Factors affecting the dyeability of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acid

Improved dyeing properties of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids are produced by addition of reactive nitrogenous additives, such as alkanolamines and hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts, to the treatment formulation. Both N-methylolamides and polycarboxylic acids are effective for crosslinking cotton and bonding reactive nitrogenous additives to the cellulosic substrate, but dyeing characteristics of the finished fabrics are very different. In this study, the influence of the reactive additives and dyebath pH on the colour yields of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids and then dyed with anionic dyes were determined. Emphasis is on the dyeing properties of cotton finished with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or citric acid non-formaldehyde crosslinking agents, and alkanolamine hydrochloride or hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salt additives.     

Electrostatic self‐assembly dyeing of cotton fabrics

A new approach to the dyeing of cotton fabrics using an electrostatic self‐assembly method was evaluated. Cotton fabrics were pretreated with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonuium chloride and cationic charges were produced on the fabric surfaces. For the dyeing of cotton fabric, reactive and acid dyes were used. Oppositely charged anionic reactive/acid dyes and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were alternately deposited on the surface of cationised cotton fabrics. Ten multilayer films of dye/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were deposited on the cotton fabric surfaces using a padder. The build‐up of the multilayer films and the level of colour strength (K/S) achieved are discussed. Samples of cotton fabrics were also dyed with the same dyes, but using the exhaust method, and both types of dyed samples were compared. The washing, rubbing and light fastness properties were evaluated for the dyed fabrics.     

Single-step dyeing and finishing treatment of cotton with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid

A single-step dyeing and finishing (SDF) process was developed to eliminate dyeing problems associated with cotton crosslinked by polycarboxylic acid such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). This process consisted of several steps: (a) impregnation of the fabric by the bath containing BTCA, dye, and catalyst; (b) drying; and (c) curing at high temperature. Color strength (K/S) and dye fixation of cotton treated by the SDF process were excellent, especially with reactive dyes containing mono- or dichlorotriazinyl compounds and, in some cases, were higher than those of the sample dyed by a conventional batch process without finishing treatment. The presence of dye in the SDF process did not interfere with crosslinking of cotton. We believed that the reaction occurred between carboxyl groups of BTCA and s-triazinyl groups in reactive dyes in the presence of imidazole and other catalyst. FTIR, Raman, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies were used to confirm the mechanism of dye fixation. Elemental analysis also supported this mechanism. The SDF process can be an excellent way to dye fabric that also requires crosslinking treatment for smooth drying appearance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

高阳离子化度叔胺型聚丙烯酰胺在活性染料无盐染色中的应用(英文)

Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the absence of electrolyte. The effects of the characteristics of the cationic agent and the pretreatment conditions on dyeability of reactive dye were investigated. The results showed that the fixation and K/S values of the reactive dyes on the cationic cotton were improved compared with those on the un-treated one in the presence of salt. Tests on fastness properties of the dyed cotton and fabric quality of the pretreated cotton were carried out and the results showed that wash and rub fastness of the salt-free dyeing were both satisfactory. And anti-crease property, tensile and tear strength, and handling of the cationic cotton were also good compared with that of the untreated one.     

Adsorption and fixation behaviour of CI Reactive Red 195 on cotton woven fabric in a nonionic surfactant Triton X‐100 reverse micelle

To achieve the goals of saving water and being salt‐free in the coloration of cotton fabric with reactive dye, nonionic reverse micelles were prepared and optimised with a surfactant, Triton X‐100, n‐octanol and isooctane by injecting a small amount of CI Reactive Red 195 aqueous solution. The adsorption, diffusion and fixation of this dye on cotton fabric in Triton X‐100 reverse micelle and bulk water were then investigated. The equilibrium and kinetic data of the dye adsorption process were evaluated. The colour strength and fixation rate of cotton fabrics dyed in the micelle and in bulk water were also examined and compared. The results indicated that the amount of dye adsorbed increased with the increasing temperature and the initial dye concentration. The dye adsorption process could be described using the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equations. It was found that CI Reactive Red 195 showed a stronger adsorption property on cotton fabric in Triton X‐100 reverse micelle than in bulk water without the addition of sodium chloride. Using Triton X‐100 reverse micelle as the dyeing medium offered the reactive dye better diffusion performance within the cotton fibre as compared with bulk water. Moreover, higher fixation of the dyes absorbed on the cotton fibre was achieved when the optimum concentration of sodium carbonate was used as the alkali agent in Triton X‐100 reverse micelle.     

大豆/PTT微胶囊分散染料/活性染料一浴一步法染色

探讨了纯碱和氯化钠用量、染料浓度对微胶囊分散蓝2BLN/活性染料(活性蓝KN-R、活性深蓝B-2GLN和活性蓝K-3RL)一浴法染色大豆/PTT混纺织物表观色深K/S值的影响,测定了不同染色工艺对染色织物牢度的影响.结果表明:当染料总用量为2％(o.w.f.),纯碱用量1g/L,氯化钠用量20 g/L,95℃条件下保温30分钟时,可使大豆/PTT混纺织物获得较高的表观色深.     

Effect of solvent induced hydroxylation of cyanoethyl group on dye uptake of cotton fabrics

The present investigation deals with the dyeing behavior of solvent induced cyanoethylated cotton fabric. The modified cotton fabric was dyed by conventional method with commercial reactive dye (Drimarene Red). It is observed that acetone induced cyanoethylated samples exhibit higher color values than ethanol treated samples. The effect of nitrogen content on the dye uptake of modified fabric is assessed which shows a good correlation between them. It is obvious that crystallinity has a noticeable effect on the dye uptake of both solvent modified fabrics. For convenience and comparison, a set of samples are also dyed without addition of salt, alkali, and both. It is evident that even without addition of salt, alkali and both the samples exhibit a significant dye uptake. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Dyeing of cotton and jute with tea as a natural dye

Cotton and jute fabrics were dyed with an aqueous extract of tea, containing tannins as the main colorant species. The dyeing was carried out with and without metal salts as mordants, using three different dyeing methods: pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. The resulting wash and light fastnesses of the dyed fabrics were good to excellent. The colour of the fabrics was investigated on computer colour matching system in terms of K/S , and CIELAB colour-difference values. Deep shades ( K/S = 3.9) were obtained for jute in acidic media, while cotton fabrics could be dyed in medium depths ( K/S = 2.0) under identical conditions of dyeing.     

核桃青皮醇提物对棉织物染色性能的研究

为解决天然染料核桃青皮染色色调单一的问题,以颜色特征值和染色牢度为指标,通过单因素和正交实验优化了影响染色效果的温度、时间、pH值及核桃青皮色素染液的质量浓度等因素,比较了单金属盐的不同媒染方法和双金属盐复配对纯棉织物染色性能的影响。结果表明,核桃青皮色素染色的优化条件为：温度90oC、质量浓度71.40 g/L、染浴pH=4.0、时间140 min。核桃青皮提取液染色棉织物色谱的范围广,耐摩擦牢度好;耐皂洗牢度上单金属盐媒染是后媒＞前媒＞同浴＞直接染色,双金属盐复配及Fe3+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Al3+、Cr6+等单金属盐媒染的耐皂洗色牢度均能达到3级以上。X-射线衍射分析表明棉织物内部结构未受影响,Fe3+、Fe2+、Cr6+、Sr2+、Na+和K+等单金属盐和Fe2+/Cu2+、Fe2+/Ti4+、Cu2+/Ti4+、Cu2+/Sn2+、Al3+/Cr6+、Cr6+/Ti4+和Cr6+/Sn2+等双金属盐媒染后的棉织物紫外线防护能力增强。     

Pretreatment of cotton fabrics with polyamino carboxylic acids for salt‐free dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes

In this study, polyamino carboxylic acids have been used to improve the dyeability of cotton in a salt‐free reactive dyeing process. These polyamino carboxylic acids were prepared by partial carboxylation of polyvinylamine. Cotton fabric was pretreated with polyamino carboxylic acids and dyed with reactive dyes. The colour strengths of the dyed fabrics were evaluated by measuring the K/S values. The fastness properties (washing, rubbing and light fastness) of the dyed cotton fabrics were also measured. The pretreatment of cotton with polyamino carboxylic acids creates positive charges on the fabric surface. In this way, salt‐free reactive dyeing of cotton or dyeing with only a small amount of electrolyte is possible.     

竹/棉混纺织物活性染料染色使用代用碱固色的工艺探讨

通过代用碱TF-221和常规纯碱对活性染料浸染固色的对比实验,测定了碱剂在染色浴固着反应中pH值的动态变化值。通过染色K/S值、各项色牢度、上染速率的对比实验,讨论了代用碱TF-221在活性染料染色中代替纯碱作为固色剂的作用效果,并测定两种工艺染色后织物的强力变化,找到合适的固色工艺。实践证明:代用碱TF-221完全可以代替纯碱用于活性染料染色对竹/棉混纺织物染色时的固色,其固着浴pH值稳定范围符合活性染料的染色特征,可以获得与使用纯碱相当或高于的K/S值和染色牢度,且上色缓慢,起到匀染作用;染色后织物的强力无明显下降。     

降解壳聚糖在棉织物活性染料低盐染色中的应用

采用降解壳聚糖对棉织物进行预处理,比较处理前后棉织物活性染料染色的上染率、固色率及耐摩擦牢度,在此基础上研究低盐工艺对棉织物活性染料染色的上染率、固色率的影响。实验结果表明降解壳聚糖预处理棉织物显著改善活性染料染色性能,提高染料上染率,减少了染整加工过程中对环境造成的污染。降解壳聚糖预处理的最佳工艺条件:浸渍温度80℃、降解壳聚糖用量0.8%(owf)、浸渍时间30 min。     

双一氟三嗪活性染料的染色方法与染色性能

合成了一支含双一氟三嗪活性基团的活性染料并应用于棉纤维的染色。详细考察了染色温度、固色温度、加碱量以及加盐量对其染色结果的影响。结果表明,在染色温度90℃,Na2SO4用量70g/L,固色温度40～60℃,碱量（Na2CO3）0～3 g/L时染料的固色率可以达到87%。与同结构的含双一氯均三嗪活性染料相比,含氟活性染料的固色率提高13.5%。该染料具有较好的各项牢度性能。     

Dyeing of cotton with indigo using iron(II) salt complexes

The use of gluconic acid as a ligand for complexing iron(II) salts and for vat dyeing of cotton has been reported previously. The present paper reports the observations on the use of iron(II) salts complexed with such ligands as tartaric acid and citric acid for the reduction of indigo at room temperature and subsequent cotton dyeing. This study includes the measurement of reduction potentials of various iron complexes, their effect on dye uptake and the deposition of iron on dyed fabric.     

棉织物轧染微波固色工艺研究

采用HE型活性染料对棉织物进行轧染微波固色,研究了微波辐射功率、固色时间和电解质用量对表观得色量K/S值的影响.与传统的棉轧染堆置固色、常规浸染工艺进行了对比,研究了棉织物经微波固色后的匀染性、染色牢度和断裂强力等.实验结果表明:微波固色能得到接近常规染色的染色效果,且微波固色耗时短、工艺流程简单.     

Effect of the bio-salt trisodium citrate in the dyeing of cotton

Sodium chloride and trisodium citrate have been studied as exhausting agents for dyeing bleached cotton fabrics with reactive, direct and solubilised vat dyes. The effect of dye concentration, exhausting agent concentration, dyeing time and temperature were studied and the resulting shades obtained by dyeing with trisodium citrate and sodium chloride were compared. Dye uptake values were estimated and found to be higher for trisodium citrate than for sodium chloride. The total dissolved solids content of the spent liquors was lower with trisodium citrate than with sodium chloride.     

阳离子改性棉织物活性染料染色性能

用自制的阳离子改性剂对棉织物进行改性处理,用浓度为6%(o.w.f.)的活性红3BS、活性黄3RS、活性黑KN-B三种染料分别对改性后的棉织物进行无盐染色。分别讨论了上染速率曲线、移染性能对上染性能的影响。得到的最优固色工艺为:碳酸钠用量为10 g/L~15 g/L,在60℃下固色20分钟~30分钟。改性棉织物的匀染性良好,耐水洗色牢度和耐摩擦色牢度与常规染色基本一致。     

Treatment of cellulose with cationic,nucleophilic polymers to enable reactive dyeing at neutral pH without electrolyte addition

Reactive dyeing of cotton requires very high concentrations of salt, which pollutes freshwater courses. The dyeing effluent is highly colored as a result of high levels of hydrolysis of the dye, and high volumes of water are used in the wash‐off process to remove the hydrolyzed dye in order to achieve the excellent wash‐fastness levels expected. A substantive cationic, nucleophilic polymer was applied to cotton as a pretreatment agent prior to dyeing. This enabled salt and alkali to be completely eliminated from the dyeing process, significantly reducing the duration of the dyeing process and requiring less than 50% of the volume of water compared with those of the standard reactive dyeing processes. Dyeings secured using the pretreatment method required one simple washing stage to give wash‐fastness values equal to those observed for the standard reactive dyeings that required several wash‐off stages. The color strength of the pretreated dyeing was also slightly higher than that of the standard dyeings, and this was attributable to a reduction in dye hydrolysis and hence a higher fixation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1026–1031, 2003     

Prediction of recipes for cotton cationisation and reactive dyeing to shade match conventionally dyed cotton

Cationisation allows cotton to be dyed with anionic dyestuffs (including anionic pigment dispersions) without the need for salt, and with decreased usage of dye, water, and energy. Appropriate cationisation levels play a part in dyeing properties such as fabric levelness, in fastness properties such as lightfastness, and in the overall cost of the cationisation treatment. The objective of this work is to assess whether it is possible simultaneously to predict a dye recipe and cationisation treatment level for cotton to yield a colourless or nearly colourless dyebath at the completion of the dyeing to match the shade of conventional fibre reactive dyeing of cotton. It has been shown that it is possible to model a cold pad batch cationisation process, relate the colour yield data and cationisation level for individual dyes, and finally predict a dyeing recipe and the required corresponding cationisation treatment to match the shade of conventional fibre reactive dyeing of cotton. The predicted dye recipe and cationisation amount yield colourless or nearly colourless dyebaths at the conclusion of the dyeing process.     

Synthesis and application to cellulose of reactive dye precursor of anti‐bacterial N‐halamine

To achieve textile dyeing and functional finishing in one process, a bleach‐resistant reactive dye precursor to anti‐bacterial N‐halamine was synthesised by reacting a type of dichlorotriazine reactive dye with 4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine. The synthesised compound, which can be transformed to an N‐halamine molecule by exposure to dilute bleach solution, was used to dye cotton fabrics. After exposure to a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, dyed cotton fabrics showed excellent anti‐bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7, facilitating a ca. 6‐log reduction in bacteria within a short period of contact. Compared with the dichlorotriazine reactive dye, the reactive dye precursor demonstrated comparable dyeing properties including exhaustion and fixation values. No differences in rub fastness, wash fastness or bleach fastness were detected between fabrics dyed with, respectively, dichlorotriazine reactive dye and the reactive dye precursor to N‐halamine.