的28 d抗压强度活性指数达到83%,可作为部分替代硅酸盐水泥的胶凝材料使用;随着焚烧灰掺量的增加,含焚烧灰新拌砂浆的流动性显著下降,硬化浆体的抗压强度早期下降明显,但后期有所提高;当焚烧灰掺量为20%时,硬化浆体的抗压强度达到最大值;水胶比越小,焚烧灰对硬化浆体抗压强度的影响越显著;焚烧灰的火山灰活性促进了复合胶凝材料后期的水化反应.     

Ⅲ级粉煤灰代替细砂的试验研究

大掺量粉煤灰水泥砂浆的应用（粉煤灰代替细砂），是减轻燃煤废料污染、缓解天然砂缺少危机的有效途径。本文试验用Ⅲ级粉煤灰代替水泥砂浆中的细砂，比较了Ⅲ级粉煤灰品质、掺量，水胶比和胶凝材料总量对水泥砂浆抗压强度的影响，认为水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对水泥砂浆强度起主要作用，在低水胶比前提下，粉煤灰品质的影响不大。试验还进行了粉煤灰水泥砂浆的拓展度试验，试验结果表明：Ⅲ级粉煤灰掺胶比不掺胶的流动性好，按体积代替比按质量代替的流动性好。掺胶量对砂浆的流动性有影响。     

复合胶凝材料水胶比对胶砂性能的影响研究

本文采用基准水泥、粉煤灰、矿渣粉、石灰石粉制备胶砂,研究了在不同水胶比及不同复合胶凝材料组成在掺加减水剂条件下胶砂的抗压强度、抗裂性.结果表明:石灰石粉掺量为20％以下时胶砂抗压强度无明显下降;复合胶凝材料体系参照GB/T 17671—1999:胶凝材料总量与标准砂质量之比固定为1:3,胶砂强度并不是水胶比越小,抗压强度越高,而是在0.40水胶比时强度最高,水胶比0.38、0.36时强度有所降低.石粉和矿渣粉双掺或粉煤灰+石粉+矿渣粉三掺效果好.建议0.40作为含石粉的复合胶凝材料在掺加减水剂条件下评价其胶砂强度的水胶比.     

酸雨侵蚀对水泥砂浆力学性能的影响

研究了不同水胶比、不同胶凝材料的水泥砂浆受酸雨侵蚀后的力学性能变化。结果表明:在酸雨侵蚀条件下,砂浆抗压强度和抗折强度呈现先快速增长,而后迅速降低的趋势,且水灰比越小,强度增长和下降速度越快;粉煤灰掺量越高,56 d以前强度增长越快,56 d以后强度下降速度越缓慢;28 d前掺矿粉砂浆在酸雨中的抗压强度增长幅度高于未掺加矿粉的基准砂浆,且矿渣掺量越高砂浆抗压强度越高,矿粉对砂浆抗折强度的作用相对较小。     

胶凝材料组成对高强混凝土早期温升的影响

分别在25、50℃条件下测定了水泥、水泥-矿渣、水泥-粉煤灰-硅灰三种不同胶凝材料的水化放热特性,并测定了分别用三种胶凝材料配制的相同强度等级的混凝土的绝热温升。试验结果表明:无论在常温还是高温条件下,水泥-粉煤灰-硅灰体系的水化放热速率始终低于纯水泥体系;水泥-矿渣体系的水化放热速率在水化减速期的后阶段超过纯水泥体系,使其与纯水泥体系的放热量差距缩小;提高水化温度对水泥-矿渣体系的水化促进作用非常明显。混凝土的初期绝热温升与其胶凝材料在常温条件下的水化放热特性相关性强,随着内部温度的增大,绝热温升与其胶凝材料在高温条件下的水化特性具有更好的相关性。     

钢渣与粉煤灰复合胶凝材料砂浆力学性能研究

以钢渣和粉煤灰两种工业废渣作为原材料,以碱激发的方式制备复合胶凝材料,并利用此胶凝材料配制砂浆。通过分析不同水胶比下新拌砂浆的稠度,确定出适合抹面砂浆工程的理想水胶比。基于此,研究了粉煤灰中氧化钙含量对砂浆力学性能的影响。结果表明,基于碱激发钢渣与粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的砂浆不同龄期下的的抗压强度与抗折强度均随氧化钙含量的增加而明显提高。     

掺混合材的硫铝酸盐水泥体系强度效应研究

对纯硫铝酸盐水泥体系及硫铝酸盐水泥、矿粉、粉煤灰二元或三元复合胶凝材料体系在不同水胶比下的抗压强度进行研究。结果表明,当不同胶凝材料体系采用标准稠度对应的水胶比时,体系抗压强度最高;XRD、SEM分析证明,在该水胶比时,体系中的主要水化产物AFt(钙矾石)较多,体系结构也更为紧密,因而抗压强度最高。     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

An energy-based partial pushdown analysis procedure for assessment of disproportionate collapse potential

A disproportionate (or progressive) collapse is triggered by localized structural damage that propagates throughout a large portion of a structural system. The current guidelines issued by the US Department of Defense use the alternative path method to assess the vulnerability of a structural system to disproportionate collapse. In this method, the capability of a structure to sustain local damage is evaluated by notionally removing primary load-bearing elements and checking whether the local damage can be absorbed. The assessment can be performed using linear or nonlinear static structural models or a nonlinear dynamic model. Although nonlinear dynamic analysis gives the most accurate results, it is computationally intensive and requires considerable skill to implement properly. In this paper, the vulnerability of three steel frames to disproportionate collapse is assessed using an energy-based nonlinear static pushdown analysis. The predictions are sufficiently close to the results of a nonlinear dynamic time history analysis that the method would be useful for disproportionate collapse-resistant design of buildings with regular steel framing systems.     

聚硅铁混凝去除腐殖酸的研究

考察了聚硅铁(PSF)对腐殖酸(HA)的去除效果及影响因素,并与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、硫酸铁[Fe_2(SO_4)_3]进行了比较.结果表明,当5相似文献   

Understanding soluble microbial products (SMP) as a component of effluent organic matter (EfOM)

Formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) during biological degradation of organic compounds in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography--size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) as well as other organic matter characterization tools. Results showed that carbon compounds in a glucose feed solution were totally transformed to other organic products classified biomass-associated products (BAP). The SMP-BAP contained in the SBR effluent consisted mainly of high-molecular weight (MW) fractions of organic matter, possibly originating from cell lysis. These compounds exhibited a low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and a hydrophilic character. In addition, the characteristics of bulk effluent organic matters (EfOM) samples from wastewater treatment facilities were studied. It was observed that EfOM consisted of humic-like and hydrophobic (HPO) compounds, derived from the corresponding drinking water source, in addition to SMP-BAP. A superimposition of SEC chromatograms of the SMP-BAP and humic-like compounds represented a fingerprint of EfOM.