Prediction of the thickness loss and recovery of cut-pile carpets imposed to UV exposure and wear using polynomial regression method

Ultraviolet radiation which exists in environment around can be regarded as a major source of textile materials. In this study, the effect of UV exposure on the cut-pile carpet was investigated. A UV chamber was used to expose different levels of accelerated UV radiation on the samples of the machine-woven pile carpet. Wear test were then carried out on all samples using a Hexapod tumbler machine. The short-term static loading was applied to the carpets and the thickness loss percent (TL) and recovery percent (RP) of the samples at different times after load removal was measured using standard methods. Factorial experimental design and response surface method were applied for to create polynomial regression models and predict each of the thickness loss and recovery percent of carpet samples. The model is capable to determine the contribution of different variables. The results of the modeling revealed a desirable fit. The adjusted R² values were also high and significant. The ANOVA test indicated that the presented models were valid at 5% significant level.     

The effect of UV degradation on the recovery behavior of cut-pile carpets after static loading

UV exposure is a major source of degradation and deterioration of textile materials including carpets. Samples of machine-woven cut-pile carpets were prepared and exposed to different UV exposure times using a UV chamber. The short-term static loading was then applied to the carpets and the recovery properties and the thickness loss of the samples were measured using standard methods. The results showed that the variation of the thickness loss in different load removal times was steep at first and obeyed an exponential trend. As the time was increased, it tended to a lower slope and at a certain point, it reached a constant value. No statistically significance difference was observed in the thickness losses following 60 min of load removal time after static loading. UV radiation caused a significant increase in the thickness loss, or compression of piles, under static loading. Curve fitting process was applied and then the theoretical recovery speed equation was predicted. The results revealed that the compression of the carpets under static loading was higher in the case of UV exposure carpets. However, the speed of the recovery after load removal was much higher in the case of UV exposure carpets, in comparison to the non-exposure carpets.     

涤纶石墨烯/Modal混纺针织两面派面料的开发

石墨烯具有优异的电力学性能,并能赋予纺织面料许多功能性效果,逐渐应用于纺织功能性面料的开发中。但因石墨烯材料自身颜色限制,当其添加在纺织原材料中会使面料呈现深灰色系。为了获得不同色彩效应的石墨烯针织面料,采用涤纶石墨烯/Modal混纺纱线与不同的色纱一起开发了两款两面派的针织面料,色纱形成的线圈显露在面料正面,石墨烯混纺纱线显露于反面,这使石墨烯材料贴近人体皮肤发挥其功能化效果的同时满足消费者对不同色彩面料的需求。     

三维横编间隔织物的编织工艺及其性能

为开发适合不同应用领域的曲面复合材料,采用新型三维曲面间隔结构,在电脑横机上用芳纶纱编织了带有双层罗纹连接中间层的横编间隔织物,探讨了编织步骤和编织工艺。在此基础上通过在间隔织物纬向的2个表层衬入芳纶增强纱,改进了织物的力学性能。通过调整编织程序,开发出不同曲率的间隔织物。在英斯特朗电子万能材料试验机上测试有增强纱和无增强纱织物的横、纵向拉伸性能,比较分析这2种织物的应力应变曲线。结果表明,在其他条件相同时,有增强纱的三维横编间隔织物横向、纵向拉伸应力增加明显,变形较少,织物尺寸稳定。     

Impacts of yarn twist and staple length on UV protection of plain-knitted cotton fabrics

Yarn construction is an important attribute in knitting and end use performance of knitwear. Holistically, yarn construction affects fabric thickness and weight, and thereby influences ultraviolet (UV) protection of fabrics. Although impact of yarn construction on UV protection of fabrics is apparent, there appears to be limited research on it. This paper studied the UV protection of plain-knitted fabrics made of three types of ring-spun cotton yarns varying in yarn twist level and staple length. The results show that these yarn properties affect UV protection of fabrics differently before and after laundering. The modified low-twisted yarn possesses a bulky feature which creates a porous fabric structure for more ultraviolet radiation (UVR) transmission. The extra-long staple yarn offers uniform fabric appearance for higher UVR reflection. However, the regularity of yarn also restricts the fabric shrinkage in laundering and thus improvement in UV protection by shrinkage is not as obvious as that provided by the conventional short-staple yarn.     

Analysis of bending properties of worsted wool yarns and fabrics based on quasi-three-point bending

Abstract

The bending behavior of worsted wool yarns and fabrics plays a crucial role in handling and performance of end-use textiles. Hence, the fabric/yarn bending properties were studied based on a quasi-three-point bending model by means of the theoretical modeling and the corresponding measuring method. By means of the formula and the measured curves, the curve of bending rigidity and the curvature of a fabric or a yarn can be calculated so as to characterize the bending behavior more precisely than in the previous work. All the experiments on the fabric/yarn bending rigidity have been conducted for both the worsted wool fabrics and the corresponding yarns procured from the fabrics, with the same apparatus bending evaluation system of fabric and yarn, which was developed independently. The measured results of bending rigidity and curvature curve show good correlation with the bending moment and the curvature relationship of the theoretical modeling, and the comparisons of bending rigidity among KES-FB2 (Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics-2 pure bending tester), FAST-2 (Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing-2 bending meter), and the independently developed apparatus show that the three systems exhibist reasonably high correlations. It is confirmed that the new apparatus and the theoretical model are both viable and precious. Meanwhile, the theoretical relationship between the yarns and the fabrics has also been discussed, and the theoretical analysis of the bending behavior between the yarns and the fabrics is helpful in selecting a better theoretical model of the fabric-to-yarn bending rigidity ratio.     

Ultraviolet radiation protection by cotton fabrics: role of porous yarn structure,fabric thickness and pore size

The effect of porous yarn structure on ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection by cotton fabric has been investigated. Fabrics with porous yarn structure showed higher ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) in comparison with that of fabrics woven from equivalent normal yarns. Fabric samples having different thickness and individual pore size, at same cover %, were produced by adjusting yarn count and thread density. UPF of UV absorber treated cotton fabrics increased continuously with decreasing thickness and reducing individual pore size when the fabric cover was kept constant at relatively higher levels (93 and 96%). For UV absorber treated cotton fabrics, individual pore size is the dominating factor for determining the UPF.     

The effect of water repellency finishing on selected performance properties of upholstery fabrics produced from chenille yarns

Abstract

This study presents an evaluation of the effect of water-repellency finishing on the performance of upholstery fabrics manufactured from chenille yarns. Six different chenille yarns were manufactured as samples using piles made from three different raw materials (polyester, acrylic and viscose) and with two different heights. Then, six upholstery fabrics were woven used these chenille yarns in the weft direction and keeping all other weaving parameters fixed. Water repellency finishing was applied at 60% and 80% impregnation ratios using fluorocarbon-based finishing chemicals. The samples were tested for abrasion resistance and water repellency properties according to the standards. The results were evaluated statistically and graphically. The samples were analyzed before and after the abrasion process using a scanning electron microscope. As a result of the tests, water repellency of all the samples increased as expected after the finishing process. It was observed that the water repellency finish affected the abrasion resistance positively for all raw materials. Thus, the mass loss of the finished samples after the abrasion was less than that of the nonfinished samples. But, after the abrasion process, the water repellency of the samples was affected negatively.     

仪纶~(TM)纬平针织物的抗起毛起球性能

本文分别选用环锭纺、赛络纺、赛络紧密纺纺纱工艺,制备了同等纱支的仪纶~(TM)纯纺、仪纶~(TM)/棉(65/35)混纺针织纱线及其纬平针织物,对比测试了纱线性能及其织物抗起毛起球性能。实验结果显示:不同纺纱工艺的仪纶~(TM)针织纱线总体性能相似,赛络紧密纺纱线纱体结构更均匀;赛络纺织物的抗起毛起球性较环锭纺织物高0.5级,赛络紧密纺织物的抗起毛起球性明显好于环锭纺织物;混纺织物的抗起毛起球等级和起球粒数均有所改善。     

The effect of yarn twist direction on the formability of woven fabrics

This experimental work examines the influence of the yarn twist on the formability of a woven fabric. Consideration is given to the phenomenon of bedding between warp and weft yarns, as affected by the local helix angles of bent yarns. A total of 28 plain weave woven fabrics (four groups, each with seven samples) were produced, using Solospun? yarns as warp and weft threads. The fabric bending length and the initial modulus of each sample were measured from which the formability was calculated. Results indicated that the fabrics in which the warp and weft twists are unidirectional (Z &; Z) have higher formability in comparison to those fabrics in which the warp and weft twists are opposite to each other (Z &; S). In addition, among the former fabrics the highest formability belongs to those in which the total helix angle of the warp and weft is close to 90 degree whereas the lowest formability belongs to the latter fabrics with least amount of twist.     

Investigation of the fastness properties and color values of cotton fabrics knitted from ring spun and Sirospun® yarns

Sirospun yarn production is a new approach to produce two‐folded and twisted yarns. This method integrates the spinning and folding action in a single step. Therefore, it may have some important advantages such as simplicity of the process, lower production costs, lower investment, space saving, etc. The purpose of the study is to compare the color fastness and colorimetric properties of sirospun yarn, single and two‐folded ring spun yarns produced by same cotton fiber blend. Therefore, three reactive dyes were applied at 1% omf (on mass of fabric) depth of shade to the single jersey fabrics which are produced by sirospun yarn, single and two‐folded ring spun yarns at three different counts. The examination of color coordinates of undyed and dyed samples on CIELAB color space shows that undyed sirospun fabrics show slightly higher whiteness than both undyed single and two‐folded ring fabrics for all three yarn counts. Also, the color strength values of the samples are determined as slightly different for all three dyes. The experimental studies show that sirospun yarns have no disadvantages with respect to conventional folded and twisted yarns when their fastness properties were compared.     

Utilization of the yarn pullout test in estimation of the reserved energy of rib knitted fabrics

The yarn pullout test is a prevailing and particular method to evaluate the effects of yarn properties and the structural characteristics of the fabric on the fabric mechanical performance. In this research, a theoretical model of yarn pull out is presented to determine the reserved energy of weft-knitted fabrics with rib 1 × 1 structure. This model is based on the fabric dimensional properties, i.e. stitch length, wale density, yarn diameter and contact angle of yarns. In order to appraise the proposed model, five different double jersey weft-knitted fabrics with rib 1 × 1 structure were produced and exposed to pullout test. Comparison between deviations of theoretical results from experimental results demonstrates that the presented theoretical model exhibits a rational estimation of the reserved energy in these fabrics.     

Wicking and drying properties of conventional ring- and vortex-spun cotton yarns and fabrics

This study investigated the vertical wicking, water absorption and drying properties of vortex- and ring-spun combed cotton yarns and knitted fabrics comparatively. The yarns were produced in three different counts as 30 Ne, 40 Ne and 50 Ne. The experimental results revealed that vortex-spun yarns had lower yarn and fabric wicking and water absorption values than ring-spun yarns. In addition, it was observed that yarn type did not have a significant impact on the drying time of the fabrics.     

Outdoor usage performances of woven fabrics dyed with self-cleaning dyes

In this study, woven fabrics with cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester blend were dyed with commercial, including nano-sized TiO₂, pigment dye via pad-dry-cure method. These fabrics are designed for outdoor usage such as beach furniture, sunshade for prams, awnings, etc. To evaluate the self-cleaning action of modified fabrics, coffee, sour cherry and ink stains were introduced onto fabrics. Under sun light exposure, the stains were partially decolourised. The effects of TiO₂ on the main functions of fabrics were investigated by measurement of UV penetration and protection, colour fastness to dry and wet rubbing and also strength properties before and after sun light exposure. All treated fabric types performed excellent resistance against UV radiation and dry and wet rubbing. Pigment dyeing with rutile phase TiO₂ caused an increase in breaking strength of treated fabrics. The sun light exposure decreased the breaking strength of both treated and untreated fabrics.     

黄麻混织针织物的设计与开发

本研究针对黄麻纱线粗硬、毛羽较多,弹性低等特点,对纱线毛羽、细度及强度进行测试并选择适合的棉及涤纶纱线进行混合。将黄麻与棉及涤纶纱线经过合股上蜡处理后,在针织横机上设计并编织罗纹、移圈、圆筒等不同组织和结构的黄麻混织织物及产品。通过对黄麻混织织物的耐磨性、透气性、抗起毛起球等性能进行测试与分析,结果表明麻涤1罗纹织物耐磨性、耐起毛起球性最好,而麻棉4为单面圆筒织物线圈密度最小,透气性能最优;麻棉2由于具有移圈及凹凸效果,透气性能次之,耐磨性稍差。所织织物适合制作具有田园风格的家居类装饰物,从而开发黄麻纤维更广泛的应用领域。     

The use of micro-computed tomography to determine the fabric cross-sectional area and stress

Accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area of porous fabric is quite important to determine fabric strength. Many models using yarns cross-section were built to calculate the strength of woven and knitted fabrics, and the spaces between fibres in the yarns were always considered to be part of the cross-sectional area. In our previous study, using micro-computed tomography (CT) and reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) images and based on the evaluation of the pore diameter distribution across the thickness direction, a new method was established to accurately determine the fabric ‘surface’ and fabric thickness. In this study, we used this method to calculate the cross-sectional area of fabrics and the resulting fabric stress. Using a plain weave and a flat knit fabrics showed that the cross-sectional areas in warp (or wale) and weft (or course) directions of the fabrics change regularly based on fabric structures and yarns. The fabric stress, when calculations were based on the least cross-sectional area, were greater than that calculated based on the other methods, such as the stress calculated based on the Peirce yarn model, where yarns are regarded as solid cylinders. Other research and properties related to the fabric thickness and cross-sectional areas will benefit from this accurate determination.     

Analysis of the effect of UV radiation on the recovery properties of pile carpet after static loading through analytical and viscoelastic modeling

Different combinations of spring and dashpot systems are usually considered to model the mechanical behavior of textile materials. In this work, Jeffery’s mechanical model, which is a combination of spring and dashpot components, was used to model the recovery behavior of the pile carpet after static loading. The carpet samples were exposed to different levels of UV radiation. The short-term static loading was applied to the samples. The recovery response or thickness vs. time was then measured. By analyzing this model and using the best curve fitting based on the least square method, the viscoelastic parameters in each UV exposure time were calculated. Four attributes of compression were then studied. The results showed that the thickness loss and the maximum compression under a constant load were mainly dominated by the deterioration of the dashpot elements (Plastic part of deformation). The thickness loss and the maximum compression were both higher at longer UV exposure times. The thickness loss showed a good linear correlation with the inverse of the first dashpot constant, 1/η₁. In contrast, the speed of recovery and the potential stored energy were mainly dominated by the parameters of the Voigt–Kelvin body, i.e. the elastic part of the compression.     

乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物织物的制备及其性能

为开发可用于苛刻环境下的工业用织物,以自制乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物（ETFE）长丝为原料,通过加捻、合股工艺制备出织造所需的ETFE 纱线,利用半自动织机成功将其织成平纹织物,所得织物幅宽为（300±2）mm,厚度为0.397mm。利用万能拉伸机、织物透气量仪、平板式保温仪和织物耐磨仪等对纱线及其织物进行性能表征。结果表明：ETFE 织物透气率为562.0mm/s,保温率为6.77%;ＥＴＦＥ 织物具有优异的力学性能,其经向抗拉强度约为29.8MPa,纬向强度为19.7MPa,低于经向;热定型处理后,ETFE 织物的热收缩率明显改善,150 ℃以下无明显收缩,在200 ℃仅为6%;在经过90 ℃的浓硫酸和氢氧化钠溶液处理后断裂强度均无明显变化,表现出良好的耐酸碱腐蚀性,有望用作苛刻环境下的工业用布。     

我国古代的扎经染色绸

扎经染色绸是丝织品中的一个特殊类别,其制作工艺是根据预先设计好的纹样,将经丝分段扎染,经拆结、对花后再进行织造,绸面花型轮廓朦胧,具有独特的艺术魅力。扎经染色织物在国内外都有生产,如日本的絣及我国新疆地区的爱得丽斯花绸等等。文章初步探讨了我国古代扎经染色绸的源流、其名称的演变以及出土和传世的织物遗存。     

三维正交机织复合材料的冲后压缩性能

为揭示纱线张力对三维机织复合材料抗冲击及冲后压缩性能的影响规律,基于多剑杆织造工艺,配置不同接结纱张力(25、50、100 cN)织造三维正交机织物,通过真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺制备复合材料,并在室温下进行低速冲击及冲后压缩性能测试。结果表明：当接结纱张力为100 cN时,试样在冲击载荷下发生表层树脂大面积破裂和剥离并使纬纱失去支撑,同时,试样表层纬纱发生较大卷曲,促使压缩载荷发生屈曲失效;接结纱张力为100 cN试样的压缩性能相比接结纱张力为25 cN试样下降约50%;接结纱张力较高时易导致纬纱卷曲增大和树脂富集,并由此降低试样的弯曲刚度和冲后压缩性能。