An analysis of the bending rigidity of warp-knitted fabrics: a comparison of experimental results to a mechanical model

This study focuses on the bending rigidity of warp-knitted fabrics as a function of knit structure (underlaps length), density (wale and course spacing) and yarn bending properties. Seven standard warp-knitted fabrics are produced with three different densities (Tricot, Locknit, three and four needles Satin, Reveres Locknit, three and four needles Sharkskin). The bending rigidity of the fabrics is measured using a Kawabata evaluation system and an automatic cyclic bending tester. Results show that the bending rigidity increases for the fabrics with a higher density and underlaps length of the front and back guide bars. In addition, a new mechanical model for the bending behaviour of warp-knitted fabrics using an energy method is presented. In this model, the knitted loop structure is assumed to consist of a series of straight and skew yarns simulating legs and underlaps while considering a rigid region lying in the direction of bending. Experimental results show that there is a reasonable agreement between the calculated and measured values for both wale and course directions.     

组织结构对涤纶经编织物卷边性的影响

为减少织物卷边对后道工序带来的影响,对各把梳栉的组织结构配置以及牵拉密度的选择进行了探讨。以55.5 dtex 24 f涤纶全牵伸丝(FDY)为原料,生产出7种不同组织和4种不同牵拉密度的两梳经编织物,对其卷边量进行测试,并结合显微镜下的线圈图进行分析。结果表明：随着牵拉密度的增大,经编织物横、纵向卷边量均不断减小,其中牵拉密度对横向卷边的影响要明显大于纵向卷边;两梳同向编织的织物横向卷边性要明显好于反向编织;当前梳组织不变,增加后梳延展线长度时,织物的横、纵向卷边量均不断减少,尤其是横向卷边量下降明显;而当后梳组织不变,增加前梳延展线长度时,织物的横、纵向卷边量均不断增加。     

An explanation of warp knitted fabric deformation under uni-axial tension by a novel index as shape ratio

Although the Poisson’s ratio (PR) can predict the deformation of engineering materials under uniaxial tension, but seems that it cannot predict well the deformation of structures such as fabrics. It can be attributed to the lack of continuity among constituent elements that leads to some distortion of them during tension. Therefore, the PR is not a suitable tool to explain precisely the deformation of structures such as fabrics. For this reason, a new geometrical index was defined to quantify the deformation of fabrics in order to use instead of PR. This index named shape ratio is obtained by division of the variation of squared perimeter to the area of a printed square on the fabric under uniaxial tension. To check the defined index, warp-knitted fabrics with various structures such as Tricot, Locknit, and Three- and Four-needle satin were produced and tested using tensile tester. The results show that shape ratio can predict the deformation of warp-knitted fabrics as an orthotropic structure rather than the PR.     

轴向经编针织物的设计与仿真

为了解决轴向经编针织物计算机辅助设计方面的不足并且最终实现其快速设计,本文针对轴向经编针织物的CAD设计与仿真功能进行了研究。在深入了解轴向经编针织物生产工艺的基础上,采用实验的方法测量了织物结构的尺寸,建立了轴向经编针织物的CAD设计模型,其中包括地组织模型和铺纬组织模型;重点研究并建立了轴向经编针织物的纱线与线圈的二维仿真模型,以及玻璃纤维衬纱、线圈的三维仿真模型;以Visual C++ 为开发工具,并且结合OpenGL（Open Graphics Library）图形库,最终在WKCAD4.0系统中实现了轴向经编针织物的CAD设计与仿真功能。     

Investigation into the curling behavior of single jersey weft-knitted fabrics and its prediction using neural network model

This research investigates the effect of fiber, yarn, and fabric parameters on curling phenomenon of single jersey weft-knitted fabrics which is interpreted to have curling surface in both course and wale direction. Taguchi’s experimental design is used to estimate the optimum process conditions and to examine the individual effects of all controllable factors on curling one by one. The controllable factors are blending ratio of polyester to cotton fiber, yarn twist and count, fabric structure, knit density, and relaxation time. Results show that fabric structure and knit density have the most dominant effect on the fabric curling. The optimum conditions of minimum curling values were also determined. Finally, the curling surface in course and wale direction as a two features of curling phenomenon was predicted using artificial neural network which selects scale conjugate gradient learning algorithm based on process parameters of single jersey weft-knitted fabrics. Our findings confirm the good capability of artificial neural network algorithm to predict these features.     

经编间隔织物的应用及其发展

介绍经编间隔织物的特性,指出经编间隔织物在座椅包覆、鞋材、箱包和床垫等方面的常规应用及其优势,并根据当前经编间隔织物结构和原材料的发展,详述经编间隔织物在时装面料、成型鞋材、卫浴产品、建筑增强材料、农业无土栽培和包装材料等方面的新应用,得出经编间隔织物的三个未来发展方向——个性产品、功能产品和智能产品。     

Application of warp-knitted spacer fabrics in car seats

Polyurethane foam is commonly used as padding in car seats despite some problems concerning comfort and recycling. Compared with polyurethane foam, textile seat padding is easier to recycle; so textile padding is a good candidate to substitute foam padding as regulations on recycling have become more stringent on car manufacturers. With the available textile option, warp-knitted spacer fabrics are likely a good substitute for polyurethane foam as padding in car seats. Warp-knitted spacer fabric structures can be designed to be quite flexible in a variety of thicknesses. Warp-knitted spacer fabrics can be very resilient and may display good breathing properties. The current work presents a study on the application of warp-knitted spacer fabrics as cushion in car seats. The results show that, relatively to polyurethane foam, warp-knitted spacer fabrics demonstrate better recovery to compression, thermal properties and breathability. Furthermore, warp-knitted spacer fabrics retain their original thickness for longer time and can be easily recycled.     

Experimental and computational analysis of acoustic characteristics of warp-knitted spacer fabrics

Abstract

As a kind of porous medium, textiles have recently received increased attention for acoustic applications due to their high profitability and low cost and environmental impact. 3D knitted spacer fabrics stand out as a unique class of textile materials. These materials simultaneously are soft, voluminous and highly porous and therefore are expected to be suitable for sound absorbing applications. This article aims to investigate the acoustic performance of 3D warp-knitted spacer fabrics. To this end, acoustic behavior of warp-knitted spacer fabrics was experimentally measured using the impedance tube method. In order to predict the sound absorption behavior of fabrics, a simple geometrical model was created. Flow resistivity was calculated by numerically solving incompressible laminar Newtonian flow through the 3D pore space of generated structure. The frequency-dependent sound absorption coefficient of the warp-knitted spacer fabric was predicted using the empirical models of Delany and Bazley, Garai and Pompoli and Dunn and Davern. The results showed that the Dunn and Davern model can predict sound absorption characteristics of warp-knitted spacer fabrics in the mid-to high-frequency ranges. At low frequency ranges; however, none of the empirical models can reasonably predict sound absorption behavior of the fabrics.     

经编网眼织物及其应用

介绍了经编网眼织物的组织结构与性能特点,综述了该类织物在各产业领域上的应用,展望了经编产业用纺织品的发展趋势。     

基于3D打印的竹节结构中空单丝制备及其压缩性能

为研究竹节结构中空单丝内部结构对其压缩性能的影响,以聚酯为耗材,利用3D打印技术制备了长度为100 mm、外径为2 mm的竹节结构中空单丝和实心单丝,测试了单丝的抗压性能,利用有限元分析探讨了竹节结构中空单丝作为间隔丝对经编间隔织物抗压性能的影响。结果表明:单丝的压缩性能受其内部结构影响,竹节结构中空单丝单位质量承受载荷的能力优于实心单丝;竹节结构中空单丝中空部分所占比例越大,单丝单位质量承受的载荷越大;织物的压缩性能与间隔丝内部结构有关,作为间隔丝的竹节结构中空单丝中空部分所占比例越大,织物单位质量承受的载荷越大。     

A novel approach for simulation of curling behavior of knitted fabric based on mass spring model

Edge curling is a unique property of knitted fabrics which affects on fashion such as using upper and side curling in cloth design. The purpose of this research is to present a new method to simulate drape behavior of knitted fabric considering difference between single and double jersey knitted fabrics. To this point, at first the bending and torsion moments that applied on the fabric edges and caused curling in single knitted fabric are determined. Also it demonstrated that these moments will be neutralized in double knitted and as the results, leads to a non-curling structure. Then, using the mass spring model, curling shape in fabric wale and course directions are simulated. To show efficiency of the proposed model, real 3D shape of single knitted fabric is compared with experimental results. Also, using the proposed model, the drape behaviors of single and double jersey knitted fabrics hanging from two fixed corners with different properties are simulated and then extend to simulation of skirt. Results of simulation are compared with 3D shapes of actual drape behavior in fabric samples which are achieved by depth camera. The simulated results show good agreement with 3D shapes of actual fabrics.     

Effect of structural parameters on the cut resistance of para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene weft knitted fabrics

Abstract

In this study, the cut resistance of pure and hybrid knitted para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabrics with different structural parameters were measured according to ASTM F1790. The results showed that there is an optimum value for stitch density in which the cut resistance is maximized. The highest and the lowest cut resistance was observed in the courses and the wales directions, respectively. The interposed values were obtained in the bias direction. Coating with casting polyurethane resin increased the cut resistance of the fabrics. Para-aramid samples had higher cut resistance than UHMWPE samples in higher stitch densities, and hybrid samples showed a higher cut resistance than the pure ones, due to some of their structural features.     

经编提花间隔织物的计算机辅助设计

为实现经编提花间隔织物的快速设计,在分析间隔织物编织原理和贾卡提花原理的基础上,研究这类织物的计算机辅助设计模型。采用数学矩阵的方法,分别建立垫纱数码、穿经设计和贾卡意匠设计等数学模型,用于指导计算机软件进行提花间隔织物的工艺设计。以双针床拉舍尔经编机生产的鞋材用提花间隔织物为例,介绍经编提花间隔织物的CAD设计方法,并结合人体足部特征和运动特点进行鞋面功能分区,用于指导贾卡意匠图的设计,达到经编提花间隔织物功能性与装饰性的统一,实现织物的快速、高效设计。     

用作汽车座垫的两种经编间隔织物性能比较

介绍了间隔织物的结构、试验所用原料及复合工艺，比较了海绵座垫与间隔织物座垫的压缩性曲线，说明间隔织物不仅环保而且在压缩性上优于海绵，更适合做汽车座垫。     

负泊松比经编间隔织物的抗低速冲击性能

为研发具有不同负泊松比效应的经编间隔织物,对5 种负泊松比经编间隔织物试样进行落锤冲击实验,通过冲击载荷与时间和位移的关系曲线分析5 种织物在低速冲击载荷下的形态变化和能量吸收性能,研究负泊松比织物在低速冲击下的能量吸收性能与负泊松比值及初始冲击能量的关系。结果表明：织物的能量吸收性能随织物负泊松比值的增大而提高,织物的能量吸收性能越好,耐冲击性能也越好;初始冲击能量的大小也会影响织物的能量吸收速率和耐冲击性能,初始冲击能量越高,织物的耐冲击持久性越差,但对织物总的能量吸收影响不大。     

Analysis of warp-knitted fabric structure. Part III: theoretical study on initial modulus of warp-knitted fabrics (reverse locknit,three- and four-needle sharkskin)

In the second part of this series, tensile properties of tricot structure were investigated. Then derived model was extended to locknit and satin as first group of fully thread two-needle bar warp-knitted fabrics. In the present study, tensile properties of second group of these warp-knitted fabrics, i.e. reverse locknit and three- and four-needle sharkskin, are considered using energy method and Castigliano’s theorem. For this purpose, the difference between the tensile properties of first and the second group of warp-knitted fabrics is attributed to the movement space and friction of back bar underlaps. Similar to previous part, free-body diagrams of elements are drawn to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. Finally, the initial modulus of second group of warp-knitted fabrics is obtained.     

负泊松比经编间隔织物的准静态拉伸性能

为探究织物受单向拉伸时的能量吸收性能与负泊松比之间的关系,测算和表征了基于旋转六边形结构设计和制备的4 种经编间隔织物的负泊松比,并分别对其进行经向和纬向的单向拉伸,通过应力与应变曲线积分换算得到各织物受单向拉伸时吸收的能量。结果发现：织物单向拉伸时的能量吸收性能由结构变形容量和纱线承载容量决定,其中纱线承载容量起主要作用,结构变形容量的影响较小,负泊松比的影响则包括在结构变形容量内;在纱线承载容量相同的情况下,织物受某一单向拉伸时的负泊松比越好,该方向上的能量吸收性能越好。     

经编有光涤纶织物的全涂料两次印花

利用全涂料两次印花法,可在经编有光涤纶织物上获得仿提花图案,本文分析了影响仿提花效果的主要因素,如织物组织、黑白稿、网版、粘合剂以及工艺流程等。     

经编运动鞋面料的开发

介绍了用于运动鞋上的一些主要的经编织物，并通过具体的例子说明经编运动鞋面料的编织技术和性能特点。     

经编组织三维仿真中的线圈偏移

 为了采用计算机技术更真实地模拟经编组织中线圈的形态结构,通过观察各种经编针织物的线圈结构,分析由纱线张力所引起的线圈偏移规律,得出了线圈偏移理论和计算公式。该理论假设同一枚针上的线圈偏移量是该针上所有线圈偏移量的累加值。结合此偏移理论,在已建立的经编线圈三维模型的基础上,修正了定义线圈三维结构的部分控制点坐标。最后结合Visual C+ +. NET编程语言和OpenGL工具,成功实现了各类单针床经编针织物的计算机三维仿真。仿真图片与真实织物对比,在形态结构上具有较高的相似度。