Dot Size Thermal Objects Detection in Atmosphere of Infrared Range

The article deals with the experimental studies of atmosphere indistinct radiation structure. The information extraction background of dot size thermal object presence in atmosphere is reasonable. Indistinct generalization of experimental study regularities technique of space-time irregularity radiation structure in infrared wave range is offered. The approach to dot size thermal object detection in atmosphere is proved with a help of threshold method in the thermodynamic and turbulent process conditions, based on the indistinct statement return task solution.     

Water Quality Monitoring of the Bezerra River （Cascavel,Brazil） Using SR-TXRF Technique

The present study aims to monitor and assess the water quality of the Bezerra River located in the Western Brazilian Parana state. For the monitoring of river waters, six samplings were established per month during one year. As indicators of the water quality, physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and COD （chemical oxygen demand） were chosen, as well as trace and majority element concentrations. It is noteworthy that the mean annual values of conductivity, turbidity and COD have progressively increased along the river with maximum values after the Cascavel western sewage treatment plant. Only 13 elements were found in the six collection points, but the metallic elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn have shown concentrations above the maximum limits recommended by Brazilian environmental legislation, suggesting the presence of highly polluting anthropogenic sources. Correlation analyses were used to determine the spatio-variability of water quality variables. The six collection sites were grouped into two clusters, with the element composition in the first cluster （sites 1, 2 and 6） being due to strong anthropogenic activities. The study of the Bezerra River water quality could help to develop municipal environmental policies and help with the management of water conservation in the Bezerra River basin.     

Runaway Electrons Pre-ionized Diffuse Discharges in SF6, Air,Argon and Nitrogen

The formation of runaway electron pre-ionized diffuse discharges at the pressures 0.05-0.7 MPa of in air, argon, nitrogen, and SF6 in an inhomogeneous electric field was investigated. Dynamics of intensity of the discharge plasma radiation from the different discharge gap regions in the gas pressure range （0.05-0.7 MPa） was established. It was shown that, the breakdown is occurred owing to the ionization wave, which starts from the electrode with small radius of curvature at both polarity of high voltage pulses. It is seen that formation of bright spots on the fiat electrode at the negative polarity of the electrode with small radius of curvature are observed during the changing of the discharge current polarity. It was shown that, at positive polarity of electrode with a small radius of curvature, the bright spots on the flat electrode arise due to the participation of the dynamic displacement current in the gap conductance.     

Assessment of Nutrients of Escamoles Ant Eggs Limotepum apiculatum M. by Spectroscopy Methods

Edible insects, escamoles ant eggs of the Formicidae family are consumed by cultural tradition at rural communities and by sensory characteristics at high class restaurants of Mexico; however, people ignore the importance of insect consumption in the nutrition of humans. Laboratory spectroscopy methods in food analysis represent benefits in time and precision. The aim of this study is to assess macronutrients and micronutrients of escamoles and eggs by spectroscopic methods to inform population the benefits they provide in health and to mention the advantage in the use of these techniques at laboratory work. Samples were gather the second week of March and April 2012, at Hidalgo State and analyze moisture and macronutrients by AOAC （Association of Official Analytical Chemistry） methods, amino acids by cation exchange chromatography, tryptophan was determined by a colorimeter method, fatty acids by GC （gas chromatography） using helium as a carrier （AOAC）, fat soluble vitamins A, D and E by HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography）, and minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometers and phosphorus by colorimeter （AOAC）. Data showed high amount in proteins, lipids and minerals; low in fiber and soluble carbohydrates; contained all essential amino acids. Fatty acids contain monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Fat soluble vitamins A, D and E. Minerals： sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and manganese. Escamoles ant eggs include polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for mental development, vitamin A to prevent eye diseases, vitamin E as antioxidant and vitamin D involved in calcium absorption that low intake, impair grow and bone health. Iron and zinc contained anemia. Regarding the laboratory benefits, needs less expensive chemicals, testing is clean, rapid and easy results of multiple samples, but it is required to handle by qualified chemists. In conclusion, data may change according to biotic and abiotic conditions of the environment; however, escamoles have all nutrients in adequate balance to improve human health; and provide faster and precise results.     

New Environmental Friendly Yellow Ceramic Pigments of the Type （Fe^ⅢM^Ⅴ）-TiO2

The family of Cr（Ⅲ） and Fe（Ⅲ）-doped rutile pigments of nominal composition （M^ⅢM^V）xTi1-2xO2, with M^Ⅲ = Cr（Ⅲ） or Fe（Ⅲ） and M＇（V） = Sb, Nb, Ta, with x = 0.03, 0.15 and 0.25 were investigated as ceramic pigments covering the yellow-ochre-brown palette. The formulations containing Fe（Ⅲ） are novel compositions not included in the commercial rutile pigments. The materials were characterized by XRD （X-ray diffraction） analysis and FTIR （Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy）. The transition temperature from anatase-to-rutile was estimated by the evolution of the spectral patterns. This crystal phase transition is responsible of the color formation. A higher distortion of TiO6 octahedra is observed in the case of （FeSb） containing cells which contribute to the enhancement of the light absorption. The coloring performance of all the formulations were evaluated by enameling the mixtures containing 5% pigments and commercial frits representative of single and double firing industrial processes. The chromatic values obtained are in the yellow to brown domain of the chromatic plot, depending on the composition of the pigment-frit batch. In the case of the Fe-glazes, and particularly the combination （FeNb）, the chromatic values are close to the best yellow tinting. This new FeNb-rutile pigment could be a more benign substitute of Cr-yellow pigments. The homogeneity of the enamels was confirmed by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）-EDAX （energy dispersive X-ray analysis） microscopy.     

Search for New Three-, Four-Component Petasis,Passerini, Hantzsch,Kabachnic-Fields,Ugi Reactions with Organic Compounds of Phosphorus,Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth

It is discovered a new three-, four-component Petasis, Passerini, Hantzsch, Kabachnic-Fields, Ugi reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. Modifications were replaced to a nitrogen atom of classical reactions of atoms of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It has been proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

Nanosize Catalysis Nanoscale Moleculars Structures

The catalytic system is investigated in a computer chromatography. The sorbent represents the nanostructure composite with hardpolymer electrolyt. As the nanostructure polymeric system, it used dendrimer who are absorbed on a surface with formation of monolayer. In chromatography column watch dimensional effect. The size of a particle carries out a role of temperature. In the article, investigate solvatation and dimensional effect reaction self-assembling gas dimmers. Distance critical radius H＋ transfer define equation： rcr = 2rs. Reaction accompaniment transfer energy. Transfer energy realize on exchange-resonanse mechanism.     

Studies on the Authenticity of Local Wines by Spectroscopic and Chemometric Analysis

The authenticity of 91 wines produced in Cyprus from both indigenous and other vine varieties were investigated by a holistic approach, using, advanced technology such as SNIF-NMR （site-specific natural isotopic fractionation-nuclear magnetic resonance） and 1R-MS （isotope ratio-mass spectrometry） for the determination of the stable isotopes and ICP （inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy） for some heavy metals. The spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated statistically using different chemometric methods. The dependency of the D/H （deuterium/hydrogen） ratio of the methylene site in the ethanol molecule （D/H）ll and also theδ ^18O values of the wine water, were the most useful discriminators. Isotopic results allow us to have a complete idea about the regional variability of the isotopes. Among the metals, Ni followed by Pb was the ones with the highest discrimination value. The determined concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd that are related to the safety of wines were within the acceptable limits that have been established by the OIV （international organization of vine and wine） or comparable with the results of the wines of other European countries. The study of the correlation between the load of heavy metals and isotopes in wines showed a dependence on the grape variety but not the geographical location of the vineyard. This is probably due to the close proximity of wine regions in Cyprus.     

Acoustical Properties of Acetylated Wood

Many of the traditional woods used for musical instruments have been selected not only for their natural beauty but for the high content of waxes and resins that help increase water repellency of the wood but have little or no effect on stabilizing dimensions or vibrational properties. Moisture changes have a great negative effect on both the musical quality of wooden musical instruments and limit the length of time they can be played without loss of musical quality. It is possible to stabilize both the wood and the vibrational properties by chemically modifying the wood. One technology that can do this is the reaction of wood with acetic anhydride. Acetylation of wood slightly increases density, and slightly （about 5%） reduces both sound velocity and sound absorption when compared to unreactedwood. Acetylation does not change the acoustic converting efficiency. Acetylation reduces the amount of moisture in the cell wall decreasing the effect of moisture on the viscose properties of wood. This allows a wooded musical instrument to be played longer without having to let it dry out. This gives an instrument made from acetylated wood a greater range of moisture conditions it can be played in without losing tone quality. Acetylation also greatly stabilizes the physical dimensions of the wood. The major effect of acetylation of wood, therefore, is to stabilize acoustic properties. The technology can be applied to almost any wood though more easily to permeable types so non-traditional wood species can be used. A violin, a piano soundboard, a guitar, a recorder, a bagpipe chanter, and trumpet and trombone mouthpieces have been made using acetylated wood with very positive results. Several more wooden instruments made from acetylated wood are presently being made for further testing and early market development.     

DFT-Study on Antioxydant of 3-Alkyl-4-P henylacetylam i no-1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-O nes and Its Derivatives

In this article, we have performed B3LYP/6-31＋G（d） calculations of geometrical and reaction enthalpies of antioxidant mechanisms for ADPHT 1-4 （3-alkyl-4-phenylacetylamino-lH-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones） and its derivatives： HAT （hydrogen atom transfer）, SET-PT （single electron transfer-proton transfer） and SPLET （sequential proton-loss electron transfer） were investigated in gas and solution-phases. Solvent contribution to enthalpies was computed employing integral equation formalism IEF-PCM （integral equation formalism method） method. It turned out that the lowest BDEs （bond dissociation energies） is obtained for C-H bonds due to captodative effect in various media. Results indicate that HAT mechanism represents the most anticipated process in gas-phase from thermodynamic point of view. But, the SPLET represents the thermodynamically preferred reaction pathway in solvents （2-propanol, acetonitrile, DMF （N,N-dimethylformamide） and water）. The authors showed that bond dissociation energies, IP （ionization potential） and PA （proton affinity） are sufficient to evaluate the thermodynamically preferred mechanism.     

New Modifications Bart,Bdchamp, Mayer,Rosenmund, Scheller,Sherlyn-Braz Reactions with Halides of Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

It was discovered a new approach modification Bart, Beschamp, Mayer, Rosenmund, Scheller, Sherlyn-Braz reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. The authors have proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

Interference-Free Determination of REEs in Electronic Waste Using ICP Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Recently, the demand for REEs （rare earth elements） has been heavily increasing, as they are used in many high-tech products （e.g., because of their specific magnetic behavior）. As a result, the supply situation for REEs is worsening and the world market is depending on Chinese exports, so that it may be worthwhile to recycle e-waste （electronic waste） in European countries. This article describes an analytical method to analyze REEs in different kinds of e-waste with the help of a simultaneous ICP-OES （ICP optical emission spectrometer）. The task is challenging because samples show significant differences in terms of major, minor and trace element concentrations. Depending on the field of application, the level of matrix elements and target elements differs completely, resulting in a wide variety of spectral interferences. The method presented in this article allows an accurate quantification of REEs as well as a high sample throughput. In addition to REEs, other elements of economic interest can be determined in the same way. The development of a sample preparation process is another important issue and considered as well.     

The Conditions for Se-Enzymes,NO, cGMP and LDL to be Formed and How They are Connected with Each Other

Transportation of energy and substances is fundamental for the conditions of life. The energy from metabolised food is yielded at the reduction of oxygen by the assistance of Se-enzymes. Activated Se-enzymes contain an electron conducting Se-link with elemental Se bounded to Se-cys （Se-cystein） that prevents electron transferring （autoxidable） agents, as arginine, from oxidations. NO is formed from e.g. arginine during the passive state of a Se-enzyme. With NO, instead of O2, bounded to a hem group, destroying oxidations are avoided. This is the role of NO. A nerve signal is activated by the GTP （guanosine triphosphate）-induced triggered transformation of cGMP （cyclic guanosine monophosphate） into GMP, closing the sodium channels. When GTP is consumed, the opposite reaction takes place. The direct influence of the GMP/cGMP quote on a nerve signal makes GMP/cGMP equal to EDHF （endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor）. Part of the energy from food is stored and transported in the form of acetyl groups, building up many important molecules of which LDL （low density lipoprotein） is one, containing cholesteryl esters. These are brought in to the cell, decomposed to acetyl groups generating hydrogen, H, making LDL to an essential substance. High levels are connected to impaired energy yielding reactions, perhaps related to low levels of some substances, especially to one or both forms of Se. The necessity of a Se-link and NO induced protection against oxidations by reducible oxygen can no longer be neglected.     

A New Modification Michaelis-Arbuzov,Allen, Milobendzky-Shulgin,Michaelis-Becker and Raymond Reactions with Organic Compounds Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

In this work study, we investigated possibility of modifying the new Michaelis Allen, Milobendzky-Shulgin, Michaelis-Becker, Raymond reactions with organic compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth is discovered. A new mechanism for possible reactions has been proposed.     

Photochemical Decomposition of Pesticide Chemicals in Aerosol Particles and Thin Films Relevant to Environmental Conditions

Contamination of the environment by pesticides is the inevitable aftermath of plant protection, and a substantial portion of pesticide pollutants exists in the form of aerosol particles levitated in the air and deposited on plants, and as the pesticide residues （thin films） on the surface of plant leaves. The sunlight photolysis could be the resource for the accelerated photochemical decomposition of pesticide compounds to minimize the long-term environmental contamination. The rates of photochemical decomposition of pesticide chemicals propiconazole （commercial formulation Tilt） and haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl （Zellek） were measured in particles of 0.12-1.3 μm in diameter and in films 0.04-0.2 μm thick. A specific polyaromatic sensitizer Shirvanol was used to induce accelerated decomposition of the above pesticide particulates under both the solar radiation and the artificial UV light. It was established that propiconazole decomposes by the sensitized photo-oxidation only, but haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl reacts in both the oxygen （air） and oxygen-free mediums via both the direct and sensitized reactions. The photochemical mechanisms are hypothesized and argued for the oxidative and non-oxidative decompositions. The haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl （Zellek） residues lbrmed on foliage upon pesticide treatments of agricultural fields would essentially decompose under sunlight via a direct photoreaction in 4-6 weeks, but the propiconazole （Tilt） contaminants probably need more time.     

Hydrocracking of Goudron in the Presence of a Suspended Natural Catalyst

The main results of hydrocracking of goudron under reduced pressure in the presence of a suspended catalyst have beenanalyzed. It was investigate the influence of temperature to hydrocracking process of goudron. It was determined that with increasing of temperature from 400 ℃ to 440 ℃ （0.5 MPa pressure） the yield of light oil products increased from 31.39% to 61% mass.     

A three dimensional CFD simulation and optimization of direct DME synthesis in a fixed bed reactor

In this study, a comprehensive three-dimensional dynamic model was developed for simulating the flow behavior and catalytic coupling reactions for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether （DME） from syngas including CO2 in a fixed bed reactor at commercial scale under both adiabatic and isothermal conditions. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamic （CFD） simulation was carried out through which the standard κ-ε model with 10% turbulence tolerations was implemented. At first, an adiabatic fixed bed reactor was simulated and the obtained results were compared with those of an equivalent commercial slurry reactor. Then the concentration and temperature profiles along the reactor were predicted. Consequently, the optimum temperature, pressure, hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in the feedstock and the reactor height under different operation conditions were determined. Finally, the results obtained from this three-dimensional dynamic model under appropriate industrial boundary conditions were compared with those of others available in literature to verify the model. Next, through changing the boundary conditions, the simulation was performed for an isothermal fixed bed reactor. Furthermore, it was revealed that, under isothermal conditions, the performed equilibrium simulations were done for a single phase system. Considering the simultaneous effects of temperature and pressure, the optimum operation conditions for the isothermal and adiabatic fixed bed reactors were investigated. The results of the H2＋CO conversions indicated that, under isothermal condition, higher conversion could be achieved, in compared with that under adiabatic conditions. Then, the effects of various operating parameters, including the pressure and temperature, of the reactor on the DME production were examined. Ultimately, the CFD modeling results generated in the present work showed reasonable agreement with previously obtained data available in the literature.     

An LC-MS Method for Evaluating Photostability of Naloxone Hydrochloride I.V. Infusion

Naloxone is a well-known opioid antagonist indicated for the treatment of CNS （central nervous system） and respiratory depression induced by natural or synthetic opioid in adults and neonates whose mothers have received opioids. While it has been reported that an injection of 0.2 mg/mL of naloxone hydrochloride is physically and chemically stable, data on photostability on continuous i.v. infusion of 0.2 mg/mL of naloxone hydrochloride has not been reported. Therefore, a method was required for assessment of naloxone hydrochloride photostability. A high performance LC-MS （liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry） method was established to evaluate the photostability of naloxone hydrochloride. Injections of naloxone hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride were exposed to artificial light and stored at room temperature （22 ~C） and 37 ~C. Naloxone losses up to 9.79% of its initial concentration when exposed to light at room temperature for 192 h, but the degradation increased up to 14.91% as the storage temperature increase. The disappearance of naloxone hydrochloride was correlated with the appearance of nor-oxymorphonedegradant. Naloxone hydrochloride is photosensitive and degradation increased at highly temperature and light intensity. Therefore, naloxone i.v. infusion solutions should either be protected from light and/or be frequently replaced when being administered to patients.     

LO-RAY-LIGH@ Diffraction Gratings in UV-VIS Spectroscopy

It has been more than half a century since the release of the first Shimadzu UV-VIS （UV-visible） spectrophotometer QB-50 in 1952, and during this time more than 160,000 UV-VIS spectrometers have been produced and installed in a wide variety of different applications. A lot of technical innovations have been implemented to improve the performance and significantly reduce the stray light levels. The latest innovation during development of sophisticated spectrophotometers is based on a new holographic exposure method and optimized etching process which has made it possible to produce both high-efficient and exceptionally low stray light gratings. These LO-RAY-LIGH~ gratings have guaranteed values of stray light at the intermediate position between zero-order and first-order lights. The values are measured by Shimadzu＇s laser stray-light-measuring system. The latest development in the series of UV-VIS spectrophotometers is the UV-2700 which is a true double beam double monochromator system in a compact design for high-precision spectral analysis of a wide range of samples including organic and inorganic compounds, biological samples, optical materials and photovoltaics. The high performance optical system is designed with ＂LO-RAY-LIGH＂ diffraction gratings, featuring highest efficiency and exceptionally low stray light. The spectrophotometer operates in the wavelength range from 185 nm to 900 nm and allows highly sophisticated applications such as direct measurement of high density samples up to 8 absorbance units without dilution.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOREEF AND SHOAL RESERVOIRS IN CHANGXING AND FEIXIANGUAN FORMATIONS OF JIULONGSHAN-JIANGE AREA AND THEIR CONTROLLING FACTORS

Recently, an exploration for the bioreef and shoal reservoirs in Changxing and Feixianguan formations, Jiulongshan-Jiange area, has gained a great breakthrough. And a study on the reservoirs continues to deepen. Moreover, along with these comes a great awareness of reservoir characteristics. For the Changxing Formation, the reservoir is dominated by crystalline and granule dolomites with developed pores （dissolution pore and karst cave） and fractures, which belongs to moderate- to high-porosity and moderate- to high-permeability fractured-porous reservoir. The Feixianguan Formation is mainly composed of granule limestones with developed intragranular and intergranular dissolution pores, which belongs to low-porosity and low-permeability reservoir. And its types include porous-fractured reservoir and fractured-porous reservoir. It is deemed after a comprehensive analysis that （1） favorable facies may affect reservoir development and distribu- tion and is an important factor to form Changxing and Feixianguan reservoirs in this area; （2） both dolomitization and dissolution can greatly improve the physical property, which are the key to de- velop high-quality reservoirs; and （3） structural rupture is conducive to reservoir development.