Output power leveling of wind turbine generator by pitch angle control using H∞ control

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy is expected instead of the fossil fuels. Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of wind speed, which causes fluctuating power of wind turbine generator (WTG). In order to reduce the fluctuating power of WTG, this paper presents an output power leveling technique of WTG by pitch angle control using H_∞ control, and the control input of WTG linear model is separated from the disturbance. The simulation results using actual detailed model for WTG show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(4): 17–24, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20657     

Output power control of wind turbine generator by pitch angle control using minimum variance control

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy as a replacement for fossil fuels is highly desirable. Wind energy is not constant and wind generator output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the power output of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce output power fluctuations of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for wind farms based on both the mean and the standard deviation of wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and a pitch angle control method using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) intended for all operating regions of WTGs. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(2): 10–18, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20247     

蚁群算法在风电机组变桨控制中的应用

运行在额定风速以上区间时,变速变桨风力发电机组采用恒功率变桨控制方式,由于额定风速至切出风速之间的风速变化范围大且迅速,使得功率波动较大且频繁,传统PID变桨控制器难以达到很好的控制效果。本文提出的蚁群PID变桨控制器,利用蚁群算法的寻优特性来优化PID参数,使得恒功率变桨控制系统更具自适应性和鲁棒性。分析了风机的恒功率变桨控制,然后给出了蚁群算法优化PID参数的策略以及具体实现步骤。仿真与实验结果验证了蚁群PID变桨控制器的良好动态性能,其有效地减缓了额定风速以上风机的功率波动。     

采用双馈机组的风电场无功功率控制研究

现今双馈风力发电机已成为风力发电的主流机型,然而在故障期间,转子侧变流器在转子保护的作用下退出运行,不能向电网提供无功功率以保持系统稳定运行。分析了网侧变流器的无功调节能力,提出了电压外环和功率外环两种控制模型。在DIgSILENT/Power Factory 仿真软件中建立了包含风电场的三机九节点系统,仿真结果表明在故障情况下,与传统的单位功率因数控制相比,两种控制模型下的网侧变流器均能产生较多的无功,在一定程度上提高了风电接入系统的暂态电压稳定性。最后对比分析了网侧变流器采用两种控制模型时的无功特性。     

大规模海上风电场的双层分布式有功控制

传统集中式的风电场有功控制策略在风电场规模较大时面临中央控制器计算负担重、鲁棒性差等问题,完全分布式控制的收敛性受通信延迟和迭代次数的影响显著.为此,提出了一种双层分布式的控制结构.上层控制基于分布式一致性算法进行设计,降低通信系统的建设投资和缓解集中控制器的求解负担.下层控制采用基于模型预测控制(Model Pred...     

风电场功率控制策略的研究*

风速的不稳定性和间歇性使得风电机组的输出功率具有随机性和波动性。随着风电场容量的急剧增加,导致电力系统的稳定性和电能质量受到严重影响。文中搭建了双馈风力发电机组的数学模型和控制模型,采用了磁链定向矢量控制技术和电压定向矢量控制技术,针对风电机组的功率调控能力进行了深入研究与分析,提出了双馈风力发电机组的有功和无功控制策略。仿真结果表明该控制策略是合理的、可行的。     

大型风机的独立变桨控制方法

为了缓解风力发电机组由于风速扰动所造成的疲劳载荷,给出了一种基于RBF神经网络滑模独立变桨控制策略。通过分析风力机的基本特性,提出将RBF神经网络滑模功率控制单元和独立变桨控制单元相结合的控制方式。RBF神经网络滑模功率控制单元通过对发电机电磁转矩及桨叶桨距角的控制来平衡风力机的气动转矩,使风轮保持额度转速,实现稳定风电机组的输出功率的目的。而RBF神经网络独立变桨滑模控制单元通过实时微调风机桨距角,来优化功率控制单元的统一桨距角信号,实现缓解风机结构疲劳载荷的目的。最后,通过建立基于RBF神经网络滑模独立变桨控制的风力发电机组进行相应的仿真与实验,证明基于RBF神经网络功率控制和独立变桨滑模控制相结合的方法具有良好的控制效果,稳定风机输出功率的同时,极大地缓解风机的结构载荷,降低风力发电机组的维护成本。     

无模型控制器在风电变桨控制系统中的应用

由于风速、风向的随机性导致风力发电变桨距系统具有非线性、强耦合、大时滞等特点,难以准确建模。为改善系统动态性能,保证发电机输出功率恒定,将无模型控制器引入到风力发电变桨系统中。采用MATLAB软件的Simulink工具构建该模型并仿真。结果表明,在高风速段和额定风速附近,发生相同的风速变化值,无模型变桨控制系统通过桨距角的不同调节可以很快实现发电机的恒功率输出。另一方面,本文将该控制系统应用于风力发电机组运行测试,其运行结果与模拟结果一致。因此,本文设计的无模型变桨系统控制效果良好,优化了风电系统的稳定性。     

大型风电机组的比例-积分-谐振独立变桨距控制策略

提出一种用于降低风轮不平衡载荷的比例-积分-谐振独立变桨距控制策略,该控制器由比例-积分控制器和谐振控制器两部分组成,其中比例-积分控制器用于抑制不平衡载荷的1p(风轮旋转频率的倍数)分量,谐振控制器则用于抑制不平衡载荷的高频分量(2p、4p)。采用FAST软件对所提出的控制策略进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明所提出的控制策略可以在传统比例-积分控制的基础上,进一步降低风轮所承受的高频不平衡载荷。     

Reactive power control of wind farm made up with doubly fed induction generators in distribution system

In recent years, the number of small size wind farm made up with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) located within the distribution system is rapidly increasing. DFIG can be utilized as the continuous reactive power source to support system voltage control by taking advantage of their reactive power control capability. In this paper, considering both reactive power control and distribution network reconfiguration can be used to reduce power losses and improve voltage profile, a joint optimization algorithm of combining reactive power control of wind farm and network reconfiguration is proposed to obtain the optimal reactive power output of wind farm and network structure simultaneously. The proposed algorithm has been successfully implemented on the 16 bus distribution network and the results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm.     

风力发电机组独立变桨鲁棒自适应桨距角跟踪控制

在全面考虑风力发电机组桨叶所受各种载荷的情况下,建立了含有时变不确定项、未知载荷干扰的桨叶动力学数学模型,该模型精确描述了桨叶系统的非线性动力学行为。模型存在很多不确定时变参数和未知干扰项,针对这一复杂多变的桨叶模型,采用鲁棒自适应控制方法,成功设计了独立桨距角跟踪控制器。利用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)稳定性理论,证明了系统的稳定性。采用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件,建立了风力机组桨叶动力学仿真模型。仿真结果表明,所设计的桨叶桨距角控制器,在系统参数和所受干扰完全未知、不确定且时变的情况下,能够快速跟踪期望的桨距角,表现出良好的鲁棒性。     

基于模糊Smith预估的直驱风电机组变桨距控制器研究

在大型直驱风电机组中通常采用变桨距的方法来提高风能利用率,调节发电机组的有功功率。但由于风速变化的随机性和风力发电机组的非线性特点,传统的PID控制算法并不能取得令人满意的效果,为此提出了模糊Smith预估控制方法。在模糊理论和Smith预估控制理论的基础上,分别对模糊控制器和Smith预估控制器进行设计,最后将两者相结合,并在Simulink平台上搭建了模型,进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,所提方法在风速变化超过额定风速的情况下,能够通过控制桨距角使风力机转速稳定在额定值,实现直驱风电机组的恒功率控制。     

双馈风力发电机功角暂态行为及其控制策略

为研究电网扰动下双馈风力发电机(DFIG)暂态行为和抵御电网扰动的技术措施.针对单机无穷大系统,定义了DFIG功角并分析其暂态行为.由于DFIG的功角与转子位置无关,其暂态行为是电磁暂态过程,故具有快变特点.在电网故障扰动下,DFIG的功角可能大幅变化,通过相量图分析发现功角大幅变化是导致机端电压严重跌落和转子过载的主...     

Disconnection control of wind power generators for the purpose of reducing frequency fluctuation

This paper proposes a new approach for disconnection control of wind power generators to reduce the frequency fluctuation caused by wind power. The approach is based on the correlation between frequency and total output of wind power generators and the turbulence degrees of individual wind power generators. At a control center, frequency and all the outputs of wind power generators are monitored, and the correlation and the turbulence degrees are computed on‐line. If the large variation of frequency is detected, then whether the variation comes from the wind power generators or loads is checked by using the correlation. When the wind power generators cause the frequency variation, the wind power generator with maximum turbulence degree is searched and disconnected from the power systems. This search and disconnection process is repeated until the correlation reaches the level where the frequency variation observed is not caused by the wind power generators. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was confirmed with the simulation studies of a two‐area interconnected power system including many wind power generators. The results show that the correlation and the turbulence degree are useful for the reduction of frequency fluctuation so as not to disconnect too many wind power generators. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(1): 10–18, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20911     

变速变桨风电机组阵风控制策略

本着在阵风工况下,变桨控制器提前动作与快速动作的原则,结合变速变桨控制算法基本结构,在基本变桨控制器上增加功率桨距角发电机转速控制环,使桨距角能够在额定功率以下提前动作;在桨距角发电机转速控制环的比例项中增加非线性增益因子,使得变桨控制能在阵风下快速动作。仿真分析与现场测试结果表明,这2个阵风控制策略能有效地抑制与减少风电机组发电机由于超速带来的停机,一定程度上可以提高风电场发电量,降低风电机组机械载荷,提高电网稳定性。     

大型风电机组机组层AGC控制策略研究

针对传统控制策略下的风电机组输出波动性大、随机性强,需其他设备协调风电场出力的缺点,提出一种机组层WT-AGC控制策略,并对该控制策略的工作原理进行了详细的分析。在考虑风电机组运行状态及风电场调度要求的基础上,将WT-AGC策略下机组运行方式分为2种:调度指令高于机组最大出力能力的常规运行和调度指令低于机组最大出力能力的限功率运行。通过风电机组转速调节和变桨距机构动作配合,实现风电机组输出稳定,满足风电场调度要求,并对某实际双馈风电机组进行了仿真。结果表明该控制策略不但可以实现风电机组的可调度输出,而且提高风电机组并网后的功率稳定性,验证了所提策略的正确性。     

Maximum output power control system of variable‐speed small wind generators

This paper proposes a maximum output power control system for variable‐speed small wind generators. The proposed control system adjusts the rotational speed of a single‐phase AC generator to the optimum rotational speed, which yields the maximum output power according to the natural wind speed. Since this adjustment is performed on‐line in order to adapt to variations in wind speed, the rotational speed of the single‐phase AC generator is adjusted by controlling the generated current flowing in an FET (field‐effect transistor) device, serving as the generated power brake, which is linked directly to the single‐phase AC generator. In order to reduce heat loss from the FET device, a PWM (pulse width modulation) controller is introduced. An experimental model of the proposed control system was built and tested, and the validity and practicality of the proposed control system were confirmed by the experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 9–17, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20692     

基于最优占空比的风力发电机MPPT方法研究

针对目前已有的最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制方法的不足,为提高风力发电的最大风能利用效率,根据风力发电机和boost变换器的输出特性,在变风速条件下,通过给定最佳机械转矩,直接计算最优占空比,控制风机电磁转矩,实现最大功率追踪控制.针对GP-300和FD-5型直驱式永磁风力发电机,进行功率跟踪控制仿真实验,实验结果表明所提出方法的有效性和可靠性,并具有良好的工程应用前景.     

Maximum power control system for small wind turbine using predicted wind speed

This paper describes a novel approach of maximum power control for small wind turbines by using predicted wind speed data. Because of the moment of inertia of the wind turbine, when using conventional control method, the time lag of control will occur due to turbulence in the environment. Our proposed control system uses future information, which is the predicted wind speed, for wind turbine control. The control algorithm creates a reference trajectory of the rotational speed of the wind turbine. The advantage of using the predicted data is that the controller can operate the wind turbine efficiently so that the rotational speed of the wind turbine catches up with the reference speed at the maximum power point. Simulation results show improvement of generation efficiency compared to the conventional control method. Then we discuss the influence of the prediction error of wind speed on control performance. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

以并网点电压和机端电压平稳性为目标的风电场无功电压协调控制

现有的风电场无功电压控制方法均没有同时以风电场并网点和各机端电压为控制目标,因而不能完备地解决机端电压因扰动而发生偏移越界的问题。提出一种适用于变速恒频风电机组风电场的多目标无功电压控制方法。该方法通过调节风电机组及风电场内快速无功补偿装置优化风电场并网点及场内机组端电压,降低机组因电压越限而导致的脱网事故。以实际双馈风电机组的大型风电场为例,在RT-Lab实时仿真平台上验证了所提控制方法的有效性。