A Pseudo-Bayesian ALOHA Algorithm with Mixed Priorities

In reservation-based multiple access protocols, before obtaining a contention-free access to the channel, a mobile terminal must wait for its request packet to be successfully sent to the base station. A pseudo-Bayesian ALOHA algorithm with multiple priorities is proposed in this paper to reduce the waiting time of delay sensitive request packets in a multimedia environment. Packets are transmitted in each slot according to a transmission probability based on the channel history and a priority parameter assigned to their respective priority class. An adaptation of the slotted protocol to the framed environment proposed for wireless ATM is also described. Simulation results are presented to show that the protocol offers a significant delay improvement for high priority packets with both Poisson and self-similar traffic while low priority packets only experience a slight performance degradation.     

FPS‐MAC: Fuzzy priority scheduling‐based MAC protocol for intelligent monitoring systems

Recent advances in microelectronics have encouraged the implementation of a wireless sensor network (WSN) in intelligent monitoring systems (IMSs). The IMS for time‐critical applications requires timely and reliable data delivery without sacrificing the energy efficiency of the network. This paper proposes FPS‐MAC, a fuzzy priority scheduling‐based medium access control protocol, designed for event critical traffic in hierarchical WSN. The FPS‐MAC allows time‐critical event traffic to opportunistically steal the data slots allocated for periodic data traffic in event‐based situations. Additionally, a fuzzy logic‐based slot scheduling mechanism is introduced to provide guaranteed and timely medium access to emergency traffic load and ensures the quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements of IMSs. Both analytical and simulation results for data throughput, energy consumption, and transmission delay of FPS‐MAC, TLHA, E‐BMA, and BMA‐RR have been analyzed to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed FPS‐MAC protocol.     

Measurement‐based admission control scheme with priority and service classes for application in wireless IP networks

Wireless IP networks will provide voice and data services using IP protocols over the wireless channel. But current IP is unsuitable to provide delay or loss bounds and insufficient to support diverse quality of service, both required by real‐time applications. In order to support real‐time applications in wireless IP networks, in this paper a measurement‐based admission control (MBAC) with priority criteria and service classes is considered. First we have shown the suitability of MBAC in wireless IP networks by comparing its performance with a parameter‐based scheme. Next, we have investigated the performance of strictly policy‐based MBAC and policy plus traffic characteristic‐based MBAC schemes in terms of (1) increasing the user mobility, (2) changing traffic parameters and (3) the presence of greedy users. The efficiency and fairness of each scheme are measured in terms of lower class new and handoff traffic performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of Priority R‐ALOHA (PR‐ALOHA) protocol

With the exception of required time synchronization, the Reservation‐ALOHA (R‐ALOHA) protocol is simple to implement and suitable for medium access control in ad hoc wireless networks. In this paper, we propose an innovative protocol, referred to as Reservation ALOHA with priority (PR‐ALOHA) that provides differentiated services on the basis of traffic priority. To date, the carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol has been widely used for this purpose by employing an interframe spacing (IFS) for priority service, that is, nodes ready for packet transmissions are required to wait for an IFS amount of time, where a shorter IFS is used to gain faster access to the radio channel. However, sensing and collision avoidance mechanisms make CSMA/CA unsuitable for delay‐sensitive applications, that is, congested scenarios with high traffic. In contrast, the proposed PR‐ALOHA protocol may be considered a good candidate for such applications. In this paper, the performance of the PR‐ALOHA protocol is investigated analytically and by simulation. Its comparison with regular R‐ALOHA is also carried out. Modeling and simulation results of PR‐ALOHA show that PR‐ALOHA improves the performance of high‐priority traffic with limited effect on normal network traffic. Thus, PR‐ALOHA may be useful in vehicular communications, where traffic may be separated into emergency messages having high priority and multimedia messages having low priority. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于TDMA的分布式全双工链路调度算法研究

为了解决无线Ad hoc网络在负载较重时网络性能差等问题,提出了一种将TDMA（Time Division Media Access）与CCFD（Co-time Co-frequency Full Duplex）相结合的分布式全双工MAC（Media Access Control）协议.数据传输前节点首先在链路共存准则的基础上进行抑制检查,随后主链路按一定的优先级筛选二级链路并发起调度请求,调度所需的四次握手过程在业务时隙头部完成.本协议在不影响传统TDMA半双工通信的条件下,增加同一时隙中可以共存的链路数,改善网络的吞吐量和时延性能.     

基于预警优先级的ZigBee传感网络MAC层退避算法

针对无线传感器网络中有预警信息的高优先级数据包需要尽快传输,且IEEE 802.15.4协议本身不支持任何优先级传输机制的情况,提出了一种基于预警优先级的非时隙CSMA/CA自适应调整阶梯退避算法,并建立了离散时间马尔可夫分析模型,比较分析了网络中不同优先级节点的信道接入概率、网络吞吐量和传输延时,仿真结果表明,本文改进的自适应调整阶梯退避机制对提高无线传感器网络中高优先级数据包的实时传输性能具有积极的作用。     

Performance evaluation of wireless multimedia CDMA networks usingadaptive transmission control

When multimedia information including speech, image, data etc. are transmitted, the difference in information rates, required quality, and traffic performance should be taken into account. A wireless spread spectrum system can achieve a flexible balance of these differences because of inherent asynchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) capability. In order to accomplish wireless multimedia communication, three parameters are investigated: the transmission power, packet length, and time slot. We propose and investigate two methods to accomplish wireless multimedia communication by using these parameters: (1) a method based on control of both transmission power and transmission packet length and (2) a method based on control of both transmission power and adaptive time slot. We derive the optimal transmission packet length and transmission power in (1) and derive optimal adaptive time slot and transmission power in (2) by using traffic of measurement and nonlinear programming. By the comparison, the two proposed methods are compared to the minislotted alternating priority (MSAP). Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods, when the priority of each medium is graded, show better performance than other systems in terms of average throughput and delay time of all media     

Dynamic Code Assignment Medium Access (DCAMA) Protocol for Wireless Integrated Services Networks

A medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless mobile networks that supports integrated services and provides quality of service (QoS) support is presented and evaluated via simulation. A controlled random access protocol which allows all terminals to dynamically share a group of spread spectrum spreading codes is used. The protocol provides mobile terminals the access control required for efficient transfer of integrated traffic with QoS guarantees. Two service classes are provided; "best-effort" service, with priority queueing, and reserved bandwidth circuit service. The performance of the protocol is evaluated via simulation for traffic consisting of integrated voice, data and compressed video. The performance assessment measure is packet delay.     

一种实时以太网介质访问控制协议的时延性能分析

本文提出一种新的基于持续竞争的实时以太网介质访问控制协议,该协议能够保证实时信号的发送有确定的最大时延.在新协议下,如果检测到冲突,实时节点并不像普通以太网节点一样停止传输,而是坚持发送竞争信号,利用信道冲突通知非实时节点或者低优先级实时节点停止传输,把信道留给高优先级的实时节点.而且该协议与普通以太网介质访问控制协议兼容,这样实时节点与普通以太网节点能共存于同一网络系统中互相通信.文中详细描述了新型以太网介质访问控制协议,分析了实时信号的发送时延,理论分析和仿真均证明了该协议是可行和有效的.     

About Deterministic and non‐Deterministic Vehicular Communications over DSRC/802.11p

In this work, we introduce a priority‐aware deterministic access protocol called Vehicular Deterministic Access (VDA). VDA is based on 802.11p/DSRC and allows vehicles to access the shared medium in collision‐free periods. Particularly, VDA supports two types of safety services (emergency and routine safety messages) with different priorities and strict requirements on delay. To avoid long delays and high packet collisions, VDA allows vehicles to access the wireless medium at selected times with a lower contention than would otherwise be possible within a two‐hop neighborhood by the classical 802.11p Enhanced Distributed Channel Access or Distributed Coordination Function schemes. A non‐VDA‐enabled vehicle, that is, a vehicle not configured with the optional VDA capability over 802.11p, may start transmitting on the shared channel just before or during the VDA opportunities reserved for vehicles with VDA capabilities. To avoid the aforementioned issues and prevent interfering transmissions from VDA‐enabled vehicles and non‐VDA‐enabled vehicles, we also proposed a novel scheme called extended VDA. We analyzed the impact of several design tradeoffs between the contention free period/contention period dwell time ratios on the performance of safety applications with different priorities for VDA and extended VDA. Simulations show that the proposed schemes clearly outperform the backoff‐based schemes currently used by 802.11p in high communication density conditions while bounding the transmission delay of safety messages and increasing the packet reception rate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capacity of a wireless LAN with voice and data services

The capacity of a carrier sense multiple-access wireless LAN with voice and data services using the TCP/IP protocol is analyzed to obtain a lower bound for the capacity of the wireless networks with voice and data services. The voice traffic is given a higher priority over the data traffic to accommodate the delay requirement for an acceptable quality of service. This is implemented by assigning the TCP protocol for data and the UDP protocol for voice. The relationship between the data throughput and the number of the voice users supported in this environment is analyzed by using a nonpreemptive queuing model. While the analysis in this paper can be applied to any voice encoding system, the improved multiband excitation voice encoding technique is adopted to provide a low transmission rate with an acceptable quality     

Quality-of-Service in IP Services over Bluetooth Ad-Hoc Networks

Along with the development of multimedia and wireless networking technologies, mobile multimedia applications are playing more important roles in information access. Quality of Service (QoS) is a critical issue in providing guaranteed service in a low bandwidth wireless environment. To provide Bluetooth-IP services with differentiated quality requirements, a QoS-centric cascading mechanism is proposed in this paper. This innovative mechanism, composed of intra-piconet resource allocation, inter-piconet handoff and Bluetooth-IP access modules, is based on the Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol (BNEP) operation scenario. From our simulations the handoff connection time for a Bluetooth device is up to 11.84 s and the maximum average transmission delay is up to 4e-05 s when seven devices join a piconet simultaneously. Increasing the queue length for the Bluetooth-IP access system will decrease the traffic loss rate by 0.02 per 1000 IP packets at the expense of a small delay performance.     

TCP/IP在GPRS/EGPRS网络中的应用及影响

通用分组无线业务/增强型数据速率演进技术（GPRS/EGPRS）服务扩展了当前世界上最流行的第二代移动系统——基于语音的GSM,使其能够收发基于分组的数据。随着移动通信技术的发展和业务的多样化,人们对数据业务的需求不断增加,GPRS/EGPRS网络优化也成为了重中之重。除传统的无线网络及核心网络优化外,将其以端到端的思路分析,看为无线＋IP网络技术,成为了新的优化思路。因此传输控制协议/因特网互联协议（TCP/IP）作为互联网固有的最为广泛的传输协议在无线分组数据业务网络中同样得到广泛应用。主要就TCP/IP协议在GPRS/EGPRS中的应用其影响进行了分析。     

Infrastructure-based MAC in wireless mobile ad-hoc networks

The IEEE 802.11 standard is the most popular Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for wireless local area networks. However, in an ad-hoc environment, the Point Coordination Function (PCF), defined in the standard, cannot be readily used. This is due to the fact that there is no central authority to act as a Point Coordinator (PC). Peer-to-peer ad-hoc mode in the IEEE 802.11 standard only implements the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). In this paper, an efficient and on-the-fly infrastructure is created using our proposed Mobile Point Coordinator (MPC) protocol. Based on this protocol, we also develop an efficient MAC protocol, namely MPC–MAC. Our MAC protocol extends the IEEE 802.11 standard for use in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks implementing both the DCF and PCF modes of operation. The goal, and also the challenge, is to achieve QoS delivery and priority access for real-time traffic in ad-hoc wireless environments while maintaining backward compatibility with the IEEE 802.11 standard. The performance of MPC–MAC is compared to the IEEE 802.11 DCF-based MAC without MPC. Simulation experiments show that in all cases the use of PCF benefits real-time packets by decreasing the average delay and the discard ratio. However, this may come at the expense of increasing the average delay for non-real-time data. On the other hand, the discard ratio for both real-time and non-real-time packets improves with the use of PCF. Therefore, our MPC–MAC outperforms the standard DCF IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol in multi-hop ad-hoc environments.     

Opportunistic delay‐margin‐based resource allocation for next‐generation wireless networks

This paper studies and develops efficient traffic management techniques for downlink transmission at the base station (BS) of multi‐service IP‐based networks by combining quality‐of‐service (QoS) provision and opportunistic wireless resource allocation. A delay‐margin‐based scheduling (DMS) for downlink traffic flows based on the delays that each packet has experienced up to the BS is proposed. The instantaneous delay margin, represented by the difference between the required and instantaneous delays, quantifies how urgent the packet is, and thus it can determine the queuing priority that should be given to the packet. The proposed DMS is further integrated with the opportunistic scheduling (OPS) to develop various queueing architectures to increase the wireless channel bandwidth efficiency. Different proposed integration approaches are investigated and compared in terms of delay outage probability and wireless channel bandwidth efficiency by simulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

APON接人系统的一个介质访问控制协议

作为共享介质的接入网络,APON需要介质访问控制协议用于协调各终端对介质的存取.本文提出了一个符合ITU-T建议的MAC协议,采用了时延分优先级,对高优先级的实时业务按照的均匀间隔的原则分配带宽,低优先级业务的带宽按次序循环分配.上行帧长度根据处于连接的用户数动态变化,各终端的带宽申请时隙由系统动态分配.最后给出了由该协议确定的网络性能的计算机仿真结果.     

EFT: a high throughput routing metric for IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we present a throughput-maximizing routing metric, referred to as expected forwarding time (EFT), for IEEE 802.11s-based wireless mesh networks. Our study reveals that most of the existing routing metrics select the paths with minimum aggregate transmission time of a packet. However, we show by analyses that, due to the shared nature of the wireless medium, other factors, such as transmission time of the contending nodes and their densities and loads, also affect the performance of routing metrics. We therefore first identify the factors that hinder the forwarding time of a packet. Furthermore, we add a new dimension to our metric by introducing traffic priority into our routing metric design, which, to the best of our knowledge, is completely unaddressed by existing studies. We also show how EFT can be incorporated into the hybrid wireless mesh protocol (HWMP), the path selection protocol used in the IEEE 802.11s draft standard. Finally, we study the performance of EFT through simulations under different network scenarios. Simulation results show that EFT outperforms other routing metrics in terms of average network throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet loss rate.     

End-to-End Performance Improvement of the Wireless Channel for Video Transmission

Real time video transmission in wireless environment considers various parameters of wireless channel like information rate, error resiliency, security, end-to-end latency, quality of service etc. The available internet protocols are transmission control protocol and user datagram protocol (UDP). But most of the real-time applications uses UDP as their transport protocol. UDP is a fast protocol suitable for delay sensitive applications like video and audio transmission as it does not provide flow control or error recovery and does not require connection management. Due to the tremendous growth in wired and wireless real-time applications, some improvements should be made in the existing systems or protocols. Various techniques to improve end-to-end performance of system for real time video transmission over wireless channel are available in literature. Authors claim that the solution suggested in the paper provide more reliability in wireless video transmission. In the proposed solution, adaptive redundant packets are added in every block (or datagram) transmitted in order to achieve a desired recovery rate at the receiver. The suggested method dose not use any retransmission mechanism. The network simulator NS-2 is used to evaluate the method and the simulation results indicate that the proposed method can guarantee satisfied end-to-end performance by increased packet delivery ratio, reduced end-to-end delay and hence increased network throughput for video transmission in wireless network.     

Mobility protocols and RSVP performance in wireless IPv6 networks: shortcomings and solutions

Resource reservation protocol (RSVP) is a network‐control protocol used to guarantee Quality‐of‐Service (QoS) requirements for real‐time applications such as Voice‐over‐IP (VoIP) or Video‐over‐IP (VIP). However, RSVP was designed for end‐systems whose IP addresses do not change. Once mobility of an end‐system is allowed, the dynamically changing mobile IP address inevitably impacts on RSVP performance. Our study aims to first quantify the significance of this impact, and then propose a modified RSVP mechanism that provides improved performance during handoffs. Our simulations reveal that the deployment of standard RSVP over Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) does not yield a satisfactory result, particularly in the case of VIP traffic. Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) was found to be providing the best performance in all tested scenarios, followed by Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) with a single exception: during low handoff rates with VoIP traffic, MIPv6 outperformed HMIPv6. We then designed a new RSVP mechanism, and tested it against standard RSVP. We found that the proposed approach provides a significant improvement of 54.1% in the Total Interruption in QoS (TI_QoS) when deployed over a MIPv6 wireless network. For HMIPv6, performance depended primarily on the number of hierarchical levels in the network, with no improvement in TI_QoS for single‐level hierarchy and up to 37% for a 5‐level hierarchy. FMIPv6 on the other hand, provided no room for improvement due to pre‐handoff signaling and the tunneling mechanism used to ensure a mobile node (MN)'s connectivity during a handoff, regardless of the RSVP mechanism used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal MAC packet size in networks without cut-through routing

This paper presents an analytical method of optimal breaking of a transmission control protocol (TCP)/Internet protocol (IP) message into medium access control (MAC) packets in networks without cut-through routing (such as networks compliant with the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standard). The method accounts for the transmission delay of acknowledgement frames, the sliding window flow control in TCP/IP protocol, error control via retransmissions, and heterogeneity of transport parameters (link-to-link and upstream-downstream) along a multihop network path. Mathematically, the problem consists in minimizing the TCP/IP message transaction time, a nonlinear function of the MAC packet size, in the presence of a set of linear restrictions. Throughput calculations illustrating this method are performed using IEEE 802.11 data.