水稻秸秆水热处理-酯交换改性制备吸油材料

以水稻秸秆为原料经水热处理-酯交换改性制备溢油吸附材料。水稻秸秆通过水热预处理改善其纤维结构,进一步以乙酸乙烯酯为酯化剂、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂、无水碳酸钾为催化剂进行酯交换改性,改性后材料的亲油疏水性得到明显改善。系统考察了酯交换反应的条件对改性材料的吸油性能影响,得到优化的改性条件:反应温度为90℃,催化剂浓度为1.5g/m L,酯化剂体积分数为20%,反应时间为6h。改性后水稻秸秆的吸油倍率为9.71g/g,吸水倍率为0.51g/g。对改性前后的材料进行BET、XRD和FTIR表征,发现水热处理可以显著改善材料的孔结构,扩大其孔径;酯交换改性材料的结晶度降低和乙酰基特征峰的出现,说明水稻秸秆确实发生了酯交换反应。     

多孔FeF2正极材料的制备及电化学性能研究

利用分解反应中大比例质量损失和大量气体产生,制备出具有40.369m²·g^-1大比表面积的多孔FeF₂材料。多孔结构为FeF₂材料构建了优异的离子和电子导电通路,表现出优秀的倍率性能和循环性能。在2C、5C和15C的倍率下分别表现出589.21mAh·g^-1、406.95mAh·g^-1和83.53mAh·g^-1的高放电比容量。在0.5C和2C下,循环100次后放电比容量分别为502.5mAh·g^-1和267.9mAh·g^-1。该结果为电池正极材料提升倍率性能提供了新思路。     

聚丙烯高分子吸收剂吸油性能研究

聚丙烯高分子吸收剂具有优良的吸附功能,与传统吸附材料相比其吸油速率相对较快,且保油能力强,是一种多孔性高分子物质。以聚丙烯高分子吸收剂为研究对象,研究其对油品的吸收性能。主要考察了聚丙烯高分子吸收剂的吸水性、饱和吸油率,以及温度、时间、振荡频率等因素对其吸油性能的影响。结果表明：聚丙烯高分子吸收剂的饱和吸水倍率为0.9 g·g^-1,而对煤油的饱和吸附量达到7.5 g·g^-1,在吸油30 min左右就会达到饱和。温度的升高更有利于提高材料的吸油速率,而振荡频率对其吸油性能的影响较小;另外高分子吸油树脂对煤油、柴油、汽油等黏度小的油品具有良好的吸收能力,而对原油、食用油、机油、泔水油等黏度大的油品的吸收能较差。     

月桂酸改性生物质材料处理乳化油的机理

油污染对环境、生物和经济产生了不利的影响。目前,诸多研究均希望得到一种有效、简单且价廉的除油方法。为了提高对含乳化油废水的处理效果,以玉米芯和花生壳为原料,采用月桂酸对其进行改性,并且利用扫描电镜、比表面积测试和红外光谱等测试手段研究生物质材料的改性和处理含乳化油废水的机理。研究发现,月桂酸改性是利用月桂酸上含有的羧基和生物质材料的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素上含有的羟基发生的酯化反应,形成的酯基链接月桂酸本身的烷基链,增强了亲油疏水性,同时也有造孔的作用即进一步增大微孔和提高孔隙率,由于改性材料是通过亲油性烷基链和微孔吸附油粒子,因此这两者的共同作用提高了材料的吸油能力。利用石油醚萃取水中油分,采用紫外分光光度法测定水中的油浓度。这种方法能够更加直接地看出含乳化油废水的处理程度,也更加贴近实际工程概况。研究表明,原始玉米芯和花生壳对含乳化油废水的油吸附容量分别是6.86 mg·g^-1和5.21 mg·g^-1,经月桂酸改性后,其吸附容量有了较大提高,分别达到了10.79 mg·g^-1和7.44 mg·g^-1。因此,当处理含乳化油废水时,利用月桂酸改性玉米芯和花生壳不仅能高效率除油,而且基于以废治废,是一项相当环保的措施     

纳米多孔NiO类空心微球负极材料的制备与储锂性能

以NiCl₂·6H₂O、尿素、葡萄糖为原料采用水热法制备了NiO前体,将前体在空气中烧结最终得到NiO电极活性材料。该NiO样品具有镂空结构的类空心球形貌,且由50~100 nm初级纳米颗粒构成。对该NiO样品作为锂离子电池负极材料的储锂性能进行了研究,结果发现赝电容效应对该材料储锂容量和倍率性能有重要贡献。因独特的空心纳米结构和赝电容效应,该材料表现出出色的电化学循环稳定性和优异的大倍率充放电性能。在500 mA·g^-1电流密度下,100圈充放电循环后放电比容量为650 mA·h·g^-1,容量保持率达86.6%;在10 A·g^-1的超高倍率下,其稳定放电比容量仍高达432 mA·h·g^-1。     

有机/无机复合高吸水树脂的制备及性能

以玉米淀粉、羧甲基淀粉钠和丙烯酸为主要原料,同时加入活性高岭土,采用水溶液共聚法制备了复合高吸水树脂。考察了接枝共聚过程的影响因素,确定了合成树脂的最优工艺条件,合成的树脂吸水倍率为1195.4 g·g^-1,吸盐水(质量分数为0.9%的氯化钠溶液)倍率为90.1 g·g^-1。借助于傅里叶红外(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)技术对合成树脂进行了性能和结构表征,并考察了样品的热稳定性。结果表明,高吸水树脂在100℃下具有良好的热稳定性,所制备样品具有商业化前景。     

含醌式结构的聚三苯胺衍生物锂电池正极材料制备及其电化学性能

有机聚合物材料因其特有的结构可设计性和优秀的氧化还原性能成为潜在的锂离子电池电极材料。本文合成了一种含有醌式结构的三苯胺衍生物功能单体(BDPAA),并通过氧化聚合法制备了聚[2,6- 双(二苯基氨基)- 9,10- 蒽醌]聚合物(PBDPAA)。作为锂电池正极材料,新型电极材料展现出提高的比容量和倍率性能(与聚三苯胺电极材料比较)。该电极材料首次放电比容量为 184.6mAh·g^-1;充放电循环稳定性能研究表明,电极材料比容量在初始几圈迅速衰减,5 圈之后基本稳定,50 圈循环后比容量保持在 93mAh·g^-1;倍率性能研究表明,在 20、50、100、200 和 500mA·g^-1 电流倍率下,电极材料的放电比容量分别为 119.3、104.9、92.1、90.3和 79.7mAh·g^-1。电化学阻抗测试得到 PBDPAA 材料具有比 PTPA 材料的电荷迁移阻抗,这有利于材料的电化学性能提高。     

酯化改性葵花秸秆吸油性能研究

油类在开采、运输、精制过程中容易进入海洋及其他水体造成一系列的生态破坏及经济损失，葵花秸秆是低成本、环境友好的农业废弃物，以废弃葵花秸秆为原料，分别用丙酮-环己烷、10%氨水、甲苯-乙醇3种方法预处理后对葵花秸秆酯化改性，制取天然有机吸油材料。对改性前后制备材料的吸油性、保油性、重复利用率等进行测定，利用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱分析仪（FTIR）对改性前后的材料进行表征。结果表明：甲苯-乙醇预处理酯化改性后的葵花秸秆材料表面均匀，表现出良好的吸油性能，与原始葵花秸秆材料相比，保油率、重复利用率均显著提高，在处理有机水体污染时表现出良好的选择吸附性。因此，低成本改性葵花秸秆作为天然吸附剂，在治理有机水污染方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

Zn-Ni-Al-LDHs催化剂的制备及其催化酯化高酸原油脱酸

以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均相沉淀法制备了Zn-Ni-Al-LDHs催化材料。以450 ℃焙烧6 h的Zn-Ni-Al-LDHs为催化剂,研究高酸原油酯化脱酸效果。结果表明,在高酸原油250 mL、催化剂用量1.23 g、反应时间6 h、反应温度200 ℃和醇油体积比0.04条件下,可将酸度5.81 mg-KOH·g^-1的原油降至0.21 mg-KOH·g^-1,减缓环烷酸对设备及管线的腐蚀。     

锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12/C的制备与表征

针对Li₄Ti₅O₁₂导电性和倍率性能差的缺陷,以PEG为碳源采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出电池负极材料Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C,考察不同分子量聚乙二醇PEG(400、600、1000)做碳源制备的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C复合材料电化学性能的优劣,采用热重分析仪(TG)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、恒流充放电、倍率放电、交流阻抗(EIS)等方法对材料进行了结构表征和电化学性能测试。结果表明:以PEG1000为碳源时得到的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C,0.1C下首次放电比容量为143.5 mA·h·g^-1,2C的倍率下仍然保持了105 mA·h·g^-1的比容量,容量保持率达到73.17%,并且此材料有最小的电阻,在大电流条件下有良好的电化学性能。     

In-depth investigation on the factors affecting the performance of high oil-absorption resin by response surface method

A series of high oil-absorption resins with low cross-linking degree were synthesized by suspension polymerization using stearyl methacrylate(SMA), 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate(EHMA), and styrene(St) as monomers.Response surface methodology(RSM) with central composite design(CCD) was also applied to determine the optimal parameters that are mainly known to affect their synthesis. Thus, the effects of the monomer mass ratio(EHMA:SMA), the rigid monomer(St) dosage, the porous agent(acetone) dosage, and their pairwise interaction on the resin's oil-absorption capacity were analyzed, highlighting PSES-R_2 as the resin with the optimum performance. The pure oil-absorption rates of PSES-R2 for gasoline, diesel, and kerosene were 11.19 g·g~(-1),16.25 g·g~(-1), and 14.84 g·g~(-1), respectively, while the oil removal rates from oily wastewater were 98.82%,65.11%, and 99.63%, respectively.     

污泥含炭吸附剂的制备及其吸附模拟烟气中汞蒸汽的应用(英文)

The carbonaceous adsorbent was prepared from mixtures of dewatered sludge and sawdust with enhanced ZnCl2 chemical activation.Characteristics of the adsorbent were studied using scanning electron microscope(SEM) ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) ,and adsorption of nitrogen.The surface analysis showed that the carbonaceous adsorbent had good specific surface and porosity(394 m 2 ·g-1of BET surface,0.12 and 0.10 ml·g-1of microporous and mesoporous volume,respectively) .The oxygen functional groups such as OH,C O and C O were found on the surface by FTIR and XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) .The adsorption of elemental mercury(Hg0) on the carbonaceous adsorbent was studied in a fixed bed reactor.The dynamic adsorption capacity of carbonaceous adsorbent increased with influent mercury concentration,from 23.6μg·g-1at 12.58μg·m-3to 87.9μg·g-1at 72.50μg·m-3,and decreased as the adsorption temperature increased,from 246 μg·g-1 at 25°C to 61.3μg·g-1 at 140°C,when dry nitrogen was used as the carrier gas.The carbonaceous adsorbent presented higher dynamic adsorption capacity than activated carbon,which was 81.2μg·g-1and 53.8μg·g-1respectively.The adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption model.The physical and chemical adsorption were identified on the adsorbent.     

Study of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for steam exploded wheat straw to ethanol

Although simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) has been investigated extensively, the optimum condition for SSF of wheat straw has not yet been determined. Dilute sulfuric acid impregnated and steam explosion pretreated wheat straw was used as a substrate for the production of ethanol by SSF through orthogonal experiment design in this study. Cellulase mixture (Celluclast 1.5 l and ?-glucosidase Novozym 188) were adopted in combination with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae AS2.1. The effects of reaction temperature, substrate concentration, initial fermentation liquid pH value and enzyme loading were evaluated and the SSF conditions were optimized. The ranking, from high to low, of influential extent of the SSF affecting factors to ethanol concentration and yield was substrate concentration, enzyme loading, initial fermentation liquid pH value and reaction temperature, respectively. The optimal SSF conditions were: reaction temperature, 35°C; substrate concentration, 100 g·L^-1; initial fermentation liquid pH, 5.0; enzyme loading, 30 FPU·g^-1. Under these conditions, the ethanol concentration increased with reaction time, and after 72 h, ethanol was obtained in 65.8% yield with a concentration of 22.7 g·L^-1.     

Catalytic adsorptive desulfurization of mercaptan,sulfide and disulfide using bifunctional Ti-based adsorbent for ultra-clean oil

Ultra-deep desulfurization of transformer oil is of great demand among power industry. In this work, the effective and deep removal of various types of organosulfurs, including mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide via catalytic adsorptive desulfurization (CADS) using bifunctional Ti-based adsorbent is reported. Compared to adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), dramatically improvement of the organosulfur uptakes were achieved under CADS process. The equilibrium adsorption capacity at 5 μg·g^-1 S reached up to 15.7, 33.4, 11.6 and 11.9 mg·g^-1 for propyl mercaptan(n-PM), dimethyl sulfide(DMS), di-t-butyl disulfide (DTBDS) and dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS), which was 262, 477, 97 and 128 times to that of ADS process, respectively, and was the highest among the reported desulfurization adsorbents. Moreover, it achieved superior breakthrough capacity of 2050, 530 and 210 ml F·(g A)^-1 at the breakthrough S concentration of 1 μg·g^-1 of the commercial transformer oil S containing 10, 50 and 150 μg·g^-1, respectively. The effectiveness of CADS is associated to the transformation of sulfur species to higher polar sulfonic species with the assistance of mild oxidant, which can be readily captured by silanol groups on SiO₂ through H-bonding interaction. The excellent recyclability of the adsorbent can be realized through solvent washing or oxidative air treatment. This work provides an effective and economic approach for the elimination of trace amount of mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide from transformer oil.     

Mechanism and kinetics study on removal of Iron from phosphoric acid by cation exchange resin

Iron element is one of the main impurities in wet-process phosphoric acid and it has a significant impact on the subsequent phosphorus chemical products. This paper studied the feasibility of using Sinco-430 cation exchange resin for iron removal from phosphoric acid. The specific surface area and the total exchange capacity of resin were 8.91 m~2·g~(-1) and 5.18 mmol·g~(-1), respectively. The sorption mechanism was determined by FTIR and XPS and the results indicated that iron was combined with-SO_3 H in resin. The removal process was studied as a function of temperature, H_3 PO_4 content and mass ratio between resin and solution. The unit mass of resin to remove iron was 0.058 g·g~(-1) resin when the operating parameters were T = 50 ℃, H_3 PO_4 content = 27.61 wt%and S/L = 0.1, respectively. Kinetics study demonstrated that pseudo-second-order reaction model fits this study best and the calculated activation energy of overall reaction is 29.10 kJ·mol~(-1). The overall reaction process was mainly controlled by pore diffusion.     

High adsorption of Cd (II) by modification of synthetic zeolites Y,A and mordenite with thiourea

Zeolites Y, A and mordenite (ZY, ZA and ZM) were obtained from diatomite in a template-free system, and the products were modified by thiourea (TU). Characterization studies results indicated that the TU molecules were loaded onto the exterior surfaces of the synthetic zeolites as well as the channels. Elemental analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer proved that the TU molecules loaded on to ZA were more than ZY and ZM. Removal of Cd(II) was investigated, and it was found that the modified zeolites have higher removal capacity, modified ZA is especially noticeable. In the adsorption experiments, the effects of various parameters such as sorbent content, contact time, concentration of cadmium solution, pH, selectivity and regeneration were discussed. At the best removal efficiency by modified zeolites, the maximum adsorption capacity is 94.3 mg·g^-1, 103.2 mg·g^-1 and 89.7 mg·g^-1 at 25℃, respectively. The sorbents show good efficiency for the removal of Cd(II) in the presence of different multivalent cations and have good regeneration effect. For the modified samples, removal experiments take place via ion exchange and complexation processes.     

Pre-sodiation strategy for superior sodium storage batteries

The irreversible consumption of sodium in the initial several cycles greatly led to the attenuation of capacity, which caused the low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and obvious poor cycle stability. Pre-sodiation can effectively improve the electrochemical performance by compensating the capacity loss in the initial cycle. Here, carbon-coated sodium-pretreated iron disulfide (NaFeS₂@C) has been synthesized through conventional chemical method and used in sodium metal battery as a cathode material. The calculated density of states (DOS) of NaFeS₂@C is higher, which implies enhanced electron mobility and improved cycle reversibility. Because of the highly reversible conversion reaction and the compensation of irreversible capacity loss during the initial cycle, the Na/NaFeS₂@C battery achieves ultra-high initial coulombic efficiency (96.7%) and remarkable capacity (751 mA·h·g^-1 at 0.1 A·g^-1). In addition, highly reversible electrochemical reactions and ultra-thin NaF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) also benefit for the electrochemical performance, even at high current density of 100 A·g^-1, it still exhibits a reversible capacity of 136 mA·h·g^-1, and 343 mA·h·g^-1 after 2500 cycles at 5.0 A·g^-1. This work aims to bring up new insights to improve the ICE and stability of sodium metal batteries.     

响应面法优化碳热还原合成LiFePO4/C的工艺参数（英文）

A statistically based optimization strategy is used to optimize the carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of LiFePO4/C using LiOH,FePO4 and sucrose as raw materials.The experimental data for fitting the response are collected by the central composite rotatable design(CCD).A second order model for the discharge ca-pacity of LiFePO4/C is expressed as a function of sintering temperature,sintering time and carbon content.The ef-fects of individual variables and their interactions are studied by a statistical analysis(ANOVA).The results show that the linear effects and the quadratic effects of sintering temperature,carbon content and the interactions among these variables are statistically significant,while those effects of sintering time are insignificant.Response surface plots for spatial representation of the model illustrate that the discharge capacity depends on sintering temperature and carbon content more than sintering time.The model obtained gives the optimized reaction parameters of sinter-ing temperature at 652.0 ℃,carbon content of 34.33 g?mol-1 and 8.48 h sintering time,corresponding to a dis-charge capacity of 150.8 mA·h·g-1.The confirmatory test with these optimum parameters gives the discharge ca-pacity of 147.2 and 105.1 mA·h·g-1 at 0.5 and 5 C,respectively.     

H2O2改性稻杆作为Pb2+吸附剂的工艺优化

H₂O₂改性稻杆作为Pb²⁺吸附剂,具有改性工艺环保、简单、成本低,以及对Pb²⁺吸附率高等特点,是一种优良的改性剂。优化改性工艺,制备优良吸附性能的H₂O₂改性稻杆具有较强的实用价值。详细探讨了改性工艺的影响因素如pH值、H₂O₂用量、Fe²⁺/H₂O₂物质的量之比、改性温度、改性时间、稻杆颗粒度和稻杆用量等对改性效果的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验和对比实验对改性工艺进行了进一步优化。得出最适宜的改性工艺为：在100 mL的溶液中,不加FeSO₄的情况下,稻杆用量为3 g,改性pH值为8,H₂O₂用量为稻秆用量的30%,稻杆颗粒度为40目,改性温度为20℃,改性时间为4 h。用2 g H₂O₂改性稻秆处理100 mL 200 mg/L的Pb²⁺废水时,对Pb²⁺的吸附率为94.45%,吸附容量为9.445 mg/g,表明H₂O₂改性稻秆具有优良的吸附性能。