A passive EMI filter with access to the ungrounded motor neutral line—Its effect on attenuating bearing current

This paper describes the effect of a passive EMI filter on preventing bearing current from flowing inside an inverter‐driven motor. Motor‐bearing damage is often caused by bearing currents resulting from the breakdown of grease films in the motor bearing. The high‐frequency common‐mode voltage generated by the PWM inverter induces a shaft voltage between the rotor and the frame. When the shaft voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the grease films, a destructive instantaneous discharge current with a peak value of about 1 A flows through the motor bearing. The passive EMI filter, which is unique in access to the motor neutral line, can reduce the shaft voltage as a result of eliminating the high‐frequency common‐mode voltage from the motor terminals. Hence, no breakdown occurs in the grease film, so that no bearing current flows. The viability and effectiveness of the passive EMI filter is verified by experimental results obtained from a 400‐V, 3.7‐kW laboratory system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(2): 78– 87, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20489     

A three‐phase voltage‐source PWM inverter system characterized by sinusoidal output voltage with neither common‐mode voltage nor normal‐mode voltage

This paper deals with an inverter system integrating a small‐rated passive EMI filter with a three‐phase voltage‐source PWM inverter. The purpose of the EMI filter is to eliminate both common‐mode and normal‐mode voltages from the output voltage of the inverter. The motivation of this research is based on the well‐known fact that the higher the carrier or switching frequency, the smaller and the more effective the EMI filter. An experimental system consisting of a 5‐kVA inverter, a 3.7‐kW induction motor, and a specially designed passive EMI filter was constructed to verify the viability and effectiveness of the EMI filter. As a result, it is shown experimentally that both three‐phase line‐to‐line and line‐to‐neutral output voltages look purely sinusoidal as if the inverter system were an ideal variable‐voltage, variable‐frequency power supply when viewed from the motor terminals. This results in complete solution of serious issues related to common‐mode and normal‐mode voltages produced by the inverter. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(4): 88–96, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10206     

PWM电机驱动系统中共模电压和轴电压的抑制

为了抑制PWM驱动电机系统中的高频共模电压和轴电压.提出一种无源滤波器拓扑结构.通过对传导干扰传播途径的分析,设计滤波器拓扑结构及其参数.该滤波器包括了一个共模滤波器和一个差模滤波器,连接在PWM逆变器的输出侧及整流器的输入侧,共模滤波器分别消除逆变器输出侧与电机之间的共模电压及整流器交流侧的共模电压,差模滤波器消除三相线和线之间的高频差模电压及衰减电机终端出现的过电压.实验结果表明本文提出的方法有效地抑制了共模电压和轴电压,并且使系统的传导干扰发射在整个频段内均不超标,验证了所提出无源滤波器拓扑结构的正确性及参数选择的有效性.     

Characteristics comparison of high‐frequency multilevel inverter connected with filter inverters

This paper presents a characteristics comparison of a high‐frequency multilevel inverter connected with small‐ capacity filter inverters. In general, PWM inverters require a low‐pass filter in order to reduce switching harmonics. However, in the high‐frequency systems such as class D power amplifiers, the cutoff frequency of the low‐pass filter must be set at high frequency. Thus, harmonic distortion of the output voltage is enlarged to a harmful level. Increasing the number of output voltage levels is effective in reducing the harmonic distortion of the output voltage and the low‐pass filter size. The proposed systems consist of a five‐level inverter and several cascade‐connected low‐voltage full bridge inverters without any external DC power sources for filtering the output voltage. The five‐level inverter generates a stepwise waveform with five‐level voltage, and the low‐voltage filter inverter superimposes harmonic components to compensate for the voltage waveform distortion. Therefore, the proposed system can reduce its total switching loss and can increase the number of the output voltage levels. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed systems is verified through several experiments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(3): 58–65, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20373     

CLC型PWM逆变器端无源滤波器的设计

由于PWM逆变器输出电压中含有较多的高频分量,所以逆变器输出端必须加入低通滤波器来减小谐波含量.借鉴在PWM逆变器与电机之间插入共模变压器来消除逆变器输出端共模电压的方法,通过分析共模变压器带有漏感时的等效电路,提出了一种新型的CLC型逆变器端无源滤波器.利用共模变压器产生的漏感代替差模电感来抑制差模电压dv/dt,同...     

变频器驱动系统滤波器设计研究

由于PWM逆变器输出的脉冲电压在电机接线端子及绕组上产生了差模电压和共模电压;特别是当逆变器通过长线电缆与电机连接时,会在电机端产生电压反射现象,从而在电机端形成很大的过电压,危害电气设备的安全运行。通过对PWM逆变器驱动电机系统产生差模和共模电压机理分析的研究,在变频器输出端抑制电机端差模电压的RLC滤波器的基础上,提出一种改进型变频器输出端无源滤波器的方案,并给出了参数的设计方法。该滤波器可对共模及差模电压同时起到抑制作用,仿真结果验证了该滤波器设计方案的有效性,为变频器驱动系统滤波器设计研究提供理论依据。     

变频调速系统应用中共模干扰问题及其分析模型

讨论了交流变频调速系统中普遍存在的共模干扰问题,包括电机轴承损坏、局部绕组绝缘击穿和电磁干扰(EMI).通过对双PWM变频调速系统共模干扰机理的研究,建立了变频调速器、传输电缆及交流电机的共模等效电路,分别用于对轴电压和轴电流的研究及仿真.提出了通过控制整流器和逆变器的PWM开关相位,有效降低变频调速系统共模电压的方法.     

A novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter with a series active filter

High‐power utility interactive inverters used for large‐capacity energy storage systems are composed of multiple connected inverters, in order to realize high efficiency and high performance of the harmonic elimination characteristic simultaneously. Some disadvantages of multiple connected inverters, such as harmonic current flowing from an inverter unit to the other one, and increase of the number of inverter units, cannot be overcome easily. This paper presents a novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter, which is composed of a large power with low‐switching‐frequency PWM inverter (high‐power PWM inverter), an LC passive filter, and a series active filter (series AF). Because harmonic components contained in the utility line current are absorbed by the series AF, the switching frequency of the PWM inverter can be selected to about 1 kHz. In addition because the power capacity and the output voltage of the series AF can be suppressed lower than 10% of the power capacity and the output voltage of PWM inverter, low‐voltage and high‐speed power devices can be applied to the series AF. Consequently, high power, high efficiency, and high harmonics elimination performance can be realized without increasing the number of inverter units. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 57–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10048     

Identification of the parameters of the high‐frequency equivalent circuit of PM synchronous motor based on genetic algorithm

This paper presents an identification technique of parameters of a high‐frequency equivalent circuit of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) driven by a PWM inverter. The high‐frequency oscillatory currents such as leakage current to the motor frame (common‐mode current) and high‐frequency oscillatory line current (normal‐mode current) are generated by switching instants of inverter transistors. The parameters of the high‐frequency equivalent circuit of PMSM which can simulate the oscillating current are identified by means of genetic algorithm. It is shown that the high‐frequency equivalent circuit with identified parameters can generate the oscillating current by some simulation results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(4): 57–66, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20717     

PWM逆变器输出端共模与差模电压 dv/dt滤波器设计

PWM逆变器直接驱动电机时会产生较高dv/dt的共模电压,并由此产生轴承电流和共模漏电流以及严重的电磁干扰(EMI).特别是当逆变器通过长线电缆与电机连接时,由于电缆中分布参数的影响,会在电机端产生电压反射现象,从而在电机端会产生2倍以上的过电压,导致线圈绝缘失败.本文通过对PWM逆变器驱动电机系统产生的共模以及差模电压分析,提出了一种改进型的逆变器端无源滤波器,并给出了参数的设计方法.与传统的滤波器相比,该滤波器可对共模及差模电压dv/dt同时起到抑制作用,从而减小了由此产生的负面效应.实验结果验证了该滤波器的有效性.     

一种消除PWM逆变器驱动系统中电动机端轴电压和轴承电流的前馈有源滤波器

为抑制由PWM逆变器输出的共模电压而导致电机轴承的损坏，提出了前馈有源滤波器。滤波器包括无源共模电压检测网络，推挽电路以及四绕组共模变压器。滤波器输出与共模电压幅值相同极性相反的补偿电压，将其叠加到逆变器输出上，从而达到消除共模电压进而消除轴电压和轴承电流的目的。文中还给出了部分滤波器参数的确定方法。仿真和实验结果验证了该滤波器可以显著地抑制电机端共模电压，从而减小了变频器输出的负面影响如轴电压，轴承电流等。延长了轴承的寿命，提高了PWM驱动系统的可靠性。     

A low‐loss snubber for reducing motor terminal surge voltage

The development of an advanced Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) has enabled high‐frequency switching operation and has improved the performance of PWM inverters for motor drive. However, the IGBT's high rate of dv/dt has adverse effects on motor insulation stress. In many motor drive applications, the inverter and motor are separated, requiring long motor feeds. The long cable contributes high‐frequency ringing at the motor terminal and results in high surge voltage which stresses the motor insulation. The inverter output filter and RDC snubber are the conventional method for reducing the surge voltage. In this paper, we propose a new low‐loss snubber to reduce the motor terminal surge voltage. The snubber consists of the series connection of chraging/discharging capacitor and the voltage‐clamped capacitor. At IGBT turn‐off, the snubber starts to operate when the IGBT voltage reaches the voltage‐clamped level. Since dv/dt is decreased by snubber operating, the peak level of the surge voltage can be reduced. Also the snubber operates at the IGBT voltage above the voltage‐clamped level, and the snubber loss is largely reduced compared with the RDC snubber. The proposed snubber enables reduction of the motor terminal surge voltage with low loss. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(4): 64–72, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10378     

一种消除PWM逆变器输出共模电压的前馈有源滤波器

提出了一种消除PWM逆变器输出共模电压的前馈有源滤波器，包括无源共模电压检测网络，推挽电路以及四绕组共模变压器。滤波器输出与共模电压幅值相同极性相反的补偿电压，将其叠加到逆变器输出上，从而达到消除共模电压的目的。给出了部分滤波器参数的确定方法。结果表明，该滤波器可以显著地抑制电机端共模电压，从而减小了变频器输出的负面影响。     

Filter‐based perturbation control of low‐frequency oscillation in voltage‐mode H‐bridge DC–AC inverter

This paper presents a new additional perturbation control method for suppressing low‐frequency oscillation in voltage‐mode H‐bridge DC–AC inverter. The stability boundary of the H‐bridge inverter is investigated from its small‐signal averaged model. High input voltage and light load would cause low‐frequency oscillation in this system. To this end, a filter‐based perturbation control (FBPC) is proposed for eliminating this oscillation, by using an analog filter to extract the unexpected signal and applying it to the control loop. Theoretical results show a larger stability range of the controlled system with the proposed FBPC. The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed controller can control the low‐frequency oscillation in H‐bridge DC–AC inverter well. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Iron Loss Calculation of AC Filter Inductor for Three‐Phase PWM Inverters

In recent years, remarkable advancement of new power semiconductor devices, such as SiC and GaN, enables the increase of switching frequency of power converters, and hence the volume of passive components, such as ac filters and transformers, can be reduced. However, temperature rise caused by the inductor loss is increasing, and hence iron loss evaluation of the inductor is one of the most important issues to realize high power density converters. Conventionally, an improved generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) has proposed in order to calculate the iron loss under a pulse voltage magnetizing condition. However, accurate iron loss calculation of the ac filter inductor used in a PWM inverter cannot be realized. The authors have proposed two methods of iron loss evaluation of ac filter inductors. The first one is a loss map method which can calculate the iron loss without using a real PWM inverter. Another one is an ILA (Inductor Loss Analyzer) which can measure the iron loss in every switching period in a real PWM inverter. In this paper, comparisons of the iron loss between the ILA and the loss map method on both the single‐phase and three‐phase inverters are studied. It is found that iron loss of the ac filter inductor in the three‐phase PWM inverter which is calculated by the loss map method cause a large error on a specific condition. In order to prevent the calculation error, the authors proposed a revised loss map method and proved the effectiveness of the method.     

PWM逆变器输出有源滤波技术及其发展

由三相PWM逆变器产生的共模和差模电压可以在电机驱动中产生足够大的共模和差模电流，文章首先指出系统在高频工作时逆变器输出的电压中的共模和差模谐波分对电机产生的危害，然后分析了PWM逆变器输出有源滤波器原理；对减小或消除这些危害所采取的不同方案进行了评估，从而得出减小或消除这些危害的最佳方案。     

改进式SHEPWM对三电平变频器系统的共模电压和轴电压的抑制作用

降低三电平中点钳位式变频器驱动电机的共模电压和轴电压,减小轴电流,对预防定子绕组绝缘击穿和延长轴承寿命以及减小电磁干扰等具有重要意义。使用改进型特定谐波消除脉宽调制技术,选择消除变频器输出共模电压中的低频分量,再使用共模滤波器滤除剩余的高频分量,在电机端得到了较低的共模电压和轴电压。并对有、无共模滤波器以及在工频电网供电下的共模实验数据进行了对比分析,结果证实该方法简单高效。     

新型PWM逆变器输出无源滤波器的研究

研究了变频器在长线传输时产生的过电压问题，理论分析表明，电动机端过电压与PWM变频器采用的开关器件上升时间和PWM变频器与电动机之间的电缆长度密切相关：上升时间越短，电缆长度越长，电压反射现象越显著，过电压也越高。为消除PWM变频器长线传输时在电动机端产生的过电压等负面效应，提出了一种逆变器输出无源滤波器。实验研究验证了该滤波器能够将变频器输出的PWM电压滤成近似正弦波，从而有效地抑制电动机端的过电压。这种滤波器还可以有效降低共模电压。文中分析了这种滤波器的共模结构及其可以降低共模电压的原因，实验验证了设计思想的正确性。同一种结构的滤波器能够同时消除差模dv／dt和共模电压，减小了滤波器的体积和成本，结构简单，是一种消除逆变器输出负面效应的有效手段。     

Three‐Phase AC Filter Inductor Design for Three‐Phase PWM Inverter for Conversion Efficiency Improvement at Low Load

The inductor losses in a three‐phase ac filter inductor used in a three‐phase pulse‐width modulation (PWM) inverter are evaluated. First, a three‐phase inductor is designed to obtain the same value of inductance for each phase. Then, based on the design, a three‐phase inductor that uses two magnetic materials is proposed. The conversion efficiency of a 1 kVA three‐phase PWM inverter that uses the conventional and proposed ac filter inductors is simulated. Simulation results show that conversion efficiency improves. Finally, the conversion efficiency of an actual three‐phase 1 kVA PWM inverter that uses the conventional and proposed ac filter inductors is measured. In the experiment, the conversion efficiency obtained for the case of the proposed inductor improves by approximately 1% at low power load as compared to the conventional inductor. Furthermore, the calculated inductor losses are in good agreement with measured losses. Improvement in efficiency is verified trough simulations and experiments.     

Method for Diffusing Carrier Noise under Zero‐Speed Condition using a Zero‐Sequence Voltage

In this paper, a technique is proposed to reduce the carrier noise of pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters for a permanent magnet motor drive. The carrier noise is generated by the motor and the reactor driven by the inverter and affected by the switching frequency. When a motor rotates and drives a machine, the carrier noise is hidden by the machine noise. However, when the motor speed is approximately zero, the carrier noise becomes dominant and raucous. The typical method to reduce the noise employs a switching frequency higher than the audible frequency of human hearing. However, the increase in switching frequency results in the inverter suffering a higher switching loss and lower efficiency. In particular, when the permanent magnet motor operates at approximately zero‐speed and full‐load, for example, in the hill‐start conditions of electric vehicles and the start and stop conditions of elevators, the current flows in specific power devices and the switching loss further increases. The proposed technique uses a zero‐sequence voltage, which is generated randomly with the M‐sequence signal, and diffuses the frequency components of the ripple contained in the current. The technique is able to reduce the noise without increasing the switching frequency of the inverter when the motor speed is almost zero. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique can diffuse the carrier noise and the cycle of the M‐sequence signal changes the diffusion effect of the carrier noise.