食品与饲料基质中真菌毒素检测技术研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的相对分子质量较小的次生有毒代谢产物,不易被加工或烹调加热所破坏,超过一定摄入量后会引起人的肝肾功能下降、癌变或诱发免疫抑制性疾病。目前尚无绝对有效的措施避免真菌毒素的污染,因此,研究可以准确高效地测定食品和饲料基质中的真菌毒素的检测技术非常重要。本研究通过对真菌毒素提取方法、净化方法及检测技术的研究进展进行综述,发现目前研究方法大多是针对某一种真菌毒素进行检测的常规检测方法或者同时检测多种真菌毒素的检测方法,由于这些方法存在稳定性差、定量不准确或前处理复杂等,因此未来应大力开发检测快速、高灵敏度、高特异性的真菌毒素检测方法。     

真菌毒素性质及免疫原制备方法的研究进展

真菌毒素是一些真菌在生长过程中所产生的毒性很强的次级代谢产物,通过食品或饲料危害动物和人类的健康及安全。能充分认识真菌毒素性质,准确快速的检测真菌毒素是控制其危害的最有效手段,现阶段酶联免疫(ELISA)检测方法已经成为真菌毒素快速检测的主要趋势,本文对一些主要真菌毒素的性质、种类、危害以及真菌毒素的ELISA 检测方法中重要环节--免疫原制备方法的研究做一综述。     

生物识别元件功能化微纳米磁性材料在真菌毒素检测中的应用

真菌毒素是真菌产生的一类强毒性次级代谢产物,可通过食品或食物链危害人类的健康。建立快速、准确、灵敏的检测方法是控制真菌毒素危害的有效手段之一。功能化微纳米磁性材料因具有超顺磁性、比表面积大等特性,近年来在建立样品前处理新方法及生物传感器分析等领域的应用日益增多。本文在概述真菌毒素传统检测方法及微纳米磁性材料特点的基础上,综述近期生物识别元件功能化微纳米磁性材料在样品前处理及利用生物传感器高灵敏快速检测真菌毒素中的应用,并对其发展进行展望。     

适配体传感器在真菌毒素检测中的应用研究进展

真菌毒素是由真菌在其污染的食品中产生的有毒代谢产物，可引起人的急性或慢性中毒，因此，建立真菌毒素快速、准确的检测方法对保障食品安全至关重要。适配体是一种短的单链DNA或RNA分子，作为识别元件，适配体具有特异性强、稳定性好和易于合成、修饰的优点。适配体传感器在真菌毒素的检测中应用较广泛，本文总结了各种适配体传感器在真菌毒素检测中的应用研究进展，以期为实现真菌毒素的快速、准确、高效检测提供思路和方法。     

微芯片技术在农产品及食品真菌毒素快速检测中的应用

真菌毒素污染的农产品及食品会对人类及牲畜的健康产生严重威胁。目前,真菌毒素的检测主要采用液相色谱-质谱联用法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)等传统检测方法。然而,这些检测方法的样品前处理过程比较繁琐、费时,并且在分析过程中还会消耗大量的有毒试剂。微芯片技术所需样品的消耗量少并且分析时间短,可实现样品的集成化、微型化以及高通量检测。微芯片技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用,弥补了上述传统检测方法的不足。本文主要综述了微芯片技术在农产品及食品真菌毒素快速检测中的应用研究进展。首先对农产品及食品中常见的真菌毒素及其毒性进行了简单介绍;接着重点对微芯片技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用进行了详细论述;最后对微芯片应用于真菌毒素检测的发展前景和挑战进行了展望。     

粮食真菌毒素污染的无损检测方法研究进展

粮食种植、加工和储运过程易受真菌毒素污染,严重威胁人畜健康。然而,目前传统的真菌毒素检测方法存在过程繁琐、时效性差或灵敏度低等缺点,难以满足现场快速准确检测的需要,日益成为制约粮食质量安全的瓶颈。现代无损检测技术作为一种新兴的检测技术,可以在不破坏样品的情况下对其进行质量评价,是粮食品质在线、实时检测的一个重要发展方向,在粮食真菌毒素污染的快速分析方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文重点综述了近红外光谱、高光谱图像、电子鼻等典型无损检测技术在粮食真菌毒素污染检测分析中的最新研究进展,讨论了各种技术的优点及限制因素,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

粮食中主要真菌毒素及分析方法研究进展

真菌毒素是由某些真菌在适宜条件下产生的有毒次级代谢产物。在粮食中危害严重并持续引起全球食品安全问题的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、赭曲霉毒素和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,许多国家和地区对这些毒素在粮食中的含量制定了严格的限量要求,在成分复杂的粮食样本中有效提取真菌毒素并进行灵敏准确的检测非常重要。本文介绍了粮食中污染的主要真菌毒素,归纳了粮食中真菌毒素的样本前处理方法和检测方法,并结合实际应用分析了各种方法的优劣,预测了粮食中真菌毒素分析方法的发展方向,为真菌毒素的防控提供理论参考。     

基于碳纳米管富集净化作用和电化学特性的真菌毒素检测方法研究进展

真菌毒素污染是造成粮食和食品安全问题的重要因素之一,高效的真菌毒素分析检测方法,能够为真菌毒素的高通量快速筛查提供可靠的技术支持。近年来,碳纳米管成为真菌毒素检测领域的研究热点。碳纳米管具有吸附能力强、表面可修饰、易分离和良好的生物相容性等特点,在很多领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文根据碳纳米管的特性及真菌毒素的污染特点,对真菌毒素的检测现状作了简要介绍,对基于碳纳米管的真菌毒素检测技术研究进行综述,并展望了真菌毒素检测技术发展的新趋势。     

粮油食品中真菌毒素的LC-MS法检测

粮油食品中常见的真菌毒素有:黄曲霉毒素、赭(棕)曲霉毒素、展青霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、串珠镰刀菌毒素及脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等,因含量较低,用常规方法检测不出来。用LC-MS检测,灵敏度高、前处理比较简单,结果准确可靠,在检测食品中真菌毒素上前景广阔。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术在果蔬真菌毒素残留检测中的研究进展

果蔬在采摘后的加工、贮藏、运输等环节中易受到环境中微生物的污染,造成果蔬腐败变质,其中部分产毒真菌在增殖过程中会产生大量真菌毒素,给消费者身心健康造成了严重威胁,因此建立快速、准确的真菌毒素检测方法对保证果蔬品质安全至关重要。近年来,表面增强拉曼光谱技术(surface-enhancement Raman spectroscopy, SERS)因具有高灵敏性、快速性、无破坏性、不受水分干扰等优点备受关注。本文阐述了SERS概况和增强机制,对SERS检测果蔬真菌毒素领域常用的金属溶胶基底和固体复合基底进行了简单介绍,以检测方法、基底制备技术、检测结果和遗留问题为切入点强调了SERS对不同果蔬食品真菌毒素痕量检测的应用,并介绍了SERS在真菌毒素检测领域的应用前景和局限性,对现有问题提出了解决思路,旨在为今后SERS应用于真菌毒素检测领域提供帮助。     

谷物霉菌毒素的危害及其控制措施的研究

霉菌毒素是有毒的霉菌次级代谢产物,能通过粮食和畜产品等途径严重危害人类和动物的健康,而作为人类食物和动物饲料中最主要的能量供给原料,玉米、小麦、稻谷等谷物现已深受霉菌毒素问题的困扰。本文介绍了霉菌及霉菌毒素的概念,综述了霉菌毒素的毒性危害作用,分析了我国食用谷物和饲用谷物霉菌毒素的污染情况,总结了目前动物生产业解决霉菌毒素问题的一些控制方案,旨在为食物安全和动物生产安全方面提供一定的借鉴。     

畜产品中霉菌毒素残留危害、防控及检测技术

霉菌毒素广泛存在于饲料中,我国饲料中霉菌毒素检出率高达90%,其中对畜牧业危害最大的霉菌毒素主要有6种。畜禽食用了这样的饲料,霉菌毒素会引起畜禽的慢性中毒、疾病甚至死亡,饲料霉变产生的霉菌毒素被动物采食后,可能被机体的肠肝循环中被反复重吸收。因此,霉菌毒素会在动物机体的各个组织、内脏、鸡蛋、牛奶中残留形成残留。人食用了这样的畜产品,会对人类的健康产生很大的潜在威胁,甚至导致畸、致突变、致癌、肝中毒、肾中毒等危害。本研究简要介绍了目前霉菌毒素的防控措施、脱毒方法、检测技术等方法的研究进展,以期对霉菌毒素的防治起到一定的参考作用。     

粮食真菌毒素污染的预防与脱毒

粮食真菌毒素的预防包括预防粮食作物田间生长及收获后储藏过程中毒素的生物合成及代谢。真菌毒素的脱毒主要指除去、破坏及减少毒素作用的收获后处理。田间及储藏中没能有效控制真菌毒素的合成必将导致对人类健康的危害及经济损失，而有效的监控将避免真菌毒素成为威胁人类健康的污染源。应用综合预防措施将是控制真菌毒素的有效策略。本文强调的收获前后措施将依特别年份的特定的气候条件而定。弄清适于真菌污染、生长和产毒环境因素是有效控制食物及饲料中真菌毒素的关键措施。有很多新的有效的收获前预防策略正在开发，如利用转基因技术创造粮食作物抗性新品种及利用非产毒真菌菌株生物防治等。收获后的防止真菌毒素产生主要依赖于收获前后的良好的管理措施。脱毒策略可分为物理、化学或微生物脱毒技术，这些脱毒技术主要通过破坏、修饰或吸附真菌毒素，从而达到减少或消除毒素作用。     

Aptasensors for mycotoxins in foods: Recent advances and future trends

Mycotoxin contamination in foods has posed serious threat to public health and raised worldwide concern. The development of simple, rapid, facile, and cost-effective methods for mycotoxin detection is of urgent need. Aptamer-based sensors, abbreviated as aptasensors, with excellent recognition capacity to a wide variety of mycotoxins have attracted ever-increasing interest of researchers because of their simple fabrication, rapid response, high sensitivity, low cost, and easy adaptability for in situ measurement. The past few decades have witnessed the rapid advances of aptasensors for mycotoxin detection in foods. Therefore, this review first summarizes the reported aptamer sequences specific for mycotoxins. Then, the recent 5-year advancements in various newly developed aptasensors, which, according to the signal output mode, are divided into electrochemical, optical and photoelectrochemical categories, for mycotoxin detection are comprehensively discussed. A special attention is taken on their strengths and limitations in real-world application. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives for developing novel highly reliable aptasensors for mycotoxin detection are highlighted, which is expected to provide powerful references for their thorough research and extended applications. Owing to their unique advantages, aptasensors display a fascinating prospect in food field for safety inspection and risk assessment.     

In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix

Mycotoxin binders are feed additives which are mixed in the feed to adsorb mycotoxins and thereby reducing their toxic effects on animals. Interactions with orally administered veterinary medicinal products, such as antimicrobials or coccidiostats, have been reported previously. This paper describes an in vitro model to screen the interaction between mycotoxin binders and veterinary drugs with respect to the non-specific binding of drugs. It is designed as a static setup using a single concentration of drug and binder in a feed-containing or a feed-plus-mycotoxin-containing matrix, buffered at different pH values. The model was applied to two frequently used antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, doxycycline (DOX) and tylosin (TYL), one major mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and four mycotoxin binders. Proportions of feed, DOX or TYL, AFB1, and binder are equivalent to the in vivo situation for broiler chickens, while pH and volume of the buffer are representative of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. A substantial binding of DOX (~ 88%) and TYL (~ 66%) to the feed-matrix was observed. For the mycotoxin binders, similar results were obtained for DOX and TYL; more specifically up to an inclusion rate of 20 g binder/kg feed, no significant binding was demonstrated, determined as the free concentration of DOX and TYL. A single exception was noticed for TYL and one specific bentonite-based mycotoxin binder, for which no significant interaction could be demonstrated up to 10 g binder/kg but there was an effect at 20 g/kg. In all cases, there was no competition between the tested drugs DOX or TYL and the mycotoxin AFB1 for binding to the bentonite-based mycotoxin binder.     

表面等离子共振技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用研究进展

真菌毒素污染的食品严重影响人类的健康,对真菌毒素的监测与防控是构建食品安全保障体系的重要一环。表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)生物传感器以快速、免标记、高通量、高灵敏等优点,已广泛应用在药物筛选、食品检测、环境监测、临床诊断等领域。本文就SPR生物传感器在食品中真菌毒素快速筛查方面的应用研究进行了综述。     

Keeping mycotoxins away from the food: Does the existence of regulations have any impact in Africa?

Following the discovery of aflatoxins in the early 1960s, there have been many studies leading to the uncovering of many mycotoxins and the understanding of associated health effects in animals and humans. Consequently, there has been a global increase in the number of countries with mycotoxin regulations in foods. However, many African countries have only regulations for aflatoxins (or a few other mycotoxins) in specific foods, or no regulations at all. This paper critically reviews the challenges thwarting the establishment of mycotoxin regulations and their impacts on human dietary mycotoxin exposure in Africa. Mycotoxin regulatory limits for different countries are compared with mycotoxin tolerable daily intakes established by international food safety bodies taking into account consumption patterns. The agrarian setup, food insecurity, and mycotoxin analytical challenges in African countries are discussed; and more feasible mycotoxin dietary exposure reduction strategies are proposed.     

Advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced molecular (micro) spectroscopy contributions to advances in food and feed research on molecular structure,mycotoxin determination,and molecular nutrition

ABSTRACT

Mycotoxin contamination has been a worldwide problem for food and feeds production for a long time. There is an obviously increased focus of the food and feed industry toward the reduction of mycotoxin concentration in both the raw materials and finished products. Therefore, both effective qualitative and quantitative techniques for the determination of mycotoxins are required to minimize their harmful effects. Conventional wet chemical methods usually are time-consuming, expensive, and rely on complex extraction and cleanup pretreatments. Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular spectroscopy have shown great potential to be developed as rapid and nondestructive tools for the determination of molecular structure, molecular nutrition and mycotoxins in feed and food. This article reviews the common types of mycotoxins in feed and food, their toxicity, as well as the conventional detection methods. The principle of advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques and their application prospects for mycotoxin detection are discussed. Recent progress in food and feed research with molecular spectroscopy techniques is highlighted. This review provides a potential and insight into how to determine the structure and mycotoxins of feed and food on a molecular basis with advanced Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular (micro) spectroscopy.     

液质联用技术在生物毒素食品安全检测分析中的应用

生物毒素是自然界一种重要的生命现象,是人们探讨生命科学奥秘和开发新药的重要工具和物质基础,也是食品安全领域的重点防治对象。真菌毒素和海洋生物毒素是与食品安全相关的两类生物毒素,二者均具有毒性强、污染面广的特点,对人类健康具有极大的危害。在生物毒素众多分析检测手段中,液质联用技术因灵敏、高效等特点而被广泛应用。本文以液质联用技术为切入点,综述了该技术用于生物毒素食品安全检测分析的研究与应用进展,同时对相关的样品处理技术研究也进行了概要介绍。