A three‐phase constant‐current source using an immittance converter

The term immittance converter refers to an impedance–admittance converter. The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of the load connected across output terminals. In this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant‐voltage source into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source. It is well known that the quarter wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for the switching frequency, and is not suitable for power electronics applications. We thus proposed immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L, C and show improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency. A three‐phase constant‐current source is proposed in this paper. It is possible to realize this by a simple circuit using an immittance converter. In this paper, circuit operation, characteristic equations, and results of simulation are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(4): 47–54, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20078     

A T‐LCLC type immittance converter

“Immittance converter” is short for “impedance–admittance converter.” The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of the load connected across output terminals. In this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant voltage source into a constant current source and a constant current source into a constant voltage source. It is well known that the quarter‐wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has very long line length for the switching frequency, and is not suitable for power electronics application. Thus, we proposed immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L, C and show improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency. In this paper, we propose a T‐LCLC‐type immittance converter, which has the transitive configuration and both advantages of T‐LCL‐ and π‐CLC‐type immittance converters. We show voltage–current transformation characteristics and frequency characteristics and efficiency characteristics of the T‐LCLC immittance converter. These characteristics were determined analytically and experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(3): 57–63, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10095     

Hybrid‐type immittance converter

The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of a load connected across output terminals. Therefore, in this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant‐voltage source into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source. It is well know that the quarter‐wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for the switching frequency of converters and is not suitable for power electronics application. Thus, we proposed five types of immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L and C and showed improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency. The output characteristics and efficiency characteristics of an immittance converter are the most important parameter when it is used in practical applications in a high‐frequency link. In this paper, we show voltage–current transformation characteristics, current–voltage transformation characteristics, and efficiency characteristics of a hybrid‐type immittance converter which consist of L and C elements with losses. The excellent characteristics were confirmed analytically and experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 80–86, 2002     

Three‐phase immittance converter

The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of a load connected across its output terminals. In this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, a constant‐voltage source is converted into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source. The immittance converters consisting of only passive elements (inductors L and capacitors C) are suitable for use in the high‐frequency links in power electronics applications. Previously, we proposed several types of immittance converters and some applications to power electronics equipment. In this paper, we propose a new three‐phase immittance converter consisting of three L and C elements each to obtain an alternating current source from a three‐phase voltage source without control. This paper presents a configuration of the new three‐phase immittance converter that operates in either anti‐phase or in‐phase modes between the input voltage and the output voltage, and its voltage–current conversion characteristics and efficiency characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(1): 52– 58, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10169     

Immittance converters suitable for power electronics

An immittance converter has fine performance in many power electronics applications. Its function is to convert voltage sources into current sources and current sources into voltage sources. The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of loads connected across output terminals. Therefore, in this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant voltage source into a constant current source and a constant current source into a constant voltage source. When an immittance converter operates at a resonant frequency and is inserted to high-frequency link systems, voltage source outputs turn into current source outputs and current source outputs turn into voltage source outputs. Some power electronics applications of this converter are photovoltaic inverters and dc-dc converters with constant current outputs. It is well known that a quarter-wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for its switching frequency (e.g., 20 kHz), and is not suitable for power electronics applications. Therefore we propose five immittance converters that consist of lumped L and C elements and show the immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency. These immittance converters are much smaller and lighter than the transmission line. Their principles, basic circuits, and basic characteristics are described in this paper. We also evaluate their application to high-frequency link systems of power electronics. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 124(2): 53–62, 1998     

Noncontact energy transfer system using immittance converter

Noncontact energy transfer systems are widely used in industrial material handling systems. This paper proposes a new noncontact energy transfer system using a tuned pickup coil and an immitance converter inductively coupled to a parallel transmission line excited by a high‐frequency constant‐current source. In a noncontact energy transfer system which supplies continuous energy to movers by electromagnetic induction, the efficiency is low owing to low excitation impedance because of the wide air gap of the magnetic core in the pickup coil. The excitation impedance can be increased by the resonance with a capacitor connected parallel to the pickup coil. The resonant pickup coil works as a high‐frequency constant‐current source for the load. We propose using an immittance converter to transform the high‐frequency constant‐current source into a high‐frequency constant‐voltage source. Then, the high‐frequency constant‐voltage source is rectified into a constant‐voltage dc source, and supplies power to an inverter for motor driving. In this paper, the configuration of this new noncontact energy transfer system and its characteristics are described. The experimental results and simulation waveforms are also described. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 58–64, 2001     

Prediction of Behavior of Low‐Power Noncontact Charger

This paper proposes a method to predict the charging current, the output power, and the power transfer efficiency of a low‐power, noncontact charger with reasonable accuracy. The low‐power, noncontact charger model considered in this paper consists of a sinusoidal voltage source, a sending and receiving coil, a full wave rectifier circuit, and an AA nickel metal‐hydride battery. The capacitor that is connected in series in the sending coils of the low‐power noncontact charger model to improve the power factor was also examined. The self‐inductance, the mutual inductance, and the resistances of the coils were calculated using axisymmetric finite element analysis, and were substituted into the circuit equations. The circuit equations were solved by using the Runge‐Kutta method. The calculated charging current, output power, and power transfer efficiency were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

A power decoupling control method for an isolated single‐phase AC‐to‐DC converter based on a high‐frequency cycloconverter

This paper proposes a new power decoupling method for a high‐frequency cycloconverter which converts the single‐phase line‐frequency ac input to the high‐frequency ac output directly. The cycloconverter consists of two half‐bridge inverters, two input filter capacitors, and a series‐resonant circuit. The proposed power decoupling method stores the input power ripple at double the line frequency in the filter capacitors. Therefore, the proposed method achieves a unity power factor in ac input and a constant current amplitude in the high‐frequency output without any additional switching device or energy storage element. This paper theoretically discusses the principle and operating performance of the proposed power decoupling method, and the viability is confirmed by using an experimental isolated ac‐to‐dc converter based on the high‐frequency cycloconverter. As a result, the proposed power decoupling method effectively improved the displacement power factor in the line current to more than 0.99 and reduced the output voltage ripple to 4% without any electrolytic capacitor.     

Study and implementation of a 15‐W driver for piezoelectric actuators

This paper studies and implements a 15‐W driver for piezoelectric actuators. The discussed driver is mainly composed of a flyback converter and a power operational amplifier (P‐OPA). The flyback converter produces a variable DC voltage to supply the P‐OPA, which outputs an amplified sinusoidal signal with a DC bias of 100 V to drive the piezoelectric actuator. The power losses can be reduced because the supply voltage of the P‐OPA varies with the peak of the input signal. The power conversion efficiency of the driver can thus be promoted up to more than 30%. From the experimental results, the implemented prototype possesses some advantageous features, such as a nearly constant output‐to‐input voltage gain, a high slew rate, a high input impedance, a low output impedance, and low output voltage ripples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved control‐to‐output characteristics of a PWM buck‐boost converter

An indirect control variable for improving the control‐to‐output characteristics of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) buck‐boost converter is introduced in this letter. The voltage gain and the small‐signal model of the buck‐boost converter are reviewed. The actual voltage command at one input of the PWM comparator is from the proposed indirect control variable and the peak value of the high‐frequency PWM carrier. The resulted voltage gain function appears proportional to this indirect control command. Also the dependence of the DC gain of the control‐to‐output transfer function on the duty cycle is eliminated. Experimental results conform well to the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An extensible two‐phase high voltage‐boosting converter with automatic current balance

In this study, an extensible 2‐phase interleaved high step‐up converter with automatic current balance is presented. This converter uses coupled inductors and energy‐transferring capacitors to improve the voltage gain of the traditional 2‐phase interleaved boost converter as well as employs these energy transferring capacitors to do automatic current balance. Furthermore, the voltage gain can be enhanced not only by adjusting the turns ratio but also by increasing the numbers of phases, diodes, and energy‐transferring capacitors. Therefore, it can be used in high input current and high step‐up voltage applications. In this paper, the basic operating principles of the proposed converter are described and analyzed, and finally, its effectiveness is demonstrated by experiment. In addition, the field‐programmable gate array, named EP13T100C8N and manufactured by Altera Co, is used as a control kernel, and an experimental prototype, with input voltage of 12 V, output voltage of 200 V, and rated output power of 200 W, is given to provide the effectiveness of the proposed converter.     

Low‐voltage high‐performance current mirrors: Application to linear voltage‐to‐current converter

Current mirror is one of the basic building blocks of analog VLSI systems. For high‐performance analog circuit applications, the accuracy and bandwidth are the most important parameters to determine the performance of the current mirror. This paper presents an efficient implementation of a CMOS current mirror suitable for low‐voltage applications. This circuit combines a shunt input feedback, a regulated cascade output and a differential amplifier to achieve low input resistance, high accuracy and high output resistance. A comparison of several architectures of this scheme based on different architectures of the amplifier is presented. The comparison includes: input impedance, output impedance, accuracy, frequency response and settling time response. These circuits are validated with simulation in 0.18µm CMOS TSMC of MOSIS. In this paper, a linear voltage to current converter, based on the adapted current mirror, is proposed. Its static and dynamic behaviour is presented and validated with the same technology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于导抗变换器的ICPT恒流源补偿网络设计

针对感应耦合电能传输系统负载切换时输出电流不稳定问题,提出一种用于恒压输入、恒流输出的二次侧补偿网络。该补偿网络将松耦合变压器及补偿元件等效为导抗变换器,不仅可以实现输出电流与负载无关,而且可以保证系统处于完全谐振状态。依据互感模型,利用二端口理论建立了系统的阻抗模型,推导了输出电流与输入电压关系,给出了整个系统实现输出恒流以及单位功率因数输入的参数配置方法,并分析了主要参数对系统性能的影响。另外,对系统参数进行了优化设计,以便减小装置体积,降低成本。仿真与实验结果证明了理论分析的正确性。     

Non‐isolated large step‐down voltage conversion ratio converter with non‐pulsating output current

A non‐isolated dual half‐bridge large step‐down voltage conversion ratio converter with non‐pulsating output current, utilizing one coupled inductor, one energy‐transferring capacitor, and one output inductor, is presented herein. The coupled inductor is connected between the input voltage and the output inductor and plays a role to step down the input voltage. Furthermore, the output inductor is used not only to further step down the voltage but also to provide a non‐pulsating output current. Moreover, the proposed converter can achieve zero‐voltage switching. In this study, detailed theoretical deductions and some experimental results of a prototype with 48 V input voltage, 3.3 V output voltage, and 10 A output current are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and implementation of a high‐efficiency zero‐voltage‐zero‐current‐switching DC–DC converter

A high‐efficiency zero‐voltage‐zero‐current‐switching DC–DC converter with ripple‐free input current is presented. In the presented converter, the ripple‐free boost cell provides ripple‐free input current and zero‐voltage switching of power switches. The resonant flyback cell provides zero‐voltage switching of power switches and zero‐current switching of the output diode. Also, it has a simple output stage. The proposed converter achieves high efficiency because of the reduction of the switching losses of the power switches and the output diode. Detailed analysis and design of the proposed converter are carried out. A prototype of the proposed converter is developed and its experimental results are presented for validation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel quasi‐Z‐source indirect matrix converter

A new type of three‐phase quasi‐Z‐source indirect matrix converter (QZS‐IMC) is proposed in this paper. It uses a unique impedance network for achieving voltage‐boost capability and making the input current in continuous conduction mode (CCM) to eliminate the input filter. The complete modulation strategy is proposed to operate the QZS‐IMC. Meanwhile, a closed‐loop DC‐link peak voltage control strategy is proposed, and the DC‐link peak voltage is estimated by measuring both the input and capacitor voltages. With this proposed technique, a high‐performance output voltage control can be achieved with an excellent transient performance even if there are input voltage and load current variations. The controller is designed by using the small‐signal model. Vector control scheme of the induction motor is combined with the QZS‐IMC to achieve the motor drive. A QZS‐IMC prototype is built in laboratory, and experimental results verify the operating principle and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter. The simulation tests of QZS‐IMC based inductor motor drive are carried out to validate the proposed converter's application in motor drive. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单相Boost功率因数校正电路输入阻抗特性研究

建立了单相Boost功率因数校正电路输入阻抗的大信号模型,该模型完善了现存的低频模型,模型在推导的过程中认为输出电压恒定,忽略了1/2输入电压频率以上的电压环的动态效果。利用这个模型讨论了Boost功率因数校正电路的输入阻抗下跌与滤波电感,滤波电容,以及输入电压的频率变化关系。     

大型停车场直流充电桩输出侧低频纹波分量抑制

大型停车场用直流充电桩前级采用无电解电容滤波的三相不控整流电路,导致后级DC-DC变换器输出电流、电压中含有6倍工频纹波,严重缩短动力电池组的循环使用寿命。为此,从转移导纳的角度出发,对大型停车场直流充电桩输出侧的6倍频纹波分量的抑制方法进行了研究。首先建立了Superbuck变换器的小信号模型,得出恒流充电模式下系统的闭环转移导纳,并指出抑制输出侧的6倍频纹波分量的根本方法是减小闭环转移导纳在该频率处的幅值增益;然后基于该方法,得出了2种低频纹波抑制策略:提高系统的带宽和引入输入电压前馈;最后,通过一台1.8 kW/80 kHz仿真样机验证了理论的正确性。     

一种新型三相电流型逆变器的研究

提出了一种基于导抗变换器的新型三相电流型逆变器,并对其控制策略作了理论分析、仿真和实验研究.本系统利用导抗变换器的电压源-电流源变换特性,将输入直流电压变换为高频正弦电流,经高频变压器隔离及电流等级变换后进行裂相调制,输出为三相正弦电流.相比于传统的电流型逆变器,采用此方法不仅省去了直流侧电抗器,而且采用高频变压器替代了工频变压器,减小了隔离变压器及输出滤波器的体积,有利于装置的小型化和降低成本.仿真和实验结果证明了该方案的可行性及有效性.     

一种新型光伏并网逆变器控制策略

分析了导抗变换器的特性，详细推导了整个系统各点电压、电流，提出一种新颖的三角波-三角波调制方法，该控制策略克服了采用传统正弦波-三角波调制方法带来的并网电流谐波含量高、功率因数低的弊端。将导抗变换器和光伏并网逆变系统有机结合在一起，利用导抗变换器的电压源-电流源变换特性，将光伏电池阵列的直流电压变换为正弦包络线的高频电流，经过高频变压器隔离和电流等级变换，得到的高频电流再经过高频整流桥及工频逆变器逆变后并入电网，实现了电流源并网。相对传统的电流源型并网发电系统，采用该方法不仅省去了串联电感，而且用高频变压器取代了工频变压器，有利于实现装置小型化和降低成本。另外，利用电网电压过零信号控制工频逆变器，保证了并网电流和电网电压同步，进一步提高系统功率因数，实现正弦电流并网。通过实验证明了该控制策略的可行性，该方法非常适合分散式家用光伏并网发电系统。