A novel method for determining skin deformation of lower limb in cycling

Skin deformation is the foundation of defining appropriate ease distribution at different parts of the body for compression clothing. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel method to determine skin deformation of lower limb in cycling. Ten male volunteers (height 175 ± 2.4 cm and BMI 22.7 ± 1.7 kg/m²) were selected as the subjects in this study. The skin areas from waist to knee of this subject’s lower limb in 12 cycling postures were obtained with a gel rubbing method. Then image pixels were transplanted to calculate the deformation of these skin areas in different postures and the skin deformation in cycling was plotted with the interpolation function in MATLAB. The results showed that skin deformations on the areas of abdomen, groin, haunch bone, gluteal fold, knee, and peoples changed obviously in cycling. The skin deformation on the area of abdomen and peoples was about ?30% and ?50% separately. Whereas, the skin had an about 40% stretch deformation on the areas of haunch bone, gluteal fold and knee and at the position of inner thigh, buttock bumps, and the middle of front and posterior thigh, the skin deformation was about 15%.The study presents a reliable and convenient method to procure skin deformation for active body postures. The results can provide primary data for pattern designer to determine suitable ease distribution, reasonable divisions of clothing pattern and matching elastic fabric for each division of cycling shorts.     

基于骑行动作骨骼肌仿真的女性下肢皮肤形变表征

为探究骑行运动时大腿部骨骼肌活动与皮肤形变规律,通过人体建模仿真系统对周期骑行运动中女下肢关节、骨骼、肌肉运动进行分析,选择周期骑行运动中5个关节、骨骼、肌肉变化临界点作为关键帧,并对关键帧形变后的大腿皮肤采用凝胶法拓印和图形软件方法计算面积,定性和定量两方面研究女性大腿各部位在骑行周期中大腿部皮肤形变规律。试验发现臀部区域的皮肤整体是拉伸变形,臀褶区域拉伸率达到58%;靠近腹股沟与腹股沟方向一致的斜向区域皮肤收缩逐渐增大,收缩率达到50%;大腿前部皮肤形变比大腿后部皮肤形变量小。研究结果可为骑行裤各分割区域具体守卫松量设计及面料选择提供理论参考。     

骑行运动中男子下肢体表尺寸变化规律

为更好地设计功能性骑行服结构,分析了骑行运动中男子下肢体表皮肤变化规律。挑选出6个具有代表性的骑行动作,利用体表画线实验法对测试者右腿进行测量,得到男子下肢体表数据并分析数据变化规律。实验发现：腿部各部位皮肤拉伸形变复杂且差异性大,变化率在（ -61.10%,110.82%）区间内;腰围线与大腿根围线之间的皮肤形变较为显著,腰围、臀围、大腿根围线的围度变化最显著;在长度方向上,前裆长度减少显著,最小值为-42.01%,到外侧缝线位置减少趋势逐渐减弱,后裆长度增大显著且最大值达61.71%;膝盖的屈伸导致各姿态下膝围区间段的数据变化复杂,且对体长变化影响较大。     

基于跑步运动状态下的皮肤拉伸研究

运动紧身装备有减少运动损伤、提高运动能力作用,令其成为21世纪功能性运动服装的研究热点。本文以跑步状态下皮肤拉伸为研究方向,提出了研究人体动态皮肤拉伸的一种新方法。通过分析跑步循环动作及下肢角度,将跑步循环分解成三个静态动作-前迈、落地、后摆。重点研究了人体在跑步的三种姿势下下肢体表在横向和纵向方面皮肤形变量,通过利用SCAN SMART三维扫描系统,从而得到了不同姿势下下肢不同部位皮肤拉伸数据,初步尝试获得了在跑步运动中皮肤变化的规律,为跑步运动紧身裤结构优化设计提供理论依据。     

基于运动捕捉的骑行运动中人体皮肤形变分析

为揭示在骑行运动过程中人体尺寸变化以及皮肤的形变规律,首先运用OptiTrack 运动捕捉系统采集了骑行运动中人体标记点的位置变化及其运动轨迹,对人体动态变化做定性分析,然后采用体表画线法对骑行运动中人体皮肤形变规律作进一步研究。结果表明：在骑行运动周期过程中,腰部及以上部位的点波动较小,尺寸变化较小,下肢部位点的波动较大,尤其膝部,且垂直方向变化大于水平方向;腿部变化复杂,且在骑行运动中不同区域的变化存在差异,其中围度变化率约在（ －8%,16%）区间,长度变化率在（ －60%,40%）区间;膝部的变化最为明显,变化率最大值达－60%左右,大腿和小腿处的变化较小。     

跑步运动中服装压对女子下肢肌肉疲劳的影响

为研究运动过程中人体下肢肌肉疲劳程度与服装压力之间的关系,以30名热爱跑步运动的年轻健康女性作为实验对象,测量其穿着不同压力运动短裤在跑步运动状态下,下肢各肌肉部位的服装压力值和表面肌电指标,采用相关分析和单因素方差分析对试验数据进行分析。结果表明：表面肌电时域指标中的均方根振幅（RMS）与肌肉疲劳状况存在相关性,RMS可作为重要指标从生物学角度对肌肉疲劳状态进行评价;服装压力的增加对肌肉疲劳具有缓解作用,主要集中在运动中后期;从相关测试部位看出,影响程度因部位而异,所受服装压较大的股外侧肌受影响程度最为明显,股直肌最不明显。     

A novel approach to characterize dynamic pressure on lower limb wearing compression cycling shorts

Dynamic pressure plays an important role in the cyclists’ performance and comfort. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively characterize dynamic pressure on lower limb with compression cycling shorts in a continuous cycling motion. Ten male cyclists participated in this study while wearing six pairs of compression cycling shorts with different ease allowances. Eight pressure measurement points were selected based on skeletal muscle simulation and surface curvature. A novel approach was developed to transform consecutive static pressures into dynamic pressure with interpolation technique. Firstly, a circular motion was evenly divided up into 12 postures. Secondly, static pressures in 12 postures were consecutively measured with an air pack-type pressure measuring instrument. Lastly, dynamic pressure was achieved with cubic spline interpolation in MATLAB based on static pressures in 12 postures. It was found that dynamic pressures at eight points were great difference. Maximum dynamic pressure at eight points was produced when pedal was at the top. Pressure linearly rose when ease allowance was gradually reduced at seven points (except at abdomen). Dynamic pressure fluctuation at four points (middle rectus femoris, middle biceps femoris, distal vastus medialis, and distal vastus lateralis) was significantly related with muscle activation (p < 0.01). Dynamic pressure at convex point of hip was mainly depended on skin deformation and surface curvature. Dynamic pressure of convex point of abdomen was controlled by breath rhythm. The findings are helpful to propose reasonable ease allowance at different parts of compression cycling shorts and provide theoretical guideline for fashion designers to improve pressure comfort and motion performance.     

下肢运动与裤装放松量之间关系的研究

为了提高裤装穿着的合体性和舒适性,对60名男大学生在自然站立、步行、上楼梯、坐立、下蹲、弯腰90°6种姿势下与裤装有关的尺寸进行测量,并进行统计分析。提出了裤装腰部、臀部、裆部、膝围、大腿围放松量的设计依据和前后腰围、前后臀围的分配规律,为裤装放松量的设计提供了有效的方法和理论依据。     

不同路况中骑行者皮肤变形分析

为明确在不同路况和不同骑行动作下的皮肤变形量,针对人体在上坡、平地和下坡3种不同路况下的骑行姿势,分别提取4个关键骑行动作进行测试与分析。结果表明:下坡路况时的肩宽缩小程度最大,达-14.26%;平地和下坡路况下背宽的变化率在25%以上;腰围在骑行过程中增大,下坡路况时腰围变化最大,而上坡路况时最小;胸围、大腿围、小腿围的变化率都小于3%;人体的前上半身长都呈收缩状态,平地和下坡路况时变化率达-10%以上;后背长呈拉伸状态,但变化率不足5%;人体正面腰围线到小腿围线的总长减小,但人体侧面的腰围线到小腿围线的总长变化不大。     

低腰牛仔裤穿着中存在的问题及解决办法

针对现代低腰牛仔裤穿着中存在的露臀、裆部紧绷等既不美观又影响舒适性的问题,在对裤装纸样与人体下肢形态和人体动态关联性分析的基础上,提出了改善的方法:在传统牛仔裤的设计基础上,将斜裁面料应用于臀部和膝盖部位,以解决露臀问题;通过对小裆弯适当加长等纸样修正方法,可改善裆部紧绷的情况.     

基于运动疲劳调查分析的紧身跑步裤设计

通过问卷调查,得到人体跑步时下肢各部分肌肉疲劳程度。采用锦氨包芯纱和锦纶在Santoni SM8 TOP2无缝内衣机上编织12种不同结构针织面料,采用定伸长拉伸测试面料拉伸性能。选用拉伸至相同拉伸率时所需拉伸力较大的几种面料制作紧身跑步裤,介绍紧身跑步裤结构设计和尺寸设计,对紧身跑步裤穿着效果进行主观测评。结果表明,人体跑步时下肢腓肠肌内侧、臀大肌、股直肌3个部位最易疲劳,不同组织的针织面料产生服装压不同,基于跑步时下肢疲劳状态设计的紧身跑步裤合理,能在保证人体穿着舒适的前提下达到减缓疲劳的目的。该研究为紧身服装的服装压分配、尺寸设计及制作提供参考。     

人体局部皮肤的气流敏感性及其影响因素

为探究人体不同体段皮肤对气流的敏感性差异及影响因素,测试了人体前胸、后背上、后背下、大腿前和大腿后5个体段在接受低于皮肤温度5 ℃、等于皮肤温度和高于皮肤温度5 ℃的气流刺激时,各体段的局部皮肤温度变化率以及主观气流强度感觉,应用韦伯分数分析各体段对气流的敏感性差异。结果表明:通风温度对人体气流敏感性有显著影响,当通风温度与局部皮肤温度相等时,皮肤气流敏感性最差,说明温度感受器对皮肤气流感知发挥重要作用;后背上部与大腿前部对热气流最敏感,而后背下部与大腿后部对冷气流最敏感,但各部位之间并未发现显著的统计学差异。     

Presence and level of Campylobacter, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacteria recovered from broiler parts with and without skin

This study was undertaken to determine if broiler chicken parts without skin are less contaminated with Campylobacter than those with skin. Samples were taken in a commercial plant from defeathered carcasses before evisceration. Bacterial counts from rinse of aseptically removed meat samples were lower than those from stomached skin samples. No Campylobacter were recovered from meat collected from the breasts or thighs, and only 2 of 10 drumstick meat samples had detectable levels of Campylobacter. However, 9 of 10 breast skin, 10 of 10 thigh skin, and 8 of 10 drumstick skin samples were positive for Campylobacter, with between 2 and 3 log10 CFU/g of Campylobacter. Breasts, thighs, and drumsticks were removed from broiler carcasses following evisceration before entering the chill tank. There was a significant difference (50 to 90%) in the levels of Campylobacter on breasts, thighs, and drumsticks with and without skin. Similar trends were noted for coliform, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacterial counts from samples collected in the plant. Broiler part samples were also collected at retail outlets. These samples were either skin on and skinned in the laboratory or skin off at purchase. Aseptic removal of skin from broiler breasts, thighs, and drumsticks did not cause change in Campylobacter, coliform, E. coli, or total aerobic counts recovered from the skinned part. Likewise, parts purchased without skin did not have different bacterial counts than paired parts purchased with the skin on. Consumers should not expect to significantly lower the number of bacteria present on a chicken breast, thigh, or drumstick by removing the skin.     

青年女性臀部高度特征分析

臀部是评判人体美的重要部位,关系到下装设计的舒适性和美观性。通过利用Excel和SPSS软件对三维人体测量获得的有关臀部数据进行整理分析来研究臀部高度特征。通过分析臀位高与腰高的关系得出三者成正态相关关系,臀身比（即臀部高度与身高的比值）均值为0.499,得到臀部可作为人体美的评判基础;进一步分析得出臀位高度与身高成线性关系;臀胯高差与腰胯高差比值均值是0.285,所以在结构设计时要想获得最佳的舒适性、美观性,须增加测量臀高位置;通过线性相关分析得出臀胯高差与身高、腰位高的线性关系公式;最后参照国家号型标准中身高以5cm分档,利用分裂聚类分析法将全部数据分为5类,分析得出臀位高以3cm分档。     

基于下肢运动特征的纬编无缝瑜伽裤结构设计

为提升瑜伽裤的功能性和舒适性,研究了纬编无缝瑜伽裤结构设计的方法。首先分析人体下肢围度特征及瑜伽运动中体表皮肤形变,选用氨纶和锦纶编织7种不同组织结构的面料,测量面料的拉伸性能和压力值。最后从围度尺寸和纵向结构进行纬编无缝瑜伽裤分区结构设计,并进行应用举例。结果表明,服装围度尺寸的差异通过调整不同织物的编织针数比例实现;通过织物横向拉伸的压力值,调整服装收缩量;服装纵向设计中,织物拉伸性能与皮肤形变数值的大小呈对应关系;无缝瑜伽裤的结构设计需综合考虑下肢运动特征、织物性能和无缝成形原理。该技术可以应用于其他类型的运动服装设计中,有助于提高服装结构设计的科学性和生产效率。     

SALT CONTENT OF KOSHER CHICKEN PARTS STUDIED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

Salt content in the breast, thigh and skin was determined in chickens which had been kosher-processed with different salting times, quantities and different numbers of rinses and after cooking. Significant differences in the salt content were obtained after 1.5 h of salting. Salt quantity significantly affected only the thigh and skin. Rinsings had no effect in reducing salt content in the breast and thigh. Cooking did not reduce the salt content of the chicken except in the skin. The salt treatments used in this study, which were similar to those used in commercial kosher dressing plants, did not increase uptake of water.     

相变降温矿工服的设计与评价

为缓解井下作业人员的热应激,利用相变材料设计降温矿工服。通过模拟高温高湿环境(温度为30 ℃,相对湿度为80%),采用真人着装实验,获得人体着装时的皮肤温度和主观热湿感受,对该相变降温矿工服的降温效果进行评价。结果表明:穿着相变降温矿工服能显著降低局部皮肤温度、平均皮肤温度和躯干皮肤温度;不同部位的降温效果存在差异,后腰和腹部皮肤温度降低幅度最大,腿部降温持续时间较短;平均皮肤温度和躯干皮肤温度最高分别下降约0.91 ℃和1.70 ℃;主观热感降低,热舒适感升高,但湿感无显著变化。     

基于三维动作捕捉仪的孕妇裤托腹效果评价

为考察孕妇托腹裤的托腹效果,以及孕妇穿着托腹裤时的感受情况,以孕妇裤托腹部位的结构设计为切入点,利用三维动作捕捉仪,以孕妇运动时髋关节角度的变化为参考基准,通过单因素方差分析法对所得数据进行显著性检验,并对有效数据进行对比,比较孕妇与正常人体进行下肢体活动时最大髋关节角度差值的大小,结合主观评价实验进行综合分析。结果表明：孕妇在运动时随着自身孕周的增加,腹围增大,孕肚的重量增大,髋关节最大角度也会增大;通过髋关节角度值大小可判断孕妇裤的托腹效果,即髋关节角度值越小,孕妇裤的托腹效果越好。同时在现有孕妇托腹裤款式的基础上提出改进方案,以协助孕妇提升和改善生活质量。     

运动时关节部位皮肤形变量预测方法

针对皮肤形变量测量方法存在的工作量大、操作复杂等普遍问题,通过人体体型与关节部位运动时皮肤形变量的关系,并结合数学原理构建人体主要关节的几何模型,分别得到肩关节、肘关节、髋关节和膝关节皮肤形变量的计算公式,然后与现有的测量方法进行对比实验。研究结果表明:皮肤形变量主要取决于关节的围度、活动角度以及身体质量指数;各个关节皮肤形变量计算结果与实际测量结果的平均误差为0.51 cm,在0.05显著水平上无明显差异,从而说明该方法可以用于皮肤形变量的预测,能够为服装结构设计提供参考。     

基于XGBoost算法对新疆女性臀部体型判别及原型修正

为准确判断下体体型,使新疆地区女性裙装更加合体,分析了220名18~25岁的新疆地区青年女性臀部数据,通过因子分析与相关指数得到聚类指标:后臀长腰围比、后臀长臀围比,采用K-means聚类方法将臀部分为3类,使用Python软件建立XGBOOST臀部判别模型。首先对不同算法模型进行比较分析表明,运用XGBOOST方法的测试集精准度最高为98.4%。其次修正新疆地区中间体的裙装原型,发现其后臀长与标准裙装原型后臀长相差2.4 cm,说明新疆地区女性臀部相比国内其他地区偏翘。将判别算法运用到数据系统中,可提高体型判别效率,为人体相关领域提供数据支持。