垃圾焚烧炉系统特性分析及仿真

垃圾焚烧炉废弃物的直接排放不仅会对环境造成严重污染,还会浪费其中所含的可利用资源物质。为实现垃圾的充分燃烧,需要对燃烧过程的系统特性进行深入分析,在此基础上进行计算机仿真。文章通过对焚烧炉进料成份作出简化假定,将其归一为仅由水份、单一特性灰份及单一特性可燃烧成份的混合物,考察炉膛内的焓平衡和质量平衡,考察焚烧炉中炉膛温度、含氧量、炉膛负压与进料流量、送引风机风量、排灰速度之间的动态关联行为,分析焚烧系统特性,并以某环保科技有限公司的垃圾焚烧炉为实例进行了计算分析。结果表明,采用简化假定计算所得的炉膛工作温度与实际吻合较好,能为系统的设计和优化操作提供有效技术指导。     

城市生活垃圾自动燃烧智能控制器设计

分析了城市生活垃圾焚烧炉中能控制方法,根据提取的影响焚烧过程的特征行为空间,分析了在不同种情况下行为提取算子,找到了以空气进气量和炉床运行速度为基本控制变量的控制基元组合.进而获取了控制燃烧过程的控制规则,利用正向推理方法最终得到燃烧段进气量和垃圾在各炉段停留时间的控制关系.经过理论分析和利用微机控制实际应用证明该控制器实用、有效.     

基于遗传算法的医疗垃圾焚烧控制系统

医疗垃圾焚烧炉的运行过程受众多不确定因素的影响,垃圾焚烧过程的不稳定将导致产生大量新的有害物质,如何控制垃圾焚烧温度的稳定以减少二次污染的发生已经成为一个重要的研究方向;提出了基于遗传算法的神经网络控制方法对系统进行控制,并对该控制策略进行了仿真;仿真结果和应用表明,该智能控制技术具有高效性和实用性,是解决垃圾焚烧过程炉温不稳定的有效途径.     

Model based control of a small-scale biomass boiler

Because of increased efforts to reduce CO₂ emissions a significant step in the development of small-scale (residential) biomass boilers for space heating has been achieved in recent years. Currently, the full potential for low-emission operation at high efficiencies, which is in principle possible due to optimized furnace geometries as well as combustion air staging strategies, cannot be exploited since there is still the need to enhance the controllers applied. For this reason, a model based control strategy for small-scale biomass boilers was developed and successfully implemented in a commercially available system. Thereby, appropriate mathematical models were developed for all relevant parts of the furnace and connected to an overall model subsequently used for the control unit design. The resulting controller is based on the input–output linearization and the state variables are estimated by an extended Kalman filter. Finally, the new control was implemented at a commercially available small-scale biomass boiler and the experimental verification showed a significant improvement of the operating behaviour in comparison to the conventional control.     

新一代冶金长流程生产铁钢区智能调度设计方案

河钢乐亭项目是河钢集团贯彻落实中央关于钢铁企业退城重大搬迁决策部署、以产能置换方式推动集团沿海钢铁产业布局、促进产业结构调整、实现产品结构升级的重要工程项目。在整个钢铁行业产能过剩、同质化竞争日趋激烈的大背景下,河钢乐亭从项目启动开始,便围绕如何提高企业的有效供给、创新生产组织模式和服务模式、培育竞争新优势,真正促进企业产品及产业升级等目标,从管理、工艺、设备、信息自动化体系支撑等全方位入手,展开顶层规划设计,建设覆盖铁、钢、轧的绿色化、智能化、品牌化的新一代长流程钢厂。     

有机废液焚烧炉控制系统设计

废焚液烧处理技术是当前废物处理的热点之一。以液体喷射焚烧炉为对象,研究某实际农药厂的废液焚烧过程,结合工艺要求确定焚烧炉的控制方案,并对关键参数进行了焚烧炉的双闭环比值控制回路的设计,同时运用QUADLOG PLC系统进行安全联锁的控制方案设计。实现了焚烧炉燃烧温度,燃烧空气配比等关键控制参数的有效控制,并有效地保证焚烧炉的安全平稳的运行。通过对生产投运的实际效果分析,充分表明所设计方案的可靠有效性。     

Extremum seeking-based optimal EGR set-point design for combustion engines in lean-burn mode

In lean combustion mode, exhaust gas ratio (EGR) is a significant factor that affects fuel economy and combustion stability. A proper EGR level is beneficial for the fuel economy; however, the combustion stability (coefficient of variation (COV) in indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)) deteriorated monotonously with increasing EGR. The aim of this study is to achieve a trade-off between the fuel economy and combustion stability by optimizing the EGR set-point. A cost function (J) is designed to represent the trade-off and reduce the calibration burden for optimal EGR at different engine operating conditions. An extremum-seeking (ES) algorithm is adopted to search for the extreme value of J and obtain the optimal EGR at an operating point. Finally, a map of optimal EGR set-value is designed and experimentally validated on a real driving cycle.     

Optimal heat release shaping in a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine

The present paper addresses the optimal heat release (HR) law in a single cylinder engine operated under reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode to minimise the indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) subject to different constraints including pressure related limits (maximum cylinder pressure and maximum cylinder pressure gradient). With this aim, a 0-dimensional (0D) engine combustion model has been identified with experimental data. Then, the optimal control problem of minimising the ISFC of the engine at different operating conditions of the engine operating map has been stated and analytically solved. To evaluate the method viability a data-driven model is developed to obtain the control actions (gasoline fraction) leading to the calculated optimal HR, more precisely to the optimal ratio between premixed and diffusive combustion. The experimental results obtained with such controls and the differences with the optimal HR are finally explained and discussed.     

基于Elman型回归神经网络的空燃配比优化控制

良好的空燃配比是提高燃烧效率、实现最佳燃 烧的重要保证．本文针对如何获得最佳空燃配比这一许多企业尚未解决的难题,提出了一种 基于Elman型回归神经网络的空燃配比优化控制方案．该方案应用某一加热炉的燃烧控制中 ,取得了良好的控制效果,具有较高的推广价值．     

Optimization and control of a stand-alone hybrid solid oxide fuel cells/gas turbine system coupled with dry reforming of methane

This paper presents the hybrid solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)/gas turbine (GT) system coupled with dry reforming of methane (DRM). The DRM is a syngas producer by consuming greenhouse gas. The stand-alone (off-the-grid) power system is developed by using a combination of a post-burner, recuperators and pressurized recycles in place of external energy supplies. To address the stand-alone operation and meet the complete combustion condition for the burner, the optimal operating conditions are initially determined by solving a constrained optimization algorithm for maximizing the hybrid power efficiency, and the dynamic control loops are implemented in a plantwide environment. In the proposed plantwide control strategy, the inventory control framework is added to regulate the plant component inventory, an air/fuel cross-limiting combustion control is added to ensure complete combustion and reduce heat loss, and the power and CO₂ emission control configuration is added to achieve the quality control performance. Finally, the simulation shows that the IMC-based multi-loop control scheme can efficiently regulate the total system power and control CO₂ emissions per kWh of electricity as well.     

垃圾焚烧电厂的设备和控制系统（二）

该文简介了垃圾焚烧电厂的工艺和主要设备,以及它在污染物控制方面的优点。着重描述了基于西门子PCS7系统的垃圾电厂控制系统方案,主要包括焚烧炉及锅炉控制系统和汽轮机及辅机控制DCS系统。     

垃圾焚烧电厂的设备和控制系统（一）

该文简介了垃圾焚烧电厂的工艺和主要设备,以及它在污染物控制方面的优点。着重描述了基于西门子PCS7系统的垃圾电厂控制系统方案,主要包括焚烧炉及锅炉控制系统和汽轮机及辅机控制DCS系统。     

基于多目标优化模型的电动汽车增程器油耗及排放优化

针对增程式电动汽车油耗和排放优化问题,首先综合考虑增程器的油-电转换效率特性、HC排放特性、CO排放特性以及NOx排放特性,构造了增程器油耗和排放多目标优化模型,同时结合实际增程器工作中的机械和电气约束特征,分析了多目标优化模型的3种转速、转矩约束条件.然后采用多目标粒子群算法和加权尺度法对增程器油耗和排放多目标优化模型进行了离线优化,得出了增程器的最优全局工作点和各功率值下的多目标最优工作曲线.最后,采用NEDC,FTP和HWFET3种测试工况在AVL Puma Open发动机测试台架上进行了实验,并和基于最佳制动燃油消耗率(BSFC)的油耗单目标优化模型进行了比较.结果表明,本文提出的方法能够以微弱的油耗增加为代价,有效的改善整车的HC,CO和NOx排放.     

A model-based gain scheduling approach for controlling the common-rail system for GDI engines

The progressive reduction in vehicle emission requirements have forced the automotive industry to invest in research for developing alternative and more efficient control strategies. All control features and resources are permanently active in an electronic control unit (ECU), ensuring the best performance with respect to emissions, fuel economy, driveability and diagnostics, independently from engine working point. In this article, a considerable step forward has been achieved by the common-rail technology which has made possible to vary the injection pressure over the entire engine speed range. As a consequence, the injection of a fixed amount of fuel is more precise and multiple injections in a combustion cycle can be made. In this article, a novel gain scheduling pressure controller for gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine is designed to stabilise the mean fuel pressure into the rail and to track demanded pressure trajectories. By exploiting a simple control-oriented model describing the mean pressure dynamics in the rail, the control structure turns to be simple enough to be effectively implemented in commercial ECUs. Experimental results in a wide range of operating points confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control method to tame efficiently the mean value pressure dynamics of the plant showing a good accuracy and robustness with respect to unavoidable parameters uncertainties, unmodelled dynamics, and hidden coupling terms.     

Optimal control of a fuel-fired auxiliary heater for an improved passenger vehicle warm-up

In order to mitigate the comfort problems during a vehicle warm-up, the vehicles propelled by high-efficiency engines are increasingly equipped with auxiliary heaters. Although the usage of an auxiliary heater improves engine efficiency during warm-up, a higher total fuel consumption results in general. In this paper, an optimal, model-based feedback control law for the optimal operation of a fuel-fired heater with respect to passenger comfort and fuel economy is derived. To this end, a control-oriented mathematical model of the system is established, calibrated, and validated. Based on this model, an optimal control problem is formulated and solved. In simulation studies, the functionality of the resulting optimal controller is demonstrated, and its superiority to the state-of-the-art control laws is assessed.     

Strategie for adjustment of the complete boiler control system in power units

A method for obtaining optimal controller parameters for complex designed control systems is described and applied to the parameter setting-up in a power control system of a fossil fuel fired power unit. The plant model consists of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and as performance index to be minimized a generalized quadratic index is used. The nonlinear model is linearized for each combination of search parameters for which the performance index is determined by solving a Lyapunov equation. The search is carried out in discrete parameter space axis parallel. The computed optimal values were tested by simulation runs and were verified by application to the power unit.     

Neural‐Adaptive Control and Nonlinear Observer for Waste‐To‐Energy Boilers

This paper looks at the problem of controlling an incinerator that burns waste gas to generate power. The system is modelled as a standard utility boiler using one known and one unknown (waste) fuel input. Standard linear controls have trouble dealing with large variations in the waste input, and in practice boiler shutdowns can occur. In this work, a nonlinear adaptive control design accounts for uncertainty in the plant parameters, and an adaptive neural‐network estimates the effect of the waste input. Since a linear observer design cannot guarantee convergence away from a set point, a novel nonlinear observer design provides estimates of the states. The observer design uses fictitious states to estimate nonlinear terms in the observer dynamics. The analysis guarantees Lyapunov stability, thus the observer bounds depend on the accuracy of the observer initial conditions. Simulation results show the proposed method can obtain accurate performance and stability, improving over results obtained withproportional–integral control.     

An integrated expert system/operations research approach for the optimization of waste incinerator siting problems

This research aims at developing an integrated decision support system for the optimization of waste incinerator siting problems. In this integrated approach, both expert system and operations research techniques are used to model the siting problems of waste incinerator. Furthermore, an expert decision support system (EDSS) is implemented for the above problem and thus providing the decision makers a useful tool for decision-making. This EDSS is based on multi-criteria decision analysis in finding the best incinerator site by minimizing costs and environmental impacts. The proposed approach identifies a hierarchy of objectives for the siting problem. First of all, several potential sites need to be screened as a set of feasible alternative sites. Second, those alternative feasible sites will be further evaluated via the multi-criteria decision making methods. For the evaluation process, we solve a 0/1 combinatorial optimization problem at the upper level and proceed the multi-attribute utility function at the lower level to get the optimal solutions. An empirical application of a real world waste incinerator site selection existing in Taichung City, Taiwan is followed in the end. Computational results both of the cost minimization and of the whole systems are also provided.     

阳极焙烧燃油供给温度的模糊预测函数控制

阳极焙烧燃油供给温度的精确控制是一个具有非线性特性的流体加热供给控制问题,实际测试表明,现有的PID控制很难实现对燃油供给温度的动态跟踪控制,影响燃油的充分喷射、雾化及其与空气的混合,使部分燃油得不到充分燃烧,造成了能源浪费和环境污染。提出基于粒子群优化模糊预测函数控制（PSO-F-PFC）的油料燃烧供给温度控制方法,通过与PID控制方法的比较,以及对阳极焙烧炉重油燃烧供给温度的动态跟踪控制表明,该方法优于原有燃油燃烧系统的PID控制,实现了燃油供给温度的动态跟踪精确控制。