Particle Holdup and Average Residence Time in the Cyclone of a CFB Boiler

Particle holdup and the average residence time in the cyclone of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler are important information for describing events post‐combustion in the cyclone that often lead to a noticeable increase in the temperature of the flue gas. The existing results for the variation of particle average residence time with fluidizing gas velocity are contradictory since they were obtained under different operation conditions. A cold CFB apparatus made of plexiglass was established with a riser of 5 m in height and 0.2 m in diameter and equipped with a standard Lapple cyclone. The particle holdup was directly measured by the mass in the cyclone when the system was shut down. The solid concentration at the cyclone inlet was kept in the range generally used in CFB boilers. The experimental results showed that the particle holdup in the cyclone was equal to ca. 10–40 % of the corresponding bed material in the riser and that it increases monotonously with both the fluidizing gas velocity and the initial static bed height, and approximately linearly with the solid circulation rate. In addition, within the experimental conditions, the cyclone pressure drop increases monotonously with particle holdup. It was found that the average residence time of the particles either increased or decreased linearly with the fluidizing gas velocity, depending on the initial static bed height. Nevertheless, both variation rates were very small. In a view of engineering applications, the average residence time of the particles in the cyclone is insignificantly affected by the fluidizing gas velocity, initial bed inventory and solid circulation rate, within the range of experimental conditions examined.     

Effect of the Solid Loading on a PFBC Cyclone with Pneumatic Extraction of Solids

This paper presents the effects of solid loading on the performance of a cyclone with pneumatic extraction of solids. The cyclone is a non‐conventional design, especially used for hot‐gas cleaning applications such as pressurized fluidized bed combustors (PFBC). A scaled‐down cold‐flow model was employed for the research. Experiments were conducted at 9–14 m/s inlet gas velocities, inlet solid loadings ranging from 30 to 230 g/kg gas, and bottom gas extraction percentages from 0.3 to 1.5%. Experimental results of pressure drop resistance coefficients and collection efficiency were compared with literature predictions. At PFBC operating conditions, cyclone geometry and solid concentration are the main parameters influencing cyclone pressure drop and collection efficiency. The vortex penetration in dipleg causes lower pressure drop values and higher collection efficiencies than predicted. These parameters can be suitably predicted for PFBC cyclones by introducing a modified penetration length in Muschelknautz's model [1]. For the present cyclone design, a new correlation of pressure drop, including the influence of solid loading, is proposed. A new method for detecting cyclone fouling, not previously addressed, is also presented, based on the evolution of the pressure drop resistance coefficient. An enhanced separation efficiency has been found, related to collection efficiency, which is especially important for particle sizes below 10 μm revealing agglomeration effects.     

颗粒负荷对小型旋风器性能影响的模拟分析

为探究颗粒负荷对小型旋风器内气固两相流动的影响,基于雷诺应力模型（RSM）和欧拉-欧拉方法的混合流模型（Mixture）进行气体-颗粒、颗粒-颗粒的相间耦合计算。采用粒径为0.5～5μm的颗粒组在40L/min、60L/min和80L/min的入口流量下模拟0~3kg/m³的5种不同颗粒浓度工况,通过对比旋风器内纯气相流场和颗粒负荷流场的不同,研究了颗粒的存在对流场的影响;探究了入口流量和浓度变化对旋风器内分离效率和压降特性的影响。基于模型有效性验证的数值模拟结果表明：较高颗粒浓度负荷使旋风器内的气相流场发生显著变化。随着入口流量的增大,旋风器的分离效率先增大后减小,压降呈非线性增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大,旋风器的分离效率逐渐增大,压降先减小后增大。     

CFD–DEM simulation of the gas–solid flow in a cyclone separator

In this work, a numerical study of the gas–solid flow in a gas cyclone is carried out by use of the combined discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model where the motion of discrete particles phase is obtained by DEM which applies Newton’s equations of motion to every individual particle and the flow of continuum fluid by the traditional CFD which solves the Navier–Stokes equations at a computational cell scale. The model successfully captures the key flow features in a gas cyclone, such as the strands flow pattern of particles, and the decrease of pressure drop and tangential velocity after loading solids. The effect of solid loading ratio is studied and analysed in terms of gas and solid flow structures, and the particle–gas, particle–particle and particle–wall interaction forces. It is found that the gas pressure drop increases first and then decreases when solids are loaded. The reaction force of particles on gas flow is mainly in the tangential direction and directs mainly upward in the axial direction. The reaction force in the tangential direction will decelerate gas phase and the upward axial force will prevent gas phase from flowing downward in the near wall region. The intensive particle–wall collision regions mainly locate in the wall opposite to the cyclone inlet and the cone wall. Moreover, as the solid loading ratio increases, number of turns travelled by solids in a cyclone decreases especially in the apex region of the cyclone while the width of solid strands increases, the pressure drop and tangential velocity decrease, the high axial velocity region moves upwards, and the radial flow of gas phase is significantly dampened.     

An energy-based model of gas-solid transport in a riser

A simple and reliable method to estimate the solid holdup distribution and solid residence time in a gas-solid riser flow is essential to the optimum design and efficient operations of riser reactors. The traditional approach of equating the local solid holdup to the pressure drop in a riser overlooks the effects of solid acceleration and energy dissipation in the acceleration and dense phase transport regions. The energy dissipation in these regions is mainly due to the interfacial friction between interstitial gas and suspended solids, inter-solid collisions, as well as solid-wall fraction. Most momentum-based models fail to account for the energy dissipation of inter-solid collisions, and the models using the simple granular kinetic theory fail to account for the energy dissipation in micro-sliding or rolling from off-center inter-solid collisions. This paper presents an energy-based mechanistic model to analyze the partitions of the axial gradient of pressure by solid acceleration, collision-induced energy dissipation and solid holdup in gas-solid riser flows. Based on this model, more reasonable estimation of axial distributions of solid holdup and resulted solid velocity can be obtained. Our analysis shows that the effect of solid acceleration on the pressure drop can be significant in a range of moderate solid holdup (typically from 3.5% to 12% by solid volume fraction) whereas the effect of energy dissipation becomes important in the dense phase transport region (typically when the solid volume fraction above 5%). The exemplified results indicate that the traditional approach of equating the local solid holdup to the pressure drop overestimates the solid holdup by an error up to 50% in the acceleration and dense phase transport regions in typical gas-solid riser flow applications.     

高长径比三相内环流反应器中相含率的分布研究

在长径比为22的三相内环流反应器中,常温常压下,以空气-水-石英砂为物系,根据无因次准数建立了气含率、固含率的预测模型,考察了在不同粒径下上升区气含率、下降区气含率和上升区固含率、下降区固含率随表观气速的变化规律和不同固体体积分数下轴向固含率的分布情况。结果表明：不同粒径下上升区和下降区气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;当粒径（ds）≤0．3mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加呈平缓趋势,下降区固含率随表观气速的增加而增加,当0．3mm〈d。≤1．2mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加而呈先下降后增加的趋势,下降区固含率随表观气速的增加而下降;不同固体体积分数下的固体颗粒的固含率随着轴向高度的增大而变化平缓,能够均匀的分布在反应器中;气含率和固含率的计算值和实验值吻合较好,其平均相对误差分别为6．32％、4．56％。     

锥形鼓泡床内气含率特性的研究

本文分析了锥形鼓泡床内流型过渡、平均气含率及气含率轴向分布特性，考察了入口气体速度、静止液体（或淤浆）高度及淤浆浓度的影响，比较了与圆柱床的差异，结果表明对于鼓泡床内气体体积收缩的反应，用锥形床的冷态试验可以较精确地模拟其实际结果。     

Effects of Surface Roughness on the Performance of Tangential Inlet Cyclone Separators

This study is carried out to investigate the effects of surface roughness on the flow field and cyclone performance. The flow inside the cyclone separator is modeled as a three-dimensional turbulent continuous gas flow with solid particles as a discrete phase. The continuous gas flow is predicted by solving the governing equations by using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, and the modeling of the particle motions is based on a Lagrangian approach. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with experimental data as well as with the results of mathematical models. Analysis of computed results shows that increase of relative roughness due to corrosion, wear, or accumulation of particles on the inner walls considerably influences the tangential velocity, cyclone separation efficiency, and cyclone pressure drop especially for high inlet velocities. Decreases in cyclone collection efficiency and pressure drop with the increase in surface roughness are found to be more pronounced for high values of relative roughness.     

Prediction of Pressure Drop and Holdup for Homogeneous Ternary Mixtures of Spherical Glass Bead Particles in a Three-Phase Fluidized Bed

Hydrodynamic characteristics, viz. bed pressure drop and gas holdup, have been studied for ternary mixtures of homogeneous regular particles in a co-current three-phase fluidized bed. For this, a series of experiments have been carried out in a 5-cm diameter column with air as the gas phase, water as the liquid phase, and ternary mixtures of glass beads (1.54, 1.3, and 1.1 mm) as the solid phase. The dependence of bed pressure drop on the average particle diameter, superficial gas velocity, and initial static bed height has been discussed. Based on the dimensional and statistical analyses, correlations have been developed with the system parameters, for both bed pressure drop and gas holdup. Experimental values of bed pressure drop and gas holdup have been found to agree well with those calculated from developed correlations.     

天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能

为了系统评价天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能,在线测量了入口气速6~24 m/s、入口颗粒浓度30~2000 mg/m3范围内多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率都随入口气速和入口颗粒浓度增大而提高. 与单管旋风分离器相比,在相同实验条件下,多管旋风分离器的分离效率下降2%~15%;单管旋风分离器基本能除净粒径大于10 mm的颗粒,而多管旋风分离器只能去除15 mm以上的颗粒. 多管旋风分离器的压降主要是内部单管旋风分离器的压降,占整个压降的80%~90%.     

输气站场多管旋风分离器流场分析

为了系统评价输气站场用多管导叶式旋风分离器的分离性能,模拟计算了入口速度7~27 m/s、颗粒密度1000~5000 kg/m3、颗粒浓度2.5~2500 g/m3、操作压力1~5 MPa条件下21管旋风分离器的分离效率和压降. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的压降主要来自单管压降,约占整个压降的80%~90%,旋风子单独使用和并联使用时其流场分布规律相同,沿轴向对称分布,中心涡核处压力最低;分离效率和压降均随入口速度增大而增加,粒径为1~10 mm的固体颗粒分离效率从30.57%增加到63.86%,压降从9053 Pa增加到116864 Pa,在入口速度7~27 m/s范围内基本能除尽粒径大于6 mm的颗粒;随颗粒密度增加,分离效率增大,压降几乎不变;操作压力增大分离效率降低,而压降略增加. 各单管间进气量波动均不超过5%.     

A model for the pressure balance of a low density circulating fluidized bed

The pressure balance along the solid circulation loop of a circulating fluidized bed equipped with a solid flux regulating device has been modelled and the influence of the pressure balance on the riser behaviour has been predicted.The solid circulation loop has been divided into many sections, where the pressure drop was calculated independently: riser, cyclone, standpipe, control device and return duct. A new theoretical model, that is able to predict the pressure losses in the return path of the solid from the standpipe to the riser, has been built. A new correlation for cyclone pressure loss with very high solid loads has been found on the basis of experimental data.The pressure loss in the riser has been calculated by imposing the closure of the pressure balance, ΣΔP = 0. Once the riser pressure drop had been calculated, the holdup distribution along the riser was obtained by imposing a particular shape of the profile, according to the different fluid-dynamics regimes (fast fluidization or pneumatic transport). In the first case, an exponential decay was imposed and the bottom holdup was adjusted to fit the total pressure drop, in the second case, the height of the dense zone was instead varied.The experimental data was used to develop the sub-models for the various loop sections have been obtained in a 100 mm i.d. riser, 6 m high, CFB. The solid was made of Geldart B group alumina particles. The tests were carried out with a gas velocity that ranged between 2 and 4 m/s and a solid flux that ranged between 20 and 170 kg/m²s. A good agreement was found between the model and experimental data.     

Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology

A cyclone technology for a vacuum cleaner—axial inlet flow cyclone and the tangential inlet flow cyclone — to collect dusts efficiently and reduce pressure drop has been studied experimentally. The optimal design factors such as dust collection efficiency, pressure drop, and cut-size being the particle size corresponding to the fractional collection efficiency of 50% were investigated. The particle cut-size decreases with reduced inlet area, body diameter, and vortex finder diameter of the cyclone. The tangential inlet twin-flow cyclone has good performance taking into account the low pressure drop of 350 mmAq and the cut-size of 1.5 μm in mass median diameter at the flow rate of 1 m³/min. A vacuum cleaner using tangential inlet twin-flow cyclone shows the potential to be an effective method for collecting dusts generated in the household.     

甲醇制烯烃装置降低催化剂跑损及负荷提升的改造实践

针对某甲醇年处理量180万t的甲醇制烯烃装置自投产以来存在的细粉损失严重问题进行了原因分析,发现是由再生器中沉降高度低、旋分入口浓度高、入口气速高于设计值导致的压降高、料腿排料困难所致。通过将再生器外取热器流化风由氮气改为空气,之后引入氧气进一步提升再生烧焦能力,在维持再生器旋分系统入口气速和压降合适的基础上,改善了装置的跑剂问题,实现了装置处理量最高8.3%的提升,初步预估年效益可增加0.9亿元。     

多效旋风分离器性能的实验研究

多效旋风分离器通过采用2级螺旋管预分离含尘气体、螺旋形顶盖板导流、筒体中心稳流锥稳流和吸气回流系统防止粉尘返混等措施,解决了在旋风流场中分离微米及亚微米级颗粒的难题。文中通过实验研究了直径为0.25 m的多效旋风分离器的压降、分离效率和进口风速的关系,实验物料粒径范围为0.1—23μm,平均粒径为7.59μm。结果表明:在10—14 m/s入口风速时,对0.1—3μm颗粒的分离效率大于90%,对大于5μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%,压降在500—1 000 Pa。风速大于16 m/s时,对0.1—2μm颗粒的分离效率大于75%。     

Numerical simulation of effect of inlet configuration on square cyclone separator performance

This paper presents a numerical study of the gas-solid flow in square cyclone separators with three types of inlet configuration. Three-dimensional Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) was used to simulate the turbulent flow of gas phase and a Lagrangian equation was used to simulate the particle motion. The resulting velocity, separation efficiency and pressure drops were verified by comparison with measured data. The effect of inlet configurations on the turbulent dynamics in the cyclone and the separation efficiency and pressure drop was analyzed. Results showed that inlet configurations influenced the turbulent dynamics in the cyclone and led to different pressure drop and separation efficiency. The separator with double declining inlets (DDI) had the minimum pressure drop and similar efficiency to the separator with double normal inlets (DNI). The separator with single normal inlet (SNI) had the best separation efficiency and the maximum pressure drop. When a baffle was installed in the inlet of separator SNI, the pressure drop increased by about 191% and 34% for the separator with a straight (SNI-1) and curved (SNI-2) baffle respectively on the basis of the pressure drop of separator SNI. The cut and critical diameter of particles were 2 μm and 14 μm for separator SNI-1 and 4 μm and 14 μm for separator SNI-2, while they were 8 μm and 30 μm for separator SNI at the same inlet conditions.     

Measurements of cyclone performance under conditions analogous to pressurized circulating fluidization

We evaluate the performance of a relatively efficient cyclone operating under conditions analogous to a generic pressurized circulating fluidized bed at high solid loading. We find that pressure losses across the cyclone scale with the kinetic energy density of the inlet gas and are independent of the particle Stokes number and the Reynolds number based on cyclone diameter.The pressure data are well captured by the model of Muschelknautz and Greif (1997), who predict that the corresponding losses decrease with increasing solid loading. We confirm that the overall cyclone solid capture efficiency and the efficiency by size depend on the particle Stokes number and loading. We find that the effects of these two numbers are complex and not well captured by existing models, which, unlike experiments, assume a uniform distribution of solids at the inlet.     

气体干法净化旋流吸附耦合设备压降特性

气体干法净化旋流吸附耦合设备将旋流分离和移动床吸附/过滤分离有机结合,可适应较宽的温度范围,为高温气体净化提供了一种新思路。在不加尘及不同的移动床循环速率和旋风入口气速下对该设备进出口静压差进行了测量和分析。实验结果表明,设备静压差在整个运行过程中较为稳定,有较强的可预测性,无量纲标准偏差维持在0.4%以内;实验范围内,移动床循环量的大小对设备静压差没有影响;设备压降与旋风入口气速呈现出良好的二次方程（抛物线）关系;将设备实际压降划分为进口管路沿程摩擦损失、入口天圆地方摩擦损失、旋流体摩擦损失、内置移动床摩擦损失和出口管路沿程摩擦损失五个部分;获得了旋流体摩擦损失及设备实际压降与入口速度头的关联方程;该设备的阻力系数与普通旋风分离器相比,没有明显增大;初步加尘实验确认了旋风壳体与移动床之间旋流作用的存在,为进一步结构优化提供了参考。     

入口粉尘浓度对新型旋流-颗粒床耦合分离器特性的影响

通过大型冷模实验,考察了入口粉尘浓度对某连续操作新型旋流-颗粒床耦合分离器压降和除尘效率的影响特性。结果表明,入口粉尘浓度越大,达到平衡时分离器的压降越大,压降增速越快,入口粉尘浓度为59.13 g/m3时,分离器平衡压降最大为1.2 kPa;入口粉尘浓度越低,分离器分离效率越高。分离器颗粒床层内捕集颗粒含尘量与再生效率有关,再生尘源浓度越小,分离器压降达到平衡越快。当再生尘源浓度由58.18%降至23.67%,装置压降由1.5 kPa降至1.2 kPa;随着再生尘源浓度降低,分离器除尘效率略微下降。入口粉尘浓度和再生尘源浓度对分离器压降影响的结果一致,对分离器效率影响的结果不同。