Sonoloading of nano-TiO2 on sono-alkali hydrolyzed polyester fabric

This study presents alkali hydrolysis of polyester fabric surfaces in an ultrasound bath allowing the loading of nano-TiO₂ by wet chemical technique. The loaded fabrics showed a significant photo-activity under day light irradiation in normal conditions which discolored persistent stains of methylene blue as a cationic dye. The discoloration of stain on the fabric loaded with TiO₂ was monitored quantitatively to define the effect of hydrolysis as a surface pre-treatment on the photo-activity of finished fabrics. The SEM images confirmed more TiO₂ nanoparticles entrapped in the voids created by the alkali hydrolysis of the fabrics. All nano-treated samples showed acceptable antibacterial properties against pathogenic micro-organisms including E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive) as the rate of bacteria growth inhabitation was higher for sono-alkali hydrolyzed samples rather than the others.     

Modified Rice Straw as a Template in Syntheses of Nano TiO2 Loaded on Wool Fibers for Wastewater Treatment

Industrialization of textile produces large amounts of colored wastewater and recycling of that wastewater is recently under the scope. The current work is implemented to use rice straw as a template for preparation of nano TiO₂ to be applied in decolorization of wastewater of textile industries. Different treatments including silica removal and esterification were performed for rice straw to produce highly reactive nanotitanium dioxide. Size, morphological shape, and surface area of the so obtained TiO₂ nanoparticles were observed to be influenced by rice straw treatments. Percentage of anatase phase in titanium dioxide was increased from 41.6% to 75.0% after removing of silica and modification with citric acid of rice straw. The particle size of anatase was significantly reduced from 88.6 nm to 10.5 nm while the BET surface area of nanotitanium dioxide was enlarged from 41.2 m²/g to 84.7 m²/g. The prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles were loaded onto wool fibers and the photocatalytic properties of nano TiO₂ powder before and after loaded to fiber were measured against methylene blue dye. The dye removal percentage raised from 92.5 to 99.2 by using of nano TiO₂ powder-loaded wool fibers compared to nano TiO₂ powder.     

Antimicrobial finishing of cotton fabrics based on gamma irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)/TiO2 nanocomposites

Synthesis of nanoparticles with antibacterial properties is of great interest for the development of textiles finishing, in general, and cotton fabric, in particular. In this work, TiO₂ nanoparticles at different concentrations were synthesized using nitric acid as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Cotton fabrics were first impregnated, to a pick-up of 100%, in colloidal solutions containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)/TiO₂ nanocomposites. After that, the coated fabrics were exposed to gamma irradiation to produce TiO₂ nanoparticles stabilized in cross-linked CMC/PVA hydrogel. The formation of TiO₂ nanoparticles was confirmed by ultra violet/visible (UV/vis) and transmission electron microscopy, and the particle size distribution of the nanoparticles was determined using the dynamic light scattering. The surface morphology of the finished fabrics was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs revealed that TiO₂ nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of cotton fibers. The antibacterial activity of the treated fabrics loaded with TiO₂ nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli (Gram -ve) bacteria.     

Self-cleaning wool: effect of noble metals and silica on visible-light-induced functionalities of nano TiO2 colloid

This study intends to enhance the functionality of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles applied to wool fabrics under visible light. Herein, TiO₂, TiO₂/SiO₂, TiO₂/Metal, and TiO₂/Metal/SiO₂ nanocomposite sols were synthesized and applied to wool fabrics through a low-temperature sol–gel method. The impacts of three types of noble metals, namely gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and silver (Ag), on the photoefficiency of TiO₂ and TiO₂/SiO₂ under visible light were studied. Different molar ratios of Metal toTiO₂ (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%) were employed in synthesizing the sols. Photocatalytic efficiency of fabrics was analyzed through monitoring the removal of red wine stain and degradation of methylene blue under simulated sunlight and visible light, respectively. Also, the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium and the mechanical properties of fabrics were investigated. Through applying binary and ternary nanocomposite sols to fabrics, an enhanced visible-light-induced self-cleaning property was imparted to wool fabrics. It was concluded that the presence of silica and optimized amount of noble metals had a synergistic impact on boosting the photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities of coated samples. The fabrics were further characterized using attenuated total reflectance, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy images.     

纳米二氧化钛整理织物的自清洁和抗菌性能探讨

将TiO2以不同用量涂覆在白色涤纶针刺无纺布和灰色高支贡丝锦毛织物表面,以光合细菌为目标,采用观察和稀释培养计数法（MPN）探讨了TiO2处理织物的自清洁性和抗菌性,结果表明,经过TiO2涂层的白色涤纶针刺无纺布随着TiO2用量的增加和时间的延长,其表面滴上的紫红色光合细菌菌液斑迹逐渐变小变浅,呈现出良好的自清洁性和抗菌性;经TiO2涂层的高支贡丝锦毛织物随着TiO2用量的增加,其灭菌率增大,具有明显的抗菌性。     

Hydrothermal Treatment of Wool Fibers with Tetrabutyl Titanate and Chitosan

In order to improve the dye depth of TiO₂-modified wool fibers, chitosan is incorporated with tetrabutyl titanate in preparing the nanosized TiO₂ particles, which are loaded on the surfaces of wool fibers, during hydrothermal process. The TiO₂ coated wool fibers are subsequently dyed with Lansol Blue 3G. The structural changes of wool fibers before and after treatments are characterized by several techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and diffuse reflectance spectrum. The properties of tensile, antibacterial activity, yellowness and whiteness indices, dye uptake, K/S value, color fastness to washing, rubbing, and artificial light are also compared. It is found that the as-prepared TiO₂ particles with pure anatase phase are easy to agglomerate because of the introduction of chitosan. Meanwhile, the aggregated particles are deposited on the surface of wool fibers via a simple hydrothermal route. Compared with the original wool fibers, the thermal behaviors of the TiO₂ coated wool fibers change slightly. The performances of UV protection, antibacterial activity, dyeing depth, and color fastness to wet rubbing and artificial light are improved to some degree. However, the tensile properties of wool fibers decrease but not too much.     

In situ synthesis and exhaustion of nano TiO2 on fabric samples using laser ablation method

Abstract

In this research work, TiO₂ nanoparticles were in situ synthesized on cotton fabrics using laser ablation method. For producing the TiO₂ nanoparticles, the Ti plate were irradiated with Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at 1064?nm in deionized water medium. Simultaneously, the cotton samples were placed near Ti plate in ablation container. Laser fluence was 1, 2 and 3?J/cm² for samples 1–3 to make nanoparticles with different sizes. The morphology and size of prepared nano particles were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmition electron microscope (TEM). The concentration, structure and crystalinity of synthesized nano TiO₂ was studied using absorption spectrophotometry and X-Ray diffraction method. The morphology changes of cotton samples after laser ablation and in situ synthesizing the TiO₂ nanoparticles was compared using SEM. The hydrophilicity changes of cotton were determined by water absorption time method. Finally the cotton samples were stained by one ml of diluted methylene blue and the color changes of samples after daylight irradiation were studied with reflective spectrophotometry. Results show that, by increasing the laser fluence, the concentration and size of synthesized TiO₂ nano particles increases. The self-cleaning and photocatalytic activity increases by increasing the concentration of TiO₂ nanoparticles.     

Functional finishing of cotton fabrics using graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles

This study examined an innovative approach for imparting multi-functional properties, i.e. self-cleaning, electrical conductivity, ultraviolet (UV) blocking as well as antimicrobial properties onto cotton fabric. Graphene oxide/TiO₂ nanocomposites were successfully prepared, by a simple method of mixing and sonication, and used for multi-functional treatment of cotton fabrics by dip-drying technique. The physicochemical properties of the prepared samples were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Self-cleaning performance, electrical resistance, antimicrobial properties, and UV blocking activity of treated fabrics were also assessed. The coated cotton fabrics with graphene oxide/TiO₂ nanocomposite showed excellent photocatalytic self-cleaning activity measured by degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. Results showed that the electrical conductivity of the graphene oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite-coated fabrics was improved significantly after sunlight irradiation. Moreover, the nanocomposite finished cotton fabric demonstrated proper antimicrobial properties and UV blocking activity.     

Preparation and properties of nano-SiO2-coated wool fibers

Nano-SiO₂-coated wool fibers were prepared by coating nano SiO₂ onto wool fibers pretreated by low-temperature plasma (LTP) irradiation. The morphologies and structures of coated wool fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fourier transformation infrared spectrometry. The results show that after LTP irradiation, the surface structure of wool fibers was changed and new chemical bonds were formed; nano-SiO₂ combined well with the wool fibers and formed a functional layer on the surface of wool fibers. Compared with parent wool, the coated wool fibers had better thermal stability, breaking strength, elongation, and frictional property.     

Optimization of wool mothproofing with nano TiO2 using statistical analysis

Wool, with excellent characteristics, has the problem of being fed on by the moth. Until now several chemicals have been introduced for mothproofing with some limitations. In this research, an optimized mothproofing of wool has been proposed with nano TiO₂ and citric acid by using Design-Expert software. Mothproofing was statistically investigated by measuring wool weight loss during feeding by the larvae of carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci. The analysis of variance was applied to obtain the optimum conditions for mothproofing. The damage intensity of wool fabrics was also observed with a digital camera. Further, the dyeing properties of the treated wool fabrics were examined through evaluating exhaustion of CI Acid Blue 113. Finally, the wool fabrics treated with optimized concentration of CA and 1.2% TiO₂ nanoparticles indicated the best protection against moths.     

A novel multifunctional cotton fabric using ZrO2 NPs/urea/CTAB/MA/SHP: introducing flame retardant,photoactive and antibacterial properties

This study was aimed to investigate the possibility of producing multifunctional properties on cotton fabric using ZrO₂ nanoparticles along with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and urea. Maleic acid was also used as a cross-linking agent in the presence of sodium hypophosphite as the catalyst to stabilize fabric from creasing and nanoparticles on the fabric surface. The flame retardant properties of the treated samples were examined using char length and thermogravimetry analysis. The self-cleaning properties of treated cotton fabrics were also analyzed based on the discoloration of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. The antibacterial activities of treated fabrics were examined against Escherichia coli through counting method. The surface of the treated cotton and microstructure of nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Introducing urea as a nitrogen source enhanced both the flame retardant and photoactivity of the nano-ZrO₂-treated fabric. Moreover, incorporating CTAB in the finishing formulation exhibited the satisfactory antibacterial properties on the treated fabrics.     

Proteases pretreatment on wool to enhance durable antimicrobial and UV protection with nano TiO2 and polycarboxylic acids using RSM

In this research, protease pretreated wool fabric (PWF) was treated with butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA), citric acid (CA), and nano TiO₂ (NTO) to produce fabric with enhanced durable antimicrobial and ultraviolet (UV) protection properties. However, treatment of proteases enzymatic wool with NTO/CA/BTCA has not been informed. The NTO particles were stabilized on the enzymatic wool surface using CA/BTCA cross-linking agents. In order to create optimum UV protection (UP) based on (ΔE^?) and bacteria reduction against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the appropriate models were obtained based on Design-Expert software. The roles of CA, BTCA, and NTO concentrations in UP and antimicrobial properties of the PWF were investigated using response surface methodology. Overall, the protease pretreatment of the wool fabrics made the improvement of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and also caused the remarkable enhancement of UP properties as compared with control samples. Also, reflectance spectra analyses (200–400?nm) and scanning electron microscopy were employed to confirm the NTO particles on the pretreated wool surface.     

Self-Cleaning Properties of Silk Fabrics Functionalized with Tio2/Sio2 Composites

Silk fabrics were treated with TiO₂/SiO₂ composites using the pad-dry-cure method. TiO₂/SiO₂ composites were prepared through a low-temperature sol-gel method with five different TiO₂:SiO₂ weight ratio of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100. The photocatalytic self-cleaning properties of the TiO₂/SiO₂ composite of samples were assessed by analyzing the degradation of coffee stain under UV irradiation. The presence of anatase crystalline structure in synthesized composites was confirmed using the X-ray diffraction patterns. Fourier transform infrared study confirmed the existence of Si-O-Si and Ti–O–Si bonds in the composites. Surface modifications were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. The EDS spectrum of samples showed a well-defined peak for the carbon, oxygen, titanium, and silicon elements, also indicating the existence of TiO₂/SiO₂ on the treated silk fabrics. The samples treated with TiO₂/SiO₂ (70:30) composite showed the highest efficiency in coffee stain removal, followed by samples treated with TiO₂/SiO₂ (50:50). The laundering durability of treated sample showed the strongly interaction between the silk fabrics and the TiO₂/SiO₂ nanoparticles. The physical properties of treated silk fabrics were investigated.     

Outdoor usage performances of woven fabrics dyed with self-cleaning dyes

In this study, woven fabrics with cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester blend were dyed with commercial, including nano-sized TiO₂, pigment dye via pad-dry-cure method. These fabrics are designed for outdoor usage such as beach furniture, sunshade for prams, awnings, etc. To evaluate the self-cleaning action of modified fabrics, coffee, sour cherry and ink stains were introduced onto fabrics. Under sun light exposure, the stains were partially decolourised. The effects of TiO₂ on the main functions of fabrics were investigated by measurement of UV penetration and protection, colour fastness to dry and wet rubbing and also strength properties before and after sun light exposure. All treated fabric types performed excellent resistance against UV radiation and dry and wet rubbing. Pigment dyeing with rutile phase TiO₂ caused an increase in breaking strength of treated fabrics. The sun light exposure decreased the breaking strength of both treated and untreated fabrics.     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on basalt/polysiloxane composites: mechanical and thermal characterization

In the present investigation, a novel technique has been developed to fabricate composite materials containing TiO₂ nanoparticles, polysiloxane resin, and basalt fabric. A high-intensity ultrasonic probe was used to obtain a homogenous molecular mixture of TiO₂ nanoparticles and polysiloxane resin, thus the nanoparticles were infused into the resin through sonic cavitation. The loading effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the thermal and mechanical properties of basalt fabric reinforced polysiloxane composite materials has been investigated. Composite samples were prepared, each using two layers of basalt fabric with TiO₂ nanoparticles loading from 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3% by weight. Size distribution of nanoparticles was observed by particle size analyzer and the prepared fabric nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tensile testing was performed as per American standard for testing of materials (ASTM) standards. The dependence of dynamic mechanical parameters E′, E′′, tan (delta), T _g, and heat distortion temperature (HDT) are associated with the filler content and can be controlled by the curing conditions. Tensile results show that 1.5 wt.% loading of TiO₂ nanoparticles in the nanocomposites resulted in highest improvement in tensile modulus compared to the neat system. DMA studies also revealed that 1.5 wt.% doped system exhibits highest storage modulus as compared to the neat and other loading percentages. DSC and TGA studies show that T _g and HDT of the composite increases with the increase in wt.% of nanofillers in the composite. Based on these results, it is clear that miscibility of nanoparticles in the resin is of prime importance with regard to performance.     

Development of antibacterial fabrics by treatment with Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

This paper deals with the antibacterial properties of nonwoven Co/PET and PP fabrics and woven cotton fabrics treated with the pad-dry-cure (PDC) and electrospray processes. Firstly, the surface modification of nonwoven Co/PET and PP fabrics was carried out to obtain their hydrophilicity by RF-plasma system using acrylic acid as the monomer. Subsequently, Ag-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel and chemical reduction processes using titanium isopropoxide and silver nitrate as precursor were applied to the fabric samples by PDC and electrospray processes. The effect of different synthesis processes of the nanoparticles and various application processes on their antibacterial efficiency was investigated. After RF-plasma pretreatment, the absorbency properties of the fabric samples were measured. The antibacterial activity of fabric samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined qualitatively and quantitatively according to AATCC Method 147 and AATCC Method 100, respectively. The microstructural characteristics and surface morphology of the fabric samples were investigated by SEM-EDX and FTIR-ATR analyses. These results suggest that Ag-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by the chemical reduction process imparted good and durable antibacterial activity to nonwoven Co/PET and PP fabrics and woven cotton fabrics for use in wall textiles.     

Treatment of enzymatic wool with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and citric acid to enhance mechanical properties using RSM

In this work, protease enzymatic wool was treated with citric acid and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to produce fabric with enhanced tensile strength, elongation, alkali resistance with controllable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity through a simple ‘impregnating’ method. Protease enzymatic is also one of the most important processes usually carried out in alkali condition to obtain the desirable characteristics, which enhanced the surface activity and nanoparticles adsorption. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation were reduced as a consequence of alkali enzymatic pretreatment. Here, with the help of citric acid cross-linking agent, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were stabilized on the enzymatic wool surface in a way to revenge reduction in the tensile strength, elongation, alkali resistance. In order to create optimum tensile strength, elongation, alkali resistance, lightness and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, the appropriate models were obtained based on Design-Expert software. Overall, the results confirmed that the enzymatic wool fabrics could be modified by citric acid and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles post-treatment. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle/citric acid treatment on the protease enzymatic wool improved tensile strength and elongation along with the higher alkali resistance and controllable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity.     

Modification of wool fabric treated with tetrabutyl titanate by hydrothermal method

Nanometer-sized TiO₂ particles prepared by hydrothermal precipitation method were first immobilized on the surface of wool fiber using tetrabutyl titanate, and then dyed with C.I. Reactive Blue 69. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analyses were used to characterize the morphology, crystalline phase, chemical structure, and thermal stability of TiO₂-loaded fiber. The properties of diffuse reflectance spectrum, whiteness, dye exhaustion rate, fixation rate, K/S value, and color fastness for wool fabrics before and after treatment were also measured. The investigation indicated that when wool fabric was treated with tetrabutyl titanate aqueous solution at 120°C for 5?h, pure anatase TiO₂ particles aggregated by nanocrystalline grains of 10?nm or so were synthesized, and were grafted onto fiber surface by chemical reaction. When compared with the untreated wool fabric, the onset decomposition temperature of the TiO₂-loaded fabric increased. The capability of TiO₂-loaded fabric against ultraviolet radiation was enhanced. The fabric whiteness, exhaustion rate, fixation rate, and K/S value decreased to some extent because of the existence of the TiO₂ particles. The color fastnesses to dry and wet rubbing had no change. The K/S value of TiO₂-loaded fabric increased after being brushed. The color fastness to artificial light was also improved.     

前处理工艺对毛/涤织物疏水改性效果的影响

针对毛/涤织物中羊毛和涤纶表面没有足够的反应活性位点,难以进行化学改性,制约了毛/涤织物在超疏水方面的表现等问题,先采用紫外光照射,再用过氧化氢对毛/涤织物进行前处理,使用二氧化硅对毛/涤织物进行疏水改性,通过静态接触角测试、扫描电镜观察、羊毛Allw?rden反应实验等方法分析前处理工艺对织物疏水性能的影响。结果表明:当织物经紫外光照射后再用双氧水处理时,紫外光照射先使羊毛表面拒水性细胞膜消除,双氧水处理进一步破坏了羊毛表面的鳞片层,使羊毛表面暴露出较多的化学反应位点,因此,硅颗粒更容易沉积在羊毛表面,赋予羊毛织物超疏水特性。     

Enhanced magnetic and antifungal characteristics on wool with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and BTCA: a facile synthesis and RSM optimization

A facile route for the synthesis of high-quality Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (FNPs) has been successfully confirmed by employing a co-precipitation technique and then was stabilized onto wool fabric through a simple “impregnating” process. Here, the synergistic effect of BTCA and synthesized FNPs on magnetic and antifungal characteristics of the wool fabric was investigated. The FNPs was stabilized on the wool surface using BTCA cross-linking agent. The role of both FNPs and BTCA concentrations on magnetic and antifungal properties of samples was optimized using response surface methodology. The magnetization properties and uniform distribution of FNPs on the wool surface were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The saturation magnetization and antifungal activity against Candida albicans of BTCA/FNPs-optimized wool was 7.8 emu g^?1 and 98.31%, respectively. Subsequently, treated wool fabric with optimum concentration of FNPs and BTCA enhanced magnetic and antifungal properties.