Use of chitosan to improve dyeability of DP-finished cotton (II)

Chitosan was used to improve the dyeability of DP-finished cotton. Cotton fabric was treated with a mixture of chitosan, 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DHDMI), and catalyst in a one-step process. To investigate the effect of molecular weight of chitosan on the dyeability of treated fabrics, six chitosan samples of different molecular weights were prepared by depolymerization with sodium nitrite; 185,300, 73,200, 59,000, 21,000, 14,000, and 3,800, respectively. Chitosan improves dye uptake of direct and acid dyes considerably, and the dye uptake increases with the increase of the molecular weight of chitosan. Reactive dye uptake increases slightly in alkaline condition as the molecular weight of chitosan decreases. Higher dye uptake is obtained in acidic condition than in alkaline condition. Chitosan treatment has no discernable effect on the colorfastness to washing, but decreases the colorfastness to wet crocking by about half a point. And chitosan affects other properties of treated fabric; lower wrinkle recovery, stiffer handle, and higher breaking strength as the molecular weight of chitosan increases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1515–1521, 1998     

Wrinkle resistant properties and antibacterial efficacy of cotton fabrics treated with glyoxal system and with combination of glyoxal and chitosan system

This study examined the possibility of using glyoxal and chitosan in one‐step finishing to impart both durable press performance and antibacterial efficacy on cotton fabrics. Glyoxal treatment provided good wrinkle resistant property and fair antibacterial activity on the finished fabrics, but the loss of breaking strength retention of the finished fabrics was a main problem of this treatment. Chitosan added in the combination of glyoxal and chitosan system also provided comparable results in wrinkle resistant and antibacterial properties on the finished fabrics as the glyoxal did. The advantage of chitosan in the combination of glyoxal and chitosan system was the improvement of the breaking strength retention of the finished fabrics without affecting the durable press property of the finished fabrics. However, the yellowing of the finished fabric was still a problem when the finished fabrics were treated with the combination of glyoxal and chitosan system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1372–1377, 2006     

Antibacterial activity of cationically modified cotton fabric with carboxymethyl chitosan

A water‐soluble carboxymethyl chitosan was prepared with a view to develop a multifunctional finish on cotton. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) was synthesized by chemical reaction of chitosan with monochloroacetic acid under alkaline condition. The water soluble CMCTS was applied to cationized cotton with different concentrations. The treated fabrics were characterized through monitoring the textile physical properties and for the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DSMZ 498 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341. The results obtained show that the physical properties of the treated fabrics are improved by increasing the CMCTS concentration, as well as the antibacterial activity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Characteristics of cotton fabrics treated with epichlorohydrin and chitosan

Cotton fabrics treated with a crosslinking agent, epicholorohydrin, in the presence of chitosan (CEC) provide many possible reactive sites for reactive dyes and antimicrobial properties of the grafted chitosan to the cellulose structure. This process was applied by means of the conventional mercerizing process. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics occurred simultaneously in the mercerization bath. ECH is expected to react with hydroxyl groups in cellulose and chitosan or with amino groups in chitosan to form alcohol crosslinking by the Belfast process. The fixed chitosan content in the CEC was calculated by the nitrogen percentage of an Elemental Analyzer. The color strength (K/S) of the reactive dyes of the treated cotton fabrics did not significantly change with an increase of chitosan; however, the degree of swelling of the treated cotton fabrics decreased with an increase of chitosan and ECH. These performances were retained through 20 washing and tumble drying cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Correlation between limiting oxygen index and phosphorus/nitrogen content of cotton fabrics treated with a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus flame‐retarding agent and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea

The combination of a hydroxyl‐functional organophosphorus flame‐retarding agent (FR) and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was used as a durable flame‐retardant finish system for cotton fabrics. DMDHEU functions as a binder between FR and cotton cellulose, thus making this flame‐retarding system durable to home laundering. DMDHEU also provides nitrogen to this system, therefore enhances its performance. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) is one of the most commonly used parameters to indicate the flammability of textiles and other polymeric materials. In this research, we investigated the correlation between LOI and phosphorus/nitrogen content on the cotton fabric treated with that durable flame‐retardant system. Phosphorus concentration on the fabric was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, whereas the nitrogen content was determined indirectly by measuring the carbonyl band intensity in the infrared spectra of the treated fabric. We developed a statistical model to predict LOI of the cotton fabric treated with FR and DMDHEU based on the phosphorus concentration and the intensity of carbonyl band of DMDHEU on cotton. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1885–1890, 2003     

A novel halogen‐free and formaldehyde‐free flame retardant for cotton fabrics

A novel halogen‐free and formaldehyde‐free flame retardant (FR), which contains phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon, was synthesized for cotton fabrics considering the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon. The structure of the new FR was characterized by Fourier‐trans‐form infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology of the treated fibre was observed using scanning electron microscope. The thermal property of the FR treated cotton fabric was studied through thermal gravimetric analysis. The TG results indicate that the FR can protect cotton fabric from fire to a certain degree. The vertical flammability test and limiting oxygen index results further indicate that the FR has excellent FR properties. Finally, the durability and other performance properties of the treated fabric were studied and the results show that the new materials can be used as a semi‐durable FR for cellulosic fibres. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of chitosan and some of its depolymerized grades on natural color printing

Chitosan samples with different molecular weights were prepared using sodium nitrite in acidic medium. These samples were practically confirmed by measuring nitrogen content and average molecular weight. The chitosan samples were applied to cotton fabric by the pad dry method. The pretreated cotton fabric was printed with natural coloring matter, curcumin. The color yield of the prints increased by increasing the molecular weight of chitosan. Both wet and dry rubbing fastness of the prints was good. The stiffness results of the printed cotton fabric pretreated with low molecular weight chitosan showed better performance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 559–563, 2005     

A novel blowing agent polyelectrolyte for fabricating intumescent multilayer coating that retards fire on cotton fabric

Sulfonated melamine‐formaldehyde (SMF) resin was successfully synthesized with a mixture of formaldehyde, melamine, and NaHSO₃ in an aqueous solution. Then the SMF was used as the blowing agent to combine with chitosan and phytic acid for fabricating the intumescent flame retardant coating on the surface of the cotton fabric by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembled technology. As characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the (chitosan/SMF + phytic acid)_n coating was successfully deposited on the surfaces of cotton fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis results exhibited that the thermal stabilities of coated cotton fabrics under nitrogen and air atmosphere were enhanced at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700 °C compared with pure cotton fabric. At 700 °C, the char residues of cotton‐5BL and cotton‐10BL under a nitrogen atmosphere were improved 25.9 and 32 wt % than that of pure cotton fabric, respectively. In the vertical flame test, the self‐extinguishing could be obtained for the cotton‐10BL sample. This work first utilized SMF as negative polyelectrolyte to fabricate intumescent flame retardant coating by LbL self‐assembled technology on cotton fabric to strengthen its thermal stability and flame resistance. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46583.     

Synthesis of some new 2‐[(2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene) hydrazinyl]‐4‐methylthiazole derivatives for simultaneous dyeing and finishing for UV protective cotton fabrics

Several 2‐[1‐(1,2‐dihydroinden‐3‐ylidene) hydrazono]‐5‐aryldiazo‐4‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazoles were synthesized by reaction of 1‐(1,2‐Dihydroinden‐3‐ylidene) thiosemicarbazide with different hydrazonyl chlorides. The products are water insoluble and UV absorbers, expressed UPF‐rating values, and their H₂O/DMF solutions were used in simultaneous dyeing and resin finishing of cotton fabrics. Results obtained show that finishing of cotton samples in presence of any of that dyes, irrespective of dye concentration, brings about an improvement in percent nitrogen, wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), dyeability, and UV protection rating values along with slight decrease of tensile strength (TS) compared with the untreated samples. Irrespective of dye structure, increasing the dye concentration from 0.5 and up to 1.7% results in an improvement in the percent nitrogen, TS and a remarkable improvement in both the dyeability, UPF‐rating values along with slight decrease in WRA and lower fastness properties of the treated fabrics. The treated fabrics was characterized using energy dispersive X‐ray analysis indicating the entrapped dye within the fabric structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

CO2 laser irradiation of raw and bleached cotton fabrics,with focus on water and dye absorbency

In this research, the effect of carbon dioxide laser irradiation on various properties of raw and bleached cotton fabrics, including fabric weight, bending rigidity, wetting, and air permeability, as well as dyeing, was examined and compared. The experiments were carried out at three different laser powers ranging from 4.5 to 6 W to determine the effect of laser treatment on fabric properties. In particular, the influence of laser irradiation on the dyeing properties of treated fabrics with CI Reactive Blue 198 was studied. The colour change of laser‐treated fabrics was determined by calculation of the K/S values as a function of fabric reflectance. The morphological changes in laser‐treated fabrics were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of laser treatment on the properties of raw and bleached cotton fabrics were varied. For instance, the wettability of raw cotton samples was reduced after laser irradiation, whereas the wettability of bleached cotton fabrics was greater. Possible reasons for the various dyeing behaviours observed with irradiation at different laser powers are discussed.     

Durable antimicrobial treatment of cotton fabrics using N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride and polycarboxylic acids

N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), a water‐soluble chitosan quaternary ammonium derivative, was used as an antimicrobial agent for cotton fabrics. HTCC has a lower minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli compared to that of chitosan; however, the imparted antimicrobial activity is lost on laundering. Thus crosslinking agents were utilized to obtain a durable antimicrobial treatment by immobilizing HTCC. Several crosslinkers such as dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU), butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and citric acid (CA) were used with HTCC to improve the laundering durability of HTCC treatment by covalent bond formation between the crosslinker, HTCC and cellulose. The polycarboxylic acid treatment was superior to the DMDHEU treatment in terms of prolonged antimicrobial activity of the treated cotton after successive laundering. Also, the cotton treated with HTCC and BTCA showed improved durable press properties without excessive deterioration in mechanical strength or whiteness when compared to the citric acid treatment. With the addition of only 0.1% HTCC to BTCA solutions, the treated fabrics showed durable antimicrobial activity up to 20 laundering cycles. The wrinkle recovery angle and strength retention of the treated fabrics were not adversely affected with the addition of HTCC. Therefore, BTCA can be used with HTCC in one bath to impart durability of antimicrobial activity along with durable press properties to cotton fabric. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1567–1572, 2003     

Improvement in the flame retardancy of cotton fabric by admicellar polymerization of 2‐acryloyloxyethyl diethyl phosphate using an anionic surfactant

The phosphorus‐containing acrylate monomer, 2‐acryloyloxyethyl diethyl phosphate (ADEP), was synthesized and applied to cotton fabric by using admicellar polymerization. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was used as the anionic surfactant. The film of polymerized monomer (PADEP) formed on the cotton surface was characterized by FTIR‐ATR spectroscopy and SEM. Thermal and flame retardant properties of PADEP‐coated cotton were investigated by TGA and flammability tests. Results showed that PADEP polymer film was successfully formed on the cotton fabric. The TGA and DTG analyses showed that the phosphorus‐containing PADEP lowered the decomposition temperature of the treated fabric resulting in a higher char yield than in the case of untreated cotton. The flammability tests showed that the treated cotton had much improved flame retardancy property after the treatment. The treated fabric also retained its good pliability and soft touch with good air permeability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Influence of chitosan posttreatment parameters on the fixation of pigment‐based inks on ink‐jet‐printed cotton fabrics

Cotton fabrics were digitally printed with pigment‐based black ink with an HP Desk‐Jet 880C printer. These ink‐jet‐printed fabrics were posttreated with chitosan samples for the fixation of the pigment‐based ink on the cotton. The influence of various parameters, including the molecular weight (MW), application method (pad–dry–cure vs pad–batch), concentration, and pH, on the degree of fixation (DF) of the pigment‐based inks was examined. The chitosan‐posttreated cotton samples were evaluated for their color strength, DF, color difference, and whiteness index values and their colorfastness properties. Chitosan samples with MWs of 150,000 and greater than 375,000 showed 100% (complete) fixation of the pigment‐based inks on the cotton fabrics. DF drastically decreased in the chitosan with an MW of less than 5000. Both the pad–dry–cure and pad–batch methods were found to be suitable for chitosan application onto ink‐jet‐printed fabrics. Chitosan with an MW of 150,000 showed 100% fixation at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 1%. A further decrease in the concentration significantly decreased the fixation. High fixation values were achieved at acidic pH, whereas a neutral to alkaline pH resulted in poor fixation. The colorfastness properties for each parameter studied are also discussed. The posttreatment of the digitally printed cotton with chitosan was found to be very effective in fixing the pigment‐based inks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Water-soluble cationic chitosan derivative to improve pigment-based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties for cellulose substrates

The water-soluble N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) was prepared by chitosan and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis spectrum confirmed that glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was grafted to the amino groups of chitosan via substitution reaction (Zhao et al., Int J Pharm 2010, 393, 268; Montazer and Afjeh, J Appl Polym Sci 2007, 103, 178). The obtained chitosan derivative was used to modify cotton fabrics for improving aqueous pigment-based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties. Scanning electron microscope images showed that HTCC was adhered onto the cotton fabrics surface and formed film structure. The K/S value on printed cotton substrates increased from 3.20 to 4.87, which indicated that higher color yield was achieved in this way. Modified samples performed better crocking fastness and laundering fastness than the control cotton fabrics. The line definition of modified cotton fabrics respectively, improved 16.5% and 12.6% in the warp and weft direction as the specified line width was 0.5 × 10³ μm. Samples also showed good antibacterial potential, the inhibitory rate for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were both more than 95% when the concentration of HTCC used in the pretreatment solution was 0.8%. The antibacterial effect was found to be durable for 20 laundering cycles. However, the hand feeling of modified cotton fabrics presented a slight decrease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Effect of chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant on flame retarding performance of cotton fabric

A new kind of eco‐friendly chicken‐feather protein‐based phosphorus–nitrogen‐containing flame retardant was synthesized successfully with chicken‐feather protein, melamine, sodium pyrophosphate, and glyoxal. And its structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the thermogravimetry of the agent was analyzed. Then the flame retarding performances of the chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant and in combination with the borax and boric acid in application to a woven cotton fabric were investigated by the vertical flammability test and limited oxygen index test. In addition, the surface morphologies of the treated and untreated fabrics were conducted by the scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and the thermogravimetric analyses of the treated and untreated cotton were explored, and the surface morphologies of char areas of the treated and untreated fabrics after burnt were tested by the SEM. The results showed that the flame retardancy of the cotton fabric treated by the chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant in combination with borax and boric acid was improved further, and the combination of the chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant and borax and boric acid could facilitate to form a homogenous and compact intumescing char layer, and the combination of them plays a good synergistic effect in the improvement of the flame retardancy of the treated cotton fabric. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40584.     

Flame retardant finishing of the polyester/cotton blend fabric using a cross‐linkable hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer

Blend fabrics of cotton and polyester are widely used in apparel, but high flammability becomes a major obstacle for applications of those fabrics in fire protective clothing. The objective of this research was to investigate the flame retardant finishing of a 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabric. It was discovered previously that N,N′‐dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was able to bond a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) onto 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabrics. In this research, the HFPO/DMDHEU system was applied to a 50/50 polyester/cotton twill fabric. The polyester/cotton fabric treated with 36% HFPO and 10% DMDHEU achieved char length of 165 mm after 20 laundering cycles. The laundering durability of the treated fabric was attributed to the formation of polymeric cross‐linked networks. The HFPO/DMDHEU system significantly reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) of cotton on the treated polyester/cotton blend fabric, but its effects on polyester were marginal. HFPO/DMDHEU reduced PHRR of both nylon and cotton on the treated nylon/cotton fabric. It was also discovered that the nitrogen of DMDHEU was synergistic to enhance the flame retardant performance of HFPO on the polyester/cotton fabric.     

Antimicrobial finishing of polypropylene nonwoven fabric by treatment with chitosan oligomer

Water‐soluble chitosan oligomer was prepared for finishing polypropylene nonwoven fabrics to impart antimicrobial activity. The weight average molecular weight was 1814 and its degree of deacetylation was 84%. Polypropylene nonwoven fabrics were treated with chitosan oligomer solution by the pad‐dry method. Antimicrobial activity was measured by the shake flask method. The chitosan oligomer showed high antimicrobial activities against Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli at 0.01% and 0.05% level, respectively, showing above 90% of reduction rate. Chitosan oligomer was the most effective against Proteus vulgaris. However, it was not effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa below the treatment concentration of 1.0%. Fabrics became stiffer and less air permeable with the increase of treatment concentration. Tensile strength of the treated samples was lower than that of the untreated one. Liquid strike‐through time of the sample treated with 0.5% chitosan oligomer solution (3.0 s) was comparable with that of a hydrophilic finished sample available commercially (2.6 s). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2911–2916, 1999     

Reaction of hexamethylphosphorous triamide with cotton cellulose

The reactivity of hexamethylphosphorus triamide, (P[N? (CH₃)₂]₃) (HPT), with cotton cellulose was examined under various conditions. HPT was found to react readily with the cellulose to produce a cellulose phosphite and/or phosphate ester having approximately one acidic hydrogen atom per phosphorus atom. The reaction of HPT with cotton cellulose was efficiently catalyzed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1%). The phosphorus content imparted by the catalyzed reaction on cotton fabrics was approximately twice that imparted by the uncatalyzed reaction. Flame resistance of the treated fabrics ranged from fair to excellent. The treated fabrics also exhibited ion exchange properties and some crosslinking.     

不同分子量壳聚糖在棉织物染色增深方面的应用研究

通过超声波辅助过氧化氢降解壳聚糖,得到不同分子量的壳聚糖,经其整理的棉织物用活性染料进行染色并测定其染色性能。实验结果表明：壳聚糖分子质量为6．5×10^4、质量分数为0．5％时,增深效果最为明显。     

降解壳聚糖在棉织物活性染料低盐染色中的应用

采用降解壳聚糖对棉织物进行预处理,比较处理前后棉织物活性染料染色的上染率、固色率及耐摩擦牢度,在此基础上研究低盐工艺对棉织物活性染料染色的上染率、固色率的影响。实验结果表明降解壳聚糖预处理棉织物显著改善活性染料染色性能,提高染料上染率,减少了染整加工过程中对环境造成的污染。降解壳聚糖预处理的最佳工艺条件:浸渍温度80℃、降解壳聚糖用量0.8%(owf)、浸渍时间30 min。