Large-scale finite element analysis of a 3D angle-interlock woven composite undergoing low-cyclic three-point bending fatigue

This paper reports the large-scale finite element analysis (FEA) of a 3D angle-interlock layer-to-layer woven composite material undergoing low-cyclic three-point bending fatigue at microstructure level. A microstructure geometrical model of the 3D woven composite material was established to model the real structure of the woven composite. The fatigue behaviors of the 3D woven composite undergoing three-point bending with sinusoidal wave-form were investigated from experimental and FEA approaches. Based on displacement-controlled bending and inelastic hysteresis energy fatigue damage criterion, the interior deformation, energy absorption, and stress distribution characteristics during the fatigue process were analyzed. The different failure mechanisms and damage patterns of yarns and resin were discussed. The influence of the 3D woven structure on the fatigue behaviors was discussed. The fatigue damage morphologies and stiffness degradation were obtained to compare with the experimental results. The results show that the most of energy was absorbed by warp yarns. Stress concentration was emerged on the inclined part of warp yarns and the interface between yarns and resin. The damage morphologies from experimental and FEA results are in good agreement. The stiffness degradation curves also show the same tendency.     

三维机织复合材料的弯曲疲劳性能

在材料测试系统MTS上,采用三点弯曲加载方式对超厚三维正交机织复合材料(玻璃纤维/不饱和聚酯)分别进行静态及疲劳试验,对该材料的疲劳性能进行探索和预测。结果表明,材料的疲劳衰变主要分为3个阶段:产生小裂纹的初始阶段;损伤累积扩张阶段;材料刚度加速退化,疲劳破坏阶段。材料中纤维的体积含量不仅对其静态力学性能影响很大,对弯曲疲劳性能同样起到决定性作用。通过对弯曲疲劳加载后的剩余模量进行理论分析,验证了理论分析和实验数据之间的一致性,为实际预测复合材料剩余模量提供了依据。     

3D woven green composites from textile waste: mechanical performance

Application of textile waste for development of value added green composites has been carried out in this work. Textile fabric waste is collected from various sources. These waste materials are garneted, so as to produce loose fibrous material, subsequently this fibrous material was converted into twisted strand for manufacturing of 3D woven preforms for production of composites. Twisted strands are converted into orthogonal 3D woven structure. The fibers extracted from waste material are combined with polypropylene in 60/40 proportion. Composites of various specifications are developed to examine their end-use applications. These composite materials are characterized for their mechanical behavior to find out the response against tensile loading, flexural stress, and impact force. The effects of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of composites are investigated. 3D woven fabric reinforced composites produced by using waste fiber yarn and normal cotton OE yarn do not exhibit any significant difference in the mechanical behavior of composite. This result confirmed that waste material can be safely used as reinforcing structure in green composite manufacturing.     

锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料的弯曲性能

为解决层合间隔复合材料易开裂和整体性差的问题,采用绿色环保的玄武岩低捻长丝作为经、纬纱,合理设计经向截面图和组织图,并在普通织机上织造3种不同间隔高度的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物。以所织得的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物作为增强材料,环氧乙烯基树脂作为基体,利用真空辅助成型工艺,制备锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料,同时对三维机织间隔复合材料进行三点弯曲性能测试,得到弯曲载荷-位移曲线、能量吸收图和破坏模式。结果表明:复合材料的纬向是主要承力方向;组织循环个数越多的材料表现出更好的弯曲性能;在一定间隔高度范围内,间隔高度越高的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物承受的弯曲载荷和吸收的能量也越高;锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料的破坏模式是材料上表层受压,下表层受拉,而连接层受压;在作用力下材料只是出现明显的变形,但并未出现材料整体的破坏。     

Finite element analyses of stress distributions of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite subjected to three-point bending cyclic loading

This paper presents the finite element simulation of stress distribution features of 3D layer-to-layer angle-interlock woven composite undergoing three-point bending cyclic loading. With the finite element analysis model, a microstructure shell element model of the woven composite at yarn level was established to calculate the fatigue behaviors and stress distribution during cyclic loading. The stress distributions in the warp, weft yarns, and the resin regions have been calculated to show the stress difference in the woven composite. It has been observed that the warp yarns share the most part of the stress or loading, i.e. the strength warp yarn is more important than that of the weft yarn for the fatigue design. In addition, the stress distributions at the locations where the weft yarns crossover the warp yarns have been investigated. The stress degradations of the top and bottom surface of the woven composite panels were also compared with those in experimental and good agreement was found. With the stress distribution in the woven composite, the method of improving the fatigue damage tolerance was expected to be developed.     

Investigation of mechanical behavior of woven/knitted hybrid composites

The objective of this research is to develop the woven/knitted hybrid composites for improved in plane as well as out of plane mechanical properties. Two different type of structures and two different materials were used in this study. Firstly, the woven and knitted fabrics were developed with glass and Kevlar yarn. Secondly, the laminated composite samples were fabricated with different stacking sequence of fabric plies. The epoxy resin was used as matrix. The cured samples were characterized for impact, tensile and dynamic mechanical properties. The behavior of composite materials was then analyzed with percentages of different fiber and fabric types. The samples with higher percentages of knitted reinforcement gave better impact strength but failed to provide better tensile properties. Moreover, the samples with higher percentages of woven structure and glass materials gives better modulus values.     

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of three-point bending fatigue of 3D orthogonal woven composite

This paper reports the three-point bending fatigue behavior of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven composite (3DOWC) in experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) approach. In experimental, the S–N curve was obtained to illustrate the relationship between applied stress levels and number of cycles to failure. The stiffness variation was recorded to present the degradation of mechanical properties of the 3DOWC during the process of fatigue loading. Furthermore, the fatigue damage morphologies of the tested 3DOWC coupons were given to indicate the damage modes of different parts (resin, yarns, and their interface) of the composite under the range of stress levels. In FEA approach, a user-defined material subroutine UMAT which characterizes the stiffness matrix and fatigue damage evolution of the 3DOWC was developed and incorporated with a finite element code ABAQUS/Standard to calculate the maximum deflection of the 3DOWC during each loading cycle. The bending deformation at different loading cycles was also calculated. From the comparisons between FEA and experimental approaches, it is indicated that the proposed model is reasonable for calculating the fatigue bending deformation.     

2.5维机织复合材料的几何结构模型与验证

为验证2.5维机织复合材料结构与其力学性能的关系,基于对材料断面显微照片的观察和分析,假定纤维束截面为为跑道形,建立了2.5维机织复合材料的单元结构模型。借助模型推导出纱线在几种典型结构（浅交弯联、浅交直联、深角联）的单元体结构内的纱线长度、接结经的取向角和纤维体积分数,并对材料进行拉伸、压缩性能预测。制作了满足要求的2.5维机织复合材料实验件并对其进行力学性能测试,通过试验值和预测值的对比,验证几何模型的正确性。     

三维机织多孔复合材料的横向冲击性能

为了解纺织结构复合材料的动态力学行为,更好地设计并应用纺织结构复合材料,对三维多重纬经角联锁织物复合材料的动、静态力学性能进行了测试。运用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置测试了不同速度（应变率）及准静态状态时材料的力学性能。结果表明：三维多重纬经角联锁织物复合材料是应变率敏感材料;随着冲击速度的不断提高,材料所能承受的载荷及吸收的能量增大;材料破坏时前面表现为压缩破坏形式,背面为拉伸破坏形式。     

二维与三维机织复合材料力学性能的实验研究

对超厚三维正交机织复合材料及二维要织层合板人别进行了拉伸和压缩实验,研究比较了两种复合材料刚度和强度特性的差异研究发现无论是三维机织材料的拉压还是二维层合板的拉压应力应变曲线都近似为直线,而且具有脆性破坏的特点;三维复合材料的拉压强度要高于二维层合板.这主要是由于材料不同的增强相结构及纤维含量造成;不同的破坏模式对材料强度影响很大.     

纬纱接结的三维正交机织物结构

为了研究正交机织物的实际结构,采用玻璃纤维在剑杆织机上织制了纬纱接结的6层经纱5层纬纱的正交机织物,然后利用VARI工艺与聚酯树脂复合,制成了复合材料板材试样,并在显微镜下观测纱线的形状。研究发现:三维正交机织物的经、纬纱基本呈直线状态,接结纬纱是曲线与直线组合的形状,且形状与在织物中的位置有关,越靠近织物中央,接结纬纱的直线部分越短;接结纬纱使其限定的经纱产生聚集现象,在复合材料中产生贫富树脂区,接结纬纱形状的变化也使织物的结构不均匀。对织造过程的分析表明,造成接结纬纱形状变化的原因是织物形成过程中接结纬纱的滑动,从织物边部到中央,接结纬纱的滑动阻力逐渐增大,接结纬纱的张力也逐渐增大。     

三维机织复合材料板簧式起落架结构设计及其有限元分析

为实现直升机板簧式起落架减重和提高层间剪切性能,采用碳纤维三维机织结构整体制备复合材料起落架。针对起落架的设计要求,通过受力分析和理论计算,建立了板簧式起落架的三维力学分析模型;通过材料实验和理论计算,获得了有限元计算所需的材料工程常数;结合最大应力-应变准则,采用有限元方法对板簧进行准静态加载模拟,确定了板簧的截面和轴线几何形状,以及变截面增厚部位的长度值与厚度值。结果表明:基于斜纹2.5维机织复合材料结构,截面宽度为120 mm,厚度为24 mm的弓式圆弧形、矩形截面板簧在满足挠度的同时其应变小于材料许用应变值;基于优选截面,增厚长度为760 mm,增厚厚度为36 mm时,复合材料起落架不仅能较好满足挠度、强度等设计要求,而且在同类型航空用4340钢制成的板簧结构件基础上质量减少约30%。     

三维织物结构设计

介绍了三维织物的特点,着重介绍了三维机织物的性能、用途以及结构设计原理和设计要点,并对几种典型的三维机织物预制件的结构设计进行了详细说明。     

三维机织物织边造型工艺设计

为满足市场对不同种类三维机织物的需要,提高多剑杆织机的产品适应性,在分析现有三维机织物造型工艺优缺点的基础上,提出了一种在多剑杆织机上织造三维机织物的新型造型工艺即织边造型工艺。结合新型工艺的需要,对现有多剑杆织机的织边系统和打纬机构的结构进行了改进设计,简单介绍了这种新型工艺的织造过程。通过在小样织机上试织,按照工艺织造出圆形横截面仿形织物。实验结果表明,织边造型工艺应用于复合材料预制件的织造会在一定程度上提高织机对更多织物产品种类的适应性,同时可解决织机因层数限制而不能织造壁厚较大的空心机织物的问题。     

三维四向编织复合材料刚度的细观力学设计

为了实现工程应用中三维编织复合材料的灵活设计,合理优化纤维束结构参数使得三维编织复合材料宏观刚度达到要求。基于非连续介质力学方法建立桁架结构单胞模型,采用有限元法预估复合材料的有效弹性模量,以材料质量最轻和刚度要求为目标,选用遗传算法优化细观结构参数。对纱线线密度和编织节距长度的优化结果验证,实验表明,桁架单胞模型结合遗传算法可以为满足弹性性能要求的三维编织复合材料快速地找到最优的细观结构参数。     

Novel derivatives of 3D woven T-shaped composites with improved performance

Conventional 3D woven T-shaped preforms were modified for improving joint/ peel off strength of associated T-shaped polymeric composites. Preforms were modified at weaving level by preferred yarns orientations for better performance in associated composites. Major modifications studied are; the addition of supporting layer, single or double-crossing in joint layers and crossing along with supporting layer (in a single sample). Novel derivatives were compared with conventionally used (on-loom and off-loom) T-shaped 3D woven composites. Microscopic analysis was also carried out to analyze the orientation of yarns and analysis of samples from failure point after testing. By combined variation of crossing and supporting layers improvement of 47.37% in peel off strength and 70.37% in impact strength was observed. Modified T shapes can serve to be a good replacement for conventional T-shaped stiffener (used to avoid folding under loads) and in joints.     

开孔三维机织复合材料的拉伸性能

为研究开孔尺寸对三维机织复合材料拉伸力学行为、破坏模式以及失效机制的影响规律,设计了3种不同孔径的三维机织复合材料试样,利用非接触全场应变测试系统和显微图像技术进行表征。结果表明:6、10、14 mm 的孔径对三维机织复合材料的拉伸模量几乎没有影响,开孔后全截面拉伸强度分别下降35.6％、44.5％和51.8％,但开孔后的净截面拉伸强度基本相同,与未开孔试样相比,平均拉伸强度下降约22.4％;未开孔试样的全场应变呈现均匀分布,而开孔试样在孔左右两侧呈现出应变集中;开孔试样的断口形貌相似,主要表现为经纱的断裂,并伴随有部分纱线的抽拔以及层间开裂。     

圆织三维管状碳纤维复合材料弹性性能预测

为给圆织复合材料的工程应用提供参考依据,建立适当的单元胞体力学模型来预测其工程弹性常数。该模型采用跑道型纤维束截面假设,基于可设计几何参数和单元胞体的组织结构,合理预测了圆织三维管状复合材料纤维体积分数和弹性常数。并采用有限元方法对该模型进行了拉伸载荷下的力学分析,合理确定了复合材料的应力分布。结果表明,采用有限元方法所得的预测值与理论计算数值具有很好的一致性,证明了细观几何模型以及弹性常数分析方法的正确性。     

不同结构厚截面三维机织碳纤维复合材料的弯曲性能对比

为准确分析不同结构厚截面复合材料不同方向上的弯曲性能差异,通过设计织造三向正交、浅交直联、浅交弯联3种典型机织结构的厚截面碳纤维三维机织物,并采用真空辅助树脂成型工艺制备了近似纤维体积含量的碳纤维复合材料板,对其进行了XYZ方向的弯曲实验。结果表明:三向正交结构由于内部纤维束近似平直,碳纤维束自身性能得到最大利用,对应复合材料经向弯曲强度最好;浅交直联结构复合材料的Z经和Z纬弯曲强度累加值最大,其厚度截面上的综合弯曲性能最好,且其他各方向的弯曲强度较为均衡;浅交弯联结构内部纱线交织摩擦损伤严重,且经纱屈曲程度最大,对应复合材料经纬向弯曲性能均为最差。     

Effect of pre-crack length on Mode I fracture toughness of 3-D angle-interlock woven composites from finite element analyses

Fracture toughness is a key factor to design impact behaviors of composite materials. This paper reports the influence of pre-crack length on Mode I fracture toughness of 3-D angle-interlock woven composites. Double cantilever beam specimens with different pre-crack lengths were tested to obtain load-displacement curves and strain energy release rates. A finite element analysis model at microstructure level was established to reveal the fracture damage development and stress distribution in the specimens. We found that the fracture toughness decreases with increase in pre-crack length. The higher pre-crack length resulted in increased stress concentration at crack tip position and the enhanced crack propagation. The higher strength through-thickness yarns are recommended for improving fracture toughness.