The study of the phenol separation-concentration process with the hollow fiber supported liquid membrane technology has been performed. Mixtures of kerosene and CYANEX 923 were used as liquid membrane. The extractant CYANEX 923 is characterized by a high phenol selectivity and an extremely low solubility in the aqueous phase. The introduction of CYANEX 923 in the membrane composition decreases the extractant losses from the pores of the support.
The phenol separation and simultaneous concentration process has been checked. The influences of the initial concentration of phenol in the feed solution and sodium hydroxide in the stripping phase and the membrane composition on the separation rate have been investigated in a single-pass mode. The analysis of the membrane composition influence has been performed according to the steady-state mass transfer conservation equation and the associated boundary conditions, leading to the mass transfer parameters of the process 相似文献
This article describes the influence of gel effect in the free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. A mathematical model has been developed which tries to predict the performance of batch and continuous polymerization reactors under dynamic and steady-state conditions. The influence of diffusion phenomena on the process kinetics (gel effect) is very important. The autoacceleration in the polymerization rate of the batch reactor and the mulitple steady state for the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) are connected with the attainment of critical conditions in the system. Such a model is useful for the design of the reactor and the choice of the control system. 相似文献
In this article the method of cost optimization of the “Wet Limestone Flue Gas Desulfurization System” is presented. The optimization calculations include process and cost models. The process model describes the most important stage of SO2 removal that runs in the absorber and in the holding tank. It includes absorption of sulfur dioxide, oxidation of SO2–3, dissolution of limestone, and crystallization of gypsum. The model was applied to calculate indispensable parameters for estimating costs and then to minimize capital and operating costs. Costs of all important equipment were estimated, such as SO2 removal systems with the absorber and the holding tank, reagent feed system with the ball mill and dewatering gypsum slurry system. Optimum values of the process parameters for different conditions of running flue gas desulfurization system were found. The process and cost model can be useful when designing the wet limestone FGD systems and carrying out economic analysis of the flue gas desulfurization plants. 相似文献
Catalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out under nitrogen using a laboratory fluidised bed reactor operating at 360 °C with catalyst to polymer feed ratio of 2:1 and at 450 °C with catalyst to polymer feed ratio of 6:1 under atmospheric pressure. The catalysts used in this study were ZSM-5, US-Y, ASA, fresh FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) commercial catalyst (Cat-A) and equilibrium FCC catalysts with different levels of metal poisoning were studied. The initial results for polymer degradation at 360 °C (catalyst to polymer ratio of 2:1) in a fluidised bed reactor in terms of the yield of volatile hydrocarbon products were: model catalysts>commercial FCC catalyst>E-Cats. However, when the process conditions more closely resembled to FCC conditions, the fresh commercial FCC catalyst was more favourable in terms of the yield of volatile hydrocarbon products. The degradation of HDPE over E-Cats although reduced was similar to ASA in product selectivity and yield, and the level of metal contamination did not affect the product stream generated. A simple economic evaluation of polymer recycling process is reported showing that a catalytic system based on E-Cats appears comparable in costs to a commercial thermal cracking plant. 相似文献
In-situ production of sodium hypochlorite is one of the oldest electrochemical processes of the chemical industry. During the past twenty years a new “in-situ” hypochlorite industry has developed. Construction and performance of present-day cells are considered in detail. Modern cells are fed with seawater or similar weak brines and yield solutions suitable for disinfection, e. g. in breweries, laundries, etc., or for treatment of municipal sewage. Particular importance attaches to units for chlorination of cooling water for power stations or on board ships, thus hindering growth of organisms leading to operating failures. The article closes by considering development trends. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to understand factors affecting oil release from “Hass” avocado cells during the cold‐pressed oil extraction process. Early‐season “Hass” avocado fruit and pulp were sampled from a commercial extraction process. Light microscopy and electrical impedance spectroscopy were used to examine avocado flesh structure at defined steps during the extraction process (destoning, grinding, malaxing, and decanting). Most parenchyma cells were ruptured during destoning, grinding, and mixing before malaxing. In contrast, the other oil bearing cells, idioblast cells, appeared to remain unruptured and intact during the extraction process. The greatest reduction in electrical resistance was observed after the destoning step. There were also significant differences between the resistances of flesh after destoning, grinding, and prior to malaxing samples. Malaxing for two hours assisted the process of oil aggregation, which led to a greater oil yield. These findings will help to develop methods to enhance oil extraction from early‐season “Hass” avocado fruit. 相似文献
It is shown that there is limited validitity to the doctrine that true interfacial separation, in an adhering system, is highly improbable. An analysis employing the Griffith-Irwin crack theory yields these results: The important parameters are, difference in elastic moduli, ΔE; differences in g, the energy dissipation per unit crack extension; thickness, Δ1 or δ2, of the region where dissipation occurs; and the presence or absence of strong interfacial bonds. If the forces across the interface are appreciably weaker than the cohesive forces in either phase, there is a strong minimum in g at the interface. For flaws of equal size, an interfacial flaw will be the site of initiation of failure. If strong interfacial bonds are present, then if Δg and ΔE have the same sign, failure is most probable, deep within one phase. If Δg and ΔE have opposite signs, failure may be initiated, and may propagate, at a distance δ from the interface, in the phase with lower g. This may be mistaken for weak-boundary layer failure. 相似文献
Zinc chromate is one of the anticorrosive pigments most frequently used in the formulation of primers. However, its environmental aggressiveness and toxicity severely restrict its use, and different green alternatives have been proposed in order to replace zinc chromate. In the last decade, the behaviour of zinc phosphate as anticorrosive pigment has been intensively researched. During this time, various modifications have been made to this family of pigments to improve its properties, and a “second generation” of phosphate pigments, incorporating elements such as molybdenum, aluminium, or iron, has been produced. In this paper, the inhibitive properties of zinc phosphate and three second-generation phosphates have been investigated, using zinc chromate pigment as a reference. Pigment extract solutions, at different values of pH, have been used as corrosive media. Carbon steel samples were immersed in such solutions and their corrosion rates were measured using electrochemical techniques. The data obtained suggest that zinc chromate provides the highest percentage of inhibition in neutral and basic solutions, but phosphate-based pigments showed better results in acid solutions. Given this performance advantage, together with their less harmful environmental impact, these phosphate-based pigments can be proposed as realistic alternatives to chromates in the formulation of protective paints for use in acidic conditions. 相似文献
Variation in line width caused by light scattered from the substrate (reflective notching) is a major problem in VLSI lithography. This paper demonstrates the reduction of reflective notches using a resist with increased absorptivity (a dyed resist). The optimal set of process conditions which minimize line width variations is explored. 相似文献
Protection against Corrosion in the Industry by ”?Duplex-System”?: Hot-Galvanization Plus Plastic-Coating on Steel-Pipe Passages The authors reports on the manufacture and economic application of hot-galvanized and plastic-coated steel-parts as pipe passages for road construction and underground construction. The advantages of the Duplex-System, i. e. hot-galvanization and plastic-coating, as a modern corrosion-protective measure against fluctuating chemical stress, mechanical wear and tear, and stress due water-leakage are shown. The plastic layer, consisting of a modified two-component epoxy-resin, is applied in a continuous spray-painting plant by the airless-spraying process to yield a 150 μ dry-film layer, which is then stoved in a circulating air-oven. Illustrations are presented to depict the coating process in the spray-painting plant and to show the transport as well as application of hot-galvanized, plastic-coated steel parts as pipe-passages. 相似文献
PVA is reinforced with SWCNTs using green tea extract as a dispersant to achieve good dispersion of the SWCNTs in an organic solvent and finally high‐performance composite fibers. A combination of green tea extract/DMSO/SWCNT/PVA is found to disperse larger aggregates of SWCNTs to individual or thin bundles of a few nanotubes. Incorporation of 0.5 wt% SWCNTs into PVA fibers yields a tensile strength of 2.42 GPa, a Young's modulus of 46 GPa, toughness of 105 J · g?1 at a failure strain of 11%, and a loop strength of 245 MPa, much higher than the values of commercial PVA fibers. The incorporation of highly dispersed SWCNTs suppresses the fibrillation tendency of the PVA fibers. The applied load is effectively transferred from the matrix to the SWCNTs.
A common problem encountered in gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM) is “gas fingering,” i.e., gas bubbles penetrating outside designed gas channels and forming finger-shaped branches. Severe gas fingering can result in significant reductions in part stiffness. In this paper, nondestructive techniques have been used to quantitatively characterize gas bubble geometry in specially designed GAIM parts. Based on the quantitative measurements, the most crucial process parameters to control gas fingering have been identified through factorial design experiments. More detailed process studies reveal that there is an intrinsic relationship between gas fingering and cross-sectional gas bubble shape. By examining the effects of gas channel design and material type on the gas bubble shape, some useful gas channel design guidelines have been obtained. 相似文献
The thermal stabilities of polybutadienyllithium, polyisoprenyllithium, and polystyryllithium solutions have been determined in hydrocarbon solvents. Kinetic analysis indicated that a complex mechanism was involved in the thermolysis of polybutadienyllithium. The thermal stability was observed to increase with increasing lithium concentration, suggesting the presence of competitive reactions in addition to the expected elimination of lithium hydride. The thermal stability of the three systems studied was consistent with their reported degrees of association: dimeric polystyryllithium was less stable than tetrameric polyisoprenyllithium or hexameric polybutadienyllithium. 相似文献