47—THE WEAR TO BACKING OF WOOL AND OTHER CARPETS IN A TURNING TRIAL

An investigation is described in which, in a carpet-wear trial over a zig-zag course with near-180° turns, periodic measurements were made of the carpet thickness. The decrease in thickness with increase in the number of passages conformed to a logarithmic law throughout so great a part of the life of the carpet that it appears possible to make a usefully accurate prediction of the length of wear-life to backing from thickness changes during only a fraction of the wear-life.

The wear to backing in floor trials increased exponentially with the number of rubs to the end-point measured on the Wira Carpet Abrasion Machine.     

12—THE FORMATION OF LYSINOALANINE AND LANTHIONLNE IN WOOL FIBRES STRETCHED IN BOILING WATER,AND THEIR RELATION TO PERMANENT SET

When wool fibres are held at 40% extension in boiling water for increasing periods of time, there is a progressive decrease in their cystine contents with concomitant increases in their lanthionine and lysinoalanine contents. After 3 hr, the contents of these amino acids have reached a maximum, which coincides with the maximum retention of set. At this time, approximately 24% of the cystine residues have been modified.

The mechanism of set is a complex phenomenon involving conformational changes in the proteins constituting the microfibril–matrix structure of the wool fibre. Whereas the results in this paper support the cross-linkage-stabilization theory of set postulated by Speakman, their implications, both for this and for the thiol–disulphide-interchange theory of set, are discussed in the light of modern ideas on the structure of wool.     

23—THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TWIST AND RESISTANCE TO REPEATED EXTENSIONS OF MAN-MADE-FIBRE ROTOR-SPUN YARNS

The relation existing between the twist and resistance to repeated extensions of man-made-fibre rotor-spun yarns is studied. Experiments on acrylic-fibre, polyester-fibre, and viscose staple-fibre rotor-spun yarns are reported, and it is shown that, for these fibres, the maximum resistance to repeated extension is consistent with generally low twist multipliers, although the level of the resistance is dependent on both the fibre type and the linear density of the yarns. Some complementary tests concerning the relation existing between twist and tensile strength for cotton, polyester-fibre, and acrylic-fibre rotor-spun yarns are also reported. It is shown that, whereas for cotton yarns the twist for maximum strength is found for a high twist multiplier, for man-made-fibre yarns the optimum twist occurs at low values of the twist multiplier.     

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18—THE PREDICTION OF STRIPINESS DUE TO ROGUES IN KNITTED FABRICS

A group of adjacent rogue threadlines in a knitted fabric is likely to be visible as a stripe when the fabric is dyed. This paper provides theoretical results (which are also presented graphically) that give the probability of two or more, and of three or more, rogues occurring together in fabrics of various widths for varying proportions of rogues in the threadline population.     

33—THE TRANSFER OF MASS AND HEAT TO FIBRES IN FLOWING LIQUIDS

The relationship between heat and mass transfer in textile beds is examined by the use of wires of similar dimensions to those of textile fibres. Some qualitative experiments validate this procedure, and hence a general law between the transport and the velocity of fluid passing through the bed is established. At this stage, however, the connexion between structural factors of the bed and the measured transport properties could only be treated in a most elementary manner.     

42—THE RÔLE OF SURFACTANTS IN REDUCING ACID DAMAGE TO WOOL IN CARBONIZING

Acid damage to wool fibres in carbonizing appears to be largely localized. The addition of certain surfactants at suitable concentrations reduces the degree of localized damage and should increase the mechanical strength of fibres. The concentration of surfactants at which localized damage is least does not necessarily coincide with the concentration required to produce the minimum uptake of moisture or acid or both by wool.     

11—THE DYNAMICS OF THE FALSE-TWIST PROCESS PART V: RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN FEEDSTOCK

The theory is extended to deal with the frequency response of texturing variables to variations, both actual and latent, in the feedstock linear density. Experimental measurements of the response made by using feedstock with controlled variation are compared with theoretical predictions, and conclusions are drawn about their relevance to textured-yarn quality.     

38—THE EFFECTS OF PLANAR CRIMP IN THE MEASUREMENT OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRES,FILAMENTS, AND YARNS

A theoretical investigation of the tensile, flexural and torsional behaviour of crimped filaments has been made; the relationships describing the filament behaviour are presented in graphical and in analytical form, and are verified experimentally. Two results are of particular importance in routine textile testing: it is shown that the Young's modulus of staple fibres measured with a tensile-testing machine is not subject to significant error caused by crimp; and a new expression is proposed which enables the optimum tension for the routine yarn-crimp test to be calculated.     

44—THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BILATERAL STRUCTURE OF WOOL TO HYGRAL EXPANSION

Measurements are reported of the hygral expansion of yarns extracted from permanently set fabrics made from merino and Lincoln wools. For yarns having similar crimp, the hygral expansion of merino-wool yarn is much greater than that of Lincoln-wool yarn. The values in both cases agree with predictions based on single-fibre behaviour. It seems certain that this difference is caused by the presence of a consistent bilateral structure in merino wool, which is absent from Lincoln wool.     

29—THE RELATION BETWEEN YIELDS OF NEAR-NEIGHBOUR CORE SAMPLES

An investigation is reported in which bales of greasy wool were intensively cored by means of the CSIRO Model B Coring Machine. The cores were individually tested for yield. Several sets of yield values with 36 to the bale and one set with 100 to the bale were examined by auto-correlation techniques. The extent of correlation between pairs of values is examined in relation to the distance between those pairs and appears to be significant at distances less than about 7 in. (178 mm).     

30—AN APPLICATION OF MINI-COMPUTERS TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPEN-END-SPINNING PROCESS PART V: THE EFFECT OF SUPPRESSING ONE DRAWFRAME PASSAGE IN THE OPEN-END PROCESSING OF ACRYLIC FIBRES

The optimization of the opening-roller speed in open-end spinning is studied for a given type of fibre, and the effect on the yarn properties of suppressing one drawframe passage is considered. The experiments carried out with acrylic fibre show the existence of an optimum zone for the speed of the opening roller and also indicate that the suppression of a drawframe passage in the normal industrial process leads to a drop in yarn quality that principally affects the regularity and influences both the tenacity and the elongation at break of the yarn to a less extent.     

42—THE ESTIMATION OF CROSS-LINKS IN WOOL FROM THE EXTENT OF SWELLING IN FORMIC ACID

An account is given of the application of a gravimetric method for measuring the extent of swelling of wool in formic acid to a series of wool samples containing decreasing amounts of randomly distributed disulphide bonds. In accordance with the Flory-Rehner equation, a linear relation was observed between disulphide content and V 5/3, where V is the volume of dry wool expressed as a fraction of the volume of swollen wool. This calibration curve was then used in conjunction with swelling data to assess the number of cross-links introduced on the treatment of wool with formaldehyde and other bifunctional reagents. The method is particularly useful for ranking in order relatively high levels of cross-linking.     

41—THE TRANSFER OF VEGETABLE PARTICLES FROM BEARD TO SLIVER IN WORSTED RECTILINEAR COMBING

Vegetable particles found in rectilinear-combed top appear to originate largely from a region near the front of the top comb. From here and elsewhere, their transfer to the combed sliver seems to be dependent on the proportion of the number of fibres in transit and on how firmly they are held. A simple mathematical theory is presented that supports this view. The transfer of neps to combed sliver is also dependent on these factors and on whether they have a fibre extending from them into the detaching zone according to the nep distributions in the detached tufts, many of them originate from behind the top comb.     

35—THE WEAR PERFORMANCE OF CARPETS MADE FROM WOOL CONTAINING POLYMERS

An investigation is reported in which it is shown, from floor trials with carpets made from wool containing internally deposited polymers, that, when these are compared with control carpets of similar pile weight, there is little significant effect on wear-life.

Greater soiling was associated with the soft polymers, this being attributable in part to uneven polymer deposition.     

53—THE APPLICATION OF RADIO-TELEMETRY TO THE MEASUREMENT OF WEFT TENSION DURING THE WEAVING CYCLE

A set of criteria is presented for the continuous monitoring of weft tension under dynamic weaving conditions on a conventional shuttle loom. A radio-telemetry system is developed that is designed for the direct measurement of weft tension within the shuttle itself. Components of the system that are described include the transducer, transmitter and amplifier, power supply, switchgear, and aerial; the assembly of these components within the shuttle and the relay of weft-tension traces to an external receiver and recording device are also discussed. The performance characteristics of the monitoring system are studied, and a typical trace of weft tension is related to the action of the various weaving mechanisms on a conventional loom.     

28—THE RELATION BETWEEN YARN AND FABRIC PROPERTIES IN PLAIN-KNITTED STRUCTURES

It is shown that there is a good correlation between the specific stress of a plain-knitted fabric and the parameter G ₀/l ³, where G ₀ is the yarn flexural rigidity and l is the loop length. In an attempt to determine the contribution of the fabric geometry and structure to the elastic-recovery properties of the plain-knitted fabrics, concepts such as the elastic-recovery ratio (ERR) and elastic-recovery performance index (ERPI) are introduced.     

22—THE PATTERN OF VARIABILITY OF YIELD,VEGETABLE-MATTER CONTENT,AND FINENESS IN THE AUSTRALIAN WOOL CLIP

A survey is presented of measurements of the variability of yield, vegetable-matter content, and fineness between core samples within growers' or auction lots representing a variety of types of wool from the Australian clip.

The pattern can be represented, in part, by a linear relationship between the within-bale standard deviation of a particular characteristic and the mean value of that characteristic for the lot.

The data presented do not suggest that a change from the present sampling schedule is necessary.