不同有机溶剂对新疆油砂沥青的组成性质影响

油砂作为一种非常规石油资源,越来越受到人们的重视。油砂沥青的含量和性质对其开发有着重要的影响。有机溶剂抽提可以测定油砂沥青的含量。本文研究了3种溶剂对新疆油砂的抽提能力,并对不同溶剂抽提得到的新疆油砂沥青进行了性质分析。结果表明,新疆油砂含油率（甲苯测）为11.75%,属于中品位油砂矿;甲苯、氯仿和石油醚3种不同溶剂对新疆油砂沥青进行抽提,发现3种溶剂抽提能力的大小关系为氯仿＞甲苯＞石油醚;抽提过程中,氯仿表现出对胶质和沥青质较强的萃取能力,而石油醚对沥青质的萃取能力几乎为0,采用氯仿可以更准确地测定油砂沥青的含量。氯仿抽提得到新疆油砂沥青及其组分的杂原子含量和分子量高于甲苯和石油醚抽提的。由红外谱图发现,氯仿抽提得到的油砂沥青的含氧、含硫官能团的吸收峰强度大于甲苯和石油醚抽提的,表明氯仿对油砂沥青中极性物质的抽提能力更强。     

溶剂抽提法分离印尼油砂的实验研究

利用溶剂抽提法对印尼油砂进行萃取分离实验,综合考察了剂砂比、抽提温度、抽提时间、抽提次数等操作条件对油砂沥青提取的影响,确定较佳的油砂分离条件。结果表明,印尼油砂更适合采用溶剂抽提法分离,从油砂沥青提取率、操作成本和环保多角度考虑,在超声波的作用下,剂砂比为2．5,抽提温度40℃,抽提时间30min,抽提3次的条件下,油砂沥青的提取率较高,达到20．31％。     

油砂沥青质对油砂沥青中甲苯残留的影响

利用热重质谱联用仪（TG-MS）分析了三种油砂沥青（印尼油砂沥青、伊朗油砂沥青、加拿大油砂沥青）中的甲苯残留以及油砂沥青质含量对油砂沥青中甲苯残留的影响,并在此基础上,进一步研究了油砂沥青质中的甲苯残留。结果发现,不同油砂沥青中甲苯残留量存在一定差异,其中印尼油砂沥青中的甲苯残留量最多。进一步对沥青质质量分数分别为10%、19%、30%的油砂沥青样品进行热重质谱实验,发现随着油砂沥青中沥青质含量的增加,甲苯的残留量会成倍增加。以加拿大油砂沥青质为例,研究了油砂沥青质对溶剂残留的影响,发现油砂沥青质具有对甲苯分子的夹带能力,导致甲苯分子在超过自身沸点40℃以上才能从沥青质中分离出来。油砂沥青中其他组分的存在也会加剧沥青质对甲苯的夹带作用。此外,研究还发现,在350~650℃时,油砂沥青质可以热解产生甲苯,而且油砂沥青中的沥青质含量越高,热解生成的甲苯越多。     

油砂溶剂抽提实验研究

对新疆油砂使用溶剂萃取法进行处理,选用93#汽油作为溶剂进行正交实验和单因素实验,通过对比萃取前后油砂显微结构对油砂萃取理论进行研究。实验表明油砂粒径、萃取时间、萃取温度、剂砂比对油砂萃取率的影响依次降低。当萃取时间30min、萃取温度80℃、油砂粒径小于450μm(中位粒径268μm)和剂砂比为4∶1时,萃取率可达到90%,尾砂含油率为1.7%。     

印尼特细油砂的基本性质和加工路线研究

印尼特细油砂是一种原产于印度尼西亚的稠油资源,常见有黄色和黑色两种。通过甲苯溶剂抽提法和减压蒸馏法可得到油砂沥青和细砂粒,得到的油砂沥青和砂粒用于油砂基本性质的测定。并简单探讨了该油砂适宜的加工路线。印尼油砂具有含油率高,含硫量高的特点,并且适合采用热解法进行后续加工成轻质油。     

国内外油砂分离技术研究

对油砂成矿特性进行分析,并对油砂分离技术进展进行概述。概括了水洗分离技术、溶剂抽提技术、超声波辅助分离技术、热解干馏技术和生物处理技术等室内研究及其分离原理。对各种油砂分离方法的优劣及发展发向进行讨论。     

油砂开采技术研究现状及发展趋势

本文对油砂资源的国内外各种开采技术进行了较为全面地介绍,并讨论了各自的优缺点和适用范围,在现有的油砂开采技术的基础上,提出了油砂开采技术中一些有前景的研究方向。     

国内外油润性油砂分离的研究进展

介绍了国内外典型油砂的结构和基本组成,对油润性油砂的传统分离方法进行了评价和比较,并对近几年针对油润性油砂分离开发的新型工艺、助剂及其机理进行了综述,最后指出了油润性油砂分离的未来发展趋势,以期为我国油砂资源的开发提供一定的借鉴。     

水基提取技术用于油砂分离的研究进展

油砂作为一种重要的非常规油气资源,其分离技术的研究近些年来引起了国内科研工作人员的重视。介绍了目前世界上最重要的油砂分离技术--水基提取技术的基本原理及影响油砂分离的重要影响因素,阐述了油砂结构、特性与水基提取分离的重要关系及分离条件对沥青回收率的重要影响作用,同时探讨了原子力显微镜用于油砂水基分离过程中相关微观机理研究的重要应用,最后对水基提取技术用于油砂工业生产的流程进行了简单介绍。     

惯性圆锥破碎机粉碎方山砂岩的应用

与传统的圆锥破碎机相比,惯性圆锥破碎机有诸多优越性,作者对惯性圆锥破碎机在破碎方山砂岩中的使用进行了总结。     

油砂油泥含油率测定方法研究

以中国内蒙扎赉特旗油砂为例,利用有机溶剂抽提的方法测定油砂含油率,并通过实验及抽提溶剂的性质等确定了最佳实验操作条件.实验结果表明:选用120#溶剂油为抽提试剂,在抽提温度为115℃、抽提时间为3.5 h的条件下,可有效的把油砂油从油砂中抽提出来,从而根据重量法测得油砂油含率.该方法同时可适用于对油泥油含率的测定.     

Analysis of Solvent‐Diluted Bitumen from Oil Sands Froth Treatment Using NIR Spectroscopy

Process control and optimization of bitumen froth treatment during oil sands processing require rapid analysis of asphaltene content in bitumen, solvent‐tobitumen ratio (S/B), and the density of solvent‐diluted bitumen. NIR spectroscopy was employed to meet this requirement. The NIR system comprised a spectrometer with no moving parts coupled with a double‐pass transflectance probe via a fiber‐optic cable. Quantitative calibration models were established using partial leastsquares regression in latent variables. The standard errors of calibration were 0.20 wt% for 0 to 20 wt% asphaltenes in bitumen, 1.1 wt% for 20 to 100 wt% asphaltenes in bitumen, 0.1 for S/B of solvent‐diluted bitumen, and 0.0017 g/mL for density of solvent‐diluted bitumen. It was shown that the process conditions could be monitored through the spectral scores from principal component analysis.     

Upgrading a rutile concentrate produced from Athabasca oil sands tailings

A rutile concentrate recently produced by Lakefield Research Ltd and Syncrude Canada Ltd from athabasca oil sands tailings was characterized and attempts were made to upgrade it to market-grade. The rutile concentrate contained 75.5% TiO₂, 18.7% Fe₂O₃, 1.03% Al₂O₃, 1.94% SiO₂, and 563 ppm Th+U. The amount of rutile (anatase) in the concentrate was estimated to be about 10-17%, and the remaining TiO₂ came from ilmenite in various altered forms. Magnetic separation could remove the Fe from the concentrate but it increased the SiO₂ content from 1.94 to 6.01%. A reverse flotation process was developed to remove the SiO₂. Although the fine dissemination of SiO₂ in the rutile matrix limited the removal of SiO₂, the upgraded rutile concentrate, containing 87-89% TiO₂, could be used as a feedstock to the chloride titanium pigment processes.     

Influence of water-soluble and water-insoluble natural surface active components on the stability of water-in-toluene-diluted bitumen emulsion

Bitumen, a very heavy crude oil, contains both water-soluble and water-insoluble natural surface active species. This study shows that complete removal of the water-soluble surface active species from bitumen by water extraction resulted in an increased emulsion stability and that the water-insoluble surface active asphaltenes are the key stabilizing agents for water-in-toluene-diluted bitumen emulsions. Separation of the toluene-diluted bitumen continuous phase from the emulsion by centrifuging at 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000g was conducted. Emulsion stability tests for the separated toluene-diluted bitumen and element analysis of the precipitated asphaltenes indicated that the asphaltenes in the separated organic continuous phase are different from those associated with the water droplet interface. The asphaltenes associated with the interface had a lower H/C ratio and a higher O/C ratio.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城油砂特征及水洗分离实验研究

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城地区油砂资源丰富,油砂含油率平均在10％以上,油砂品位较高,实验发现该区油砂适合水洗分离,分离过程中油砂沥青膜首先在表面活性剂的作用下,通过搅拌剪切力剥离作用而形成沥青液滴,从而使油-砂呈现分离状态,分离方式包括油-砂较完全分离方式和油-砂不完全分离方式,且2种方式同时存在,油砂分离主要受硅砂与沥青相互作用力和油砂粒径分布的影响,相同条件下,油砂粒径越大分离效果越好.     

Capillary Curves for Ex‐situ Washing of Oil‐Coated Particles

The oil removal efficiency for the ex situ extraction of bitumen from oil sands, or ex situ washing of oil‐contaminated sand and related processes is determined by the balance of forces at the oil/water and solid/fluid interfaces. The objective of this work is to estimate the balance of forces at the interface using dimensionless numbers, and their use in evaluating and engineering ex situ soil washing processes. To this end, bitumen was removed from bitumen‐coated sand particles using a two‐step process. In the first step, the particles were mixed with a suitable solvent (toluene) used, primarily, to reduce the viscosity of bitumen. The particles were then mixed with water or an aqueous surfactant solution capable of producing low interfacial tensions with the solvent‐bitumen mixture. The fraction of oil retained after washing was evaluated as a function of interfacial tension, solvent/bitumen ratio, mixing time, mixing velocity, and particle size. These ex situ washing conditions were normalized using dimensionless film and particle‐based Weber and Capillary numbers. The fraction of oil retained by the particles was plotted against these dimensionless numbers to generate capillary curves similar to those used in enhanced oil recovery. These curves reveal the existence of a critical film‐based Weber number and a particle‐based Capillary number that can be used in the design or evaluation of soil washing processes. The film‐based Weber number also explained literature data that associates interfacial tension with the removal of oil from oil‐based drill cuttings, as well as field observations on the role that particle size plays on the removal of oil in soil washing operations.     

Understanding the influence of microwave on the relative volatility used in the pyrolysis of Indonesia oil sands

In this paper, pyrolysis of Indonesian oil sands(IOS) was investigated by two different heating methods to develop a better understanding of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behaviors of IOS, showing that 550 °C might be the pyrolysis final temperature. A explanation of the heat–mass transfer process was presented to demonstrate the influence of microwave-assisted pyrolysis on the liquid product distribution. The heat–mass transfer model was also useful to explain the increase of liquid product yield and heavy component content at the same heating rate by two different heating methods. Experiments were carried out using a fixed bed reactor with and without the microwave irradiation. The results showed that liquid product yield was increased during microwave induced pyrolysis,while the formation of gas and solid residue was reduced in comparison with the conventional pyrolysis. Moreover, the liquid product characterization by elemental analysis and GC–MS indicated the significant effect on the liquid chemical composition by microwave irradiation. High polarity substances(ε N 10 at 25 °C), such as oxyorganics were increased, while relatively low polarity substances(ε b 2 at 25 °C), such as aliphatic hydrocarbons were decreased, suggesting that microwave enhanced the relative volatility of high polarity substances. The yield improvement and compositional variations in the liquid product promoted by the microwave-assisted pyrolysis deserve the further exploitation in the future.     

Application on to nanofiltration to water management options for oil sands operation

A membrane separation process, nanofiltration (NF), has been applied successfully for treatment of oil sandswaters, particularly to water softening and removal of toxic components. This study focused on the selection of appropriate membranes and the assessment of their performance for the removal of polyvalent ions (hardness) and naphthenic acids (NA) (the main acute toxicant in oil sands process-affected imported waters) from both imported and potential discharge waters. Experiments were carried out using a bench-scale flat sheet membrane system with several commercially available NF membranes. It was found that after membrane filtration, both water hardness and the NA concentrations were reduced significantly (>95%). A permeate flux was maintained at 15 L/m²/h or higher, with a retentate volume of about 10% of the feed volume.     

Clay minerals in nonaqueous extraction of bitumen from Alberta oil sands: Part 1. Nonaqueous extraction procedure

A non-aqueous bitumen extraction process was studied where only toluene and heptane, with no water additions, were used to extract bitumen from two Alberta oil sands ore samples. One sample had a high bitumen (13.5 wt.%) and low fines (5.3 wt.% < 45 μm) contents, while the other sample had an intermediate bitumen (10.5 wt.%) and high fines (23.3 wt.%) contents. Bitumen recovery and product quality were measured under different process conditions such as the ratio of toluene to heptane and settling time. The Dean Stark procedure was used to determine the solids, bitumen and water contents of the extraction products. In addition, the water content was determined by the Karl Fischer titration method. High bitumen recovery was obtained for both oil sands ore samples although the high fines ore sample was more sensitive to the extraction conditions, especially the toluene to heptane ratio. A product with high purity, containing more than 99.5 wt.% bitumen on a solvent-free basis, was produced at room temperature under the optimum extraction conditions tested. The optimum settling time to achieve a pure product was less than 10 min, based on solids and water contents in the supernatant.