Colloidal properties of copolymer‐encapsulated and surface‐modified pigment dispersion and its application in inkjet printing inks

A styrene–maleic acid copolymer (PSMA)‐encapsulated 2‐[(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) azo]‐N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxobutyramide (PY74) dispersion was prepared by the phase‐separation technique. A surface‐modified PY74 dispersion was prepared with PSMA sodium as a dispersant by the milling method. Furthermore, the two dispersions were applied to formulate pigment inks. The colloidal properties of these two dispersions were compared. The printing and color performance of the prepared inks were also investigated. The results show that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion with a small particle size had higher stabilities of NaCl concentration, pH value, and temperature than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. The apparent viscosity of the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion changed little, while it changed greatly in the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion with an increase of the shear rate from 10 to 100 s⁻¹. The ink printing and color performance of printed Fabrics indicated that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion was more suitable for the preparation of inkjet printing ink than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Preparation of polyacrylamide via dispersion polymerization with gelatin as a stabilizer and its synergistic effect on organic dye flocculation

In this study, we successfully prepared a polyacrylamide (PAM) water‐in‐water (W/W) emulsion through dispersion polymerization with only a small concentration of gelatin as the stabilizer. Types of identical methods were used to study the structure of this material, among which Fourier transform infrared and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy indicated that the polymer was composed of PAM and a few gelatin, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) verified the W/W emulsion structure, and gel permeation chromatography confirmed the existence of the graft polymer of gelatin and PAM. In addition, TEM and dynamic light scattering confirmed the morphology and particle size distribution of the PAM W/W emulsion particles and demonstrated that the formation mechanism of the particles during the polymerization process was quite fitted with phase‐separation theory. The effects of the temperature, pH value, and gelatin concentration on the properties of the PAM W/W emulsion were also investigated systematically. Moreover, PAM W/W emulsions prepared with various gelatin concentrations were applied to the flocculation of Reactive Turquoise Blue K‐GL; it turned out that the PAM W/W emulsion had a higher removal efficiency with increasing gelatin concentration. Therefore, the PAM W/W emulsion could be regarded as an effective flocculant for wastewater treatment; it also showed an excellent redispersion ability in water and good storage stability. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46298.     

Properties of copper phthalocyanine blue encapsulated with a copolymer of styrene and maleic acid

Copper phthalocyanine blue was encapsulated with a copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSMA) via a phase‐separation technique, and a PSMA‐encapsulated pigment dispersion was prepared. The effects of the additive on the stability of the dispersion were studied. Scanning electron microscopy photographs revealed that the particles in the PSMA‐encapsulated pigment dispersion were more uniform than those in a PSMA‐dispersed pigment dispersion. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided evidence that the PSMA‐encapsulated pigment acquired abundant carboxylic groups that could improve its wettability to water. Moreover, the results also indicated that the PSMA‐encapsulated pigment dispersion had improved color strength, its stability could be greatly influenced by the pH value and ion strength, and its apparent viscosity changed little with an increase in the shear rate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Fabrication and characterization of cypermethrin nanocapsules in miniemulsion polymerization system

The nanoencapsulation of cypermethrin (CP) was carried out by miniemulsion polymerization, a convenient one‐pot encapsulation technique for nanocapsules. The encapsulation was achieved by polymerization inducing phase separation within minidroplets dispersed in an aqueous phase. For nanocapsules prepared in this way, the type of surfactant and initiator, the level of the crosslinking agent or chain‐transfer agent, and the monomer/CP ratio play a significant role in defining the end morphology of the latex particles. Specifically, for a styrene (St)/CP system, there were optimum levels of ionic surfactant (1.0 wt % sodium dodecyl sulfate), nonionic surfactant [0.5 wt % poly(ethylene glycol) monooctylphenyl ether], oil‐soluble initiator [1.0 wt % azobis(isobutyronitrile)], crosslinking agent (1.0 wt % divinylbenzene), and a St/CP ratio of 1 : 1 for obtaining well‐defined nanocapsules of CP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

细乳液聚合制备改性硅溶胶／聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液

常温下一步法制备改性硅溶胶,并通过细乳液聚合制备改性硅溶胶／聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液。考查了温度对聚合速率和单体转化率的影响以及不同乳化剂含量下聚合过程中乳胶粒粒径的变化情况;测试了乳胶膜的吸水率,并用接触角法表征了乳胶膜的表面自由能。     

Facile preparation of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles via a miniemulsion polymerization process

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles were prepared via a miniemulsion polymerization process. The chemical oxidative polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) occurred in the presence of β‐1,3‐glucan with the injection of an aqueous oxidant solution, and the nanodroplets of EDOT were transformed to PEDOT nanoparticles dispersed in the aqueous medium. The aqueous emulsion of PEDOT nanoparticles showed relatively long emulsion stability (> 8 weeks), and the recovered solid nanoparticles were also redispersible in deionized water without deposition. The size and size distribution of PEDOT nanoparticles could be controlled by adjusting the operating conditions of the ultrasonifier before the polymerization process. The building‐up of a shearing force decreases the size of the PEDOT nanoparticles and also causes the occurrence of a multimodal size distribution for the PEDOT nanoparticles. The electrical conductivity of the PEDOT nanoparticles was 0.28–1.20 S cm⁻¹. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Polymerization kinetics for the preparation of poly(p-divinylbenzene) via a miniemulsion polymerization process

The polymerization kinetics for the preparation of poly(p-divinylbenzene (p-DVB)) via a miniemulsion polymerization process was studied by the gravimetric analysis and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The influence of the variation of both initiator concentration and polymerization temperature on the polymerization rate was investigated and also the activation energy of p-divinylbenzene was estimated. The evolution of polymer particles was observed by the electronmicrographs and the relatively large size of polymer particles without the formation of coagulum was obtained in the miniemulsion polymerization process.     

Hydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing polymer latices as dispersants and binders for waterborne carbon black paint

Poly(styrene‐co‐butyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) latices were prepared by emulsion polymerization with alkali‐hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable cationic emulsifiers and were used as a dispersant and binder for waterborne carbon black (CB) paint. CB was dispersed in the latex solutions and then coated on filter paper pretreated with dilute aqueous Na₂CO₃ under mild conditions. The styrene (St)‐rich rigid copolymer latices easily dispersed the CB but fixed a little amount of the pigment on the paper surface. In contrast, the methacrylate‐ and acrylate‐rich soft latices tended to increase the adhesibility on it. We also demonstrated that the hydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing latices always had a higher adhesibility than the nonhydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing ones. Thus, the hydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing latices with an appropriate St content had the highest paintability, rapid adhesion, quick drying, reduced fading, superior fastness, and so on. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3869–3873, 2013     

细乳液聚合法制备PUA杂合乳液研究进展

聚氨酯-丙烯酸酯(PUA)杂合乳液可以弥补聚氨酯乳液和丙烯酸酯乳液各自的不足,使聚氨酯良好的耐磨性和机械性能与丙烯酸酯良好的耐候性与耐水性有机结合,从而达到优势互补.介绍了应用细乳液聚合法制备PUA杂合乳液的优势,综述了近年来细乳液聚合法在制备PUA杂合乳液的机理和应用研究方面的进展.     

Waterborne oil‐modified polyurethane coatings via hybrid miniemulsion polymerization

As part of a wider effort to develop a new class of waterborne coatings, hybrid miniemulsion polymerization was carried out with acrylic monomers (methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylic acid) in the presence of oil‐modified polyurethane resin. Latexes with different ratios of resin to acrylic monomers were synthesized. The monomer emulsions prepared for hybrid miniemulsion polymerization showed excellent shelf‐life stability (>5 months) and the polymerization was run free of coagulation. Solvent extraction indicated that the grafting efficiency of polyacrylics was greater than 29% for all the samples produced. A ¹³C solution NMR spectrum showed that a substantial fraction of the original carbon double bonds (>61%) in oil‐modified polyurethane remained after polymerization for film curing. Films obtained from the latexes presented good adhesion properties and fair hardness properties. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 105–114, 2000     

Comparison of disperse dye exhaustion,color yield,and colorfastness between polylactide and poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Ten popular disperse dyes with different energy levels and chemical constitutions were used to compare their exhaustion, color yield, and colorfastness on polylactide (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Only two out of the 10 dyes had exhaustions higher than 80% on PLA at 2% owf. Five out of the 10 dyes had exhaustions less than 50%. All 10 dyes had more than 90% exhaustion on PET, whereas six of them had exhaustions of 98% or higher. There was no obvious pattern as for which energy level or which structure class provided dye exhaustion better than that of others. Although PLA had lower disperse dye exhaustion than that of PET, it had higher color yield. Based on the 10 dyes examined, the color yield of PLA was about 30% higher than that of PET. This means that even with low dye uptake, PLA could have a similar apparent shade depth as that of PET if the same dyeing conditions are applied. Our study supported that the lower reflectance, or reflectivity, of PLA contributes to the higher color yield of PLA than that of PET. A quantitative relation between the shade depth of PLA and PET based on their dye sorption was developed. Disperse dyes examined had lower washing and crocking fastness on PLA than on PET. The differences in class were about 0.5 to 1.0. If the comparison was based on the same dye uptake, the differences might be larger. The differences in light fastness between the two fibers were smaller than that in washing and crocking fastnesses. The light fastness of disperse dyes on PLA is expected to be even better if the comparison is based on the same dye uptake on both fibers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3285–3290, 2003     

微小乳液聚合制备丙烯酸酯杂化聚氨酯分散液

微小乳液聚合工艺技术在25~30年前即已问世,但用于丙烯酸酯杂化聚氨酯分散液的制备仅有10年历史。用该工艺技术可有效制得稳定的纳米级丙烯酸酯杂化聚氨酯分散液,其性能独特。本文阐述了微小乳液聚合工艺的原理、影响因素、存在问题和解决措施,并以实例说明之。     

Poly(vinyl alcohol) modified by KE reactive dyes as a novel proton‐exchange membrane for potential fuel‐cell applications

A new type of proton‐exchange membrane based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) modified KE reactive dyes (KE‐4BD) was prepared and evaluated as H⁺‐conducting polymer electrolytes. The effects of the content of KE‐4BD on the membrane H⁺ conductivity and water uptake were studied with an alternating‐current impedance technique and the method of weighing, respectively. Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy were used for the chemical and structural characterization of these membranes. With all of these properties, the optimal mass ratio between PVA and KE‐4BD was 1:0.5, and the resulting membrane exhibited a high proton conductivity (0.109 S/cm) at room temperature; this afforded a power density of 83.9 mW/cm² at 210.4 mA/cm² and an open‐circuit voltage of 810.8 mV. The PVA/KE‐4BD membranes showed a high oxidative stability in Fenton's reagent (3% H₂O₂ v/v, 2 ppm FeSO₄). Thermal analysis also showed that the membranes exhibited a significant improvement in thermal stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43019.     

Characterization of molecular structure of acrylic copolymers prepared via emulsion polymerization using A4F‐MALS technique

The study is primarily focused on the possibility to utilize organic asymmetric flow field‐flow fractionation (A4F) coupled to a multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) detector for the characterization of copolymers of methyl methacrylate with various acrylates prepared by emulsion polymerization. The effects of acrylate monomer type and content on the molar mass distribution and degree of branching of acrylic copolymers have been studied by A4F‐MALS using tetrahydrofuran as a carrier solvent. It has been found that the growing amount of acrylate results in the increase of molar mass, polydispersity, and branching degree as a result of chain transfer to polymer. Highly branched compact macromolecules with ultra‐high molar mass were identified in all copolymers containing a high level of acrylate. In contrast to size traditionally used exclusion chromatography, organic A4F‐MALS has been proved as a very efficient technique for the characterization of high molar mass acrylic emulsion copolymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40995.     

Facile preparation of agaraldehyde chitosan-based composite beads as effectual adsorbent especially towards amido black

Agaraldehyde and chitosan (CHI) functional beads as dye adsorbent were prepared under aqueous medium under ambient temperature and used for removing seven dyes from aqueous solutions. The resulting porous CHI-A_ald (R-A_ald-CHI) bio-beads were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. The dye removal efficiency was studied using seven dyes (amido black [AB], bromophenol blue, crystal violet, bismarck brown, cotton blue, methyl orange, methylene blue), but detail study was done on AB. AB adsorption was followed the Langmuir-isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics. The effects of adsorption parameters were investigated, and maximum AB 1506 mg/g was adsorbed under the optimum conditions. The linear and nonlinear forms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and two kinetic models pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order were studied. The results show that adsorption follow both isotherm model while for kinetics of adsorption follow pseudo-second-order. The results of this work showed that R-A_ald-CHI was encouraging adsorbent to remove dyes from wastewater, especially AB.     

Synthesis of polypyrrole‐modified TiO2 composite adsorbent and its adsorption performance on acid Red G

The adsorption–desorption characteristics of Acid Red G (ARG) on the polypyrrole‐modified TiO₂ (PPy/TiO₂) composite as a novel adsorbent was investigated. PPy/TiO₂ was synthesized via the in‐situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer in the prepared TiO₂ sol solution. Results from X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the formation of the PPy/TiO₂ composite. The adsorption experiments showed that the modification of PPy substantially improved the adsorption and regeneration abilities of PPy/TiO₂. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved in a short time of 20 min, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found for PPy/TiO₂, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 179.21 mg/g. The regeneration experiments showed that PPy/TiO₂ could be successfully regenerated by simple alkali‐acid treatment. The adsorption efficiency of the regenerated PPy/TiO₂ adsorbent for ARG was still greater than 90% after regeneration for 10 times. Additionally, the adsorption efficiency of PPy/TiO₂ for the ARG effluent was still higher than 78% after adsorption–desorption for four times. It is expected that the PPy/TiO₂ composite can be considered as a stable adsorbent for the removal of dye. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Partially crosslinked P(SMA‐DMA‐St) copolymer in situ modified RGB tricolor pigment particles for chromatic electrophoretic display

RGB tricolor organic pigments were in situ modified by stearyl methacrylate‐2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐styrene random copolymer [P(SMA‐DMA‐St)] through solution polymerization. The modified particles were charged in tetrachloroethylene (TCE) with the aid of suitable charge control agent. The structure and electrophoretic property of ink particles were characterized by FTIR, TEM, PALS, et al. P(SMA‐DMA‐St) modification decreased the particles size and enhanced the suspending stability of the pigments in tetrachloroethylene due to the repulsive forces among the treated pigment particles resulting from the extending polyacrylate chain in the media. Partial crosslinking the P(SMA‐DMA‐St) on the pigment surface with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) helped to increase the Zeta potential and electrophoresis mobility of RGB electrophoretic particles. The maximum values of the Zeta potential for red, green, and blue electrophoretic particles reached ?36.2, ?57.7, and ?42.7 mV, respectively. The obtained RGB electrophoretic particles could be applied in the color/white dual‐particle electronic ink together with charged TiO₂ to show vivid color and white images under a DC electric field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Macroporous polymeric ion exchangers as adsorbents for the removal of cationic dye basic blue 9 from aqueous solutions

Two macroporous cation‐exchange resins, Purolite C145, a strongly acidic cation macroporous resin, and Purolite C107E, a weakly acidic cation‐exchange resin, were used to remove the dye Basic Blue 9 (BB9) from an aqueous medium. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to analyze the effect of various parameters, such as the phase contact time, initial dye concentration, initial solution pH, resin dose, and temperature. The experimental equilibrium data were evaluated by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) adsorption models. The Freundlich model better described the adsorption processes of the BB9 dye onto both cation exchangers, and the monolayer adsorption capacities were established as 31.9846 mg/g (C145) and 27.77 mg/g (C107E) at 20°C. The values of the mean free adsorption energy (E) obtained from the DR model suggested a porous structure of the adsorbents and proposed ion exchange at the main mechanism of the adsorption process. The values of the thermodynamic parameters showed that the retention of the cationic dye was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the sorbent and also to validate the adsorption mechanism as ion‐exchange ones. The desorption experiments by a batch method were performed with different solutions: 0.1 and 1 mol/L HCl, 2.5 mol/L H₂SO₄, CH₃OH, and a mixture between 1 mol/L HCl and CH₃OH. Desorption performed with sulfuric acid was shown to be most effective because more than 85% of the adsorbed dye was removed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39620.     

Simultaneous adsorptive removal of methylene blue and copper ions from aqueous solution by ferrocene‐modified cation exchange resin

Resin was modified with ferrocene (Fc) to enhance removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Cu²⁺ from simulated wastewater. The FTIR, N₂‐BET, and X‐ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that Fc was successfully grafted onto the surface of resin. The adsorption capacity of Fc modified cation exchange resin (FMCER) was calculated to be 392.16 mg/g Cu²⁺ and 10.01 mg/g MB. Both processes were spontaneous and exothermic, best described by Langmuir equation. Pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model satisfied the adsorption of MB, while the intraparticle‐diffusion model fitted the kinetics of Cu²⁺ adsorption best. The result revealed a multilayer adsorption of Cu²⁺ on FMCER, and the kinetics maybe controlled by intraparticle diffusion, film diffusion, and competition force. The adsorption of MB and Cu²⁺ on FMCER were physicosorptive, with activation energies of 2.09 and 1.27 kJ/mol. pH 2–7 and 4–5 are optimum for the removal of MB and Cu²⁺, and pH 4 is optimal for the simultaneous removal of MB and Cu²⁺. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41029.     

Mechanism involved in the dyeing of wool with an oil‐in‐water microemulsion system

This article investigates the influence of oil‐in‐water (o/w) microemulsions, used as media for both dye solubilization and dye baths, on the dye uptake on fiber surfaces. An acetic acid solution/Synperonic L7/benzyl alcohol microemulsion system was used to solubilize a water‐insoluble antimicrobial natural dye (C.I. Natural Orange 2) and to dye wool fabric at an acidic pH. The results clearly show that the dye exhaustion on the fabric took place mainly when the temperature of the dye bath promoted a change in the molecular organization of the microemulsions with the liberation of the dye solubilized in the oil droplets of the microemulsions. Although uniformly and evenly dyed fabrics were obtained, they showed very low wash fastness. To confirm the mechanism involved and to achieve dyed fabrics with good wash‐fastness properties, two different dyeing methods were also studied. The first method was dyeing at a constant low temperature, at which the o/w microemulsion remained a monophase system; the second one was dyeing at a high temperature, at which it was transformed into a multiphase system. Both the dye exhaustion and wash fastness improved considerably for the fabrics dyed at a high temperature. Moreover, uniform and even dyeing was achieved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008