Firm-Specific Productive Efficiency Offsets in the Development of a Price Cap Formula

Performance-based regulation represents an improvement over traditional rate-of-return regulation, but the price cap formulas that are employed often do not include firm-specific—as opposed to industry-wide—productivity or efficiency differentials and therefore do not include offsets related to the historical performance of the utility itself in the typical PCF. The authors show how to compute such offsets.     

电力市场下的电价上限设定模型

根据浙江电力市场的历史数据给出了不同电价上限情况下系统剩余容量百分比与平均上网电价之间的关系模型。分析了电力供求状况、电价上限和总平均上网电价之间的关系,提出了设定电力市场电价上限的新模型。该模型对于根据总平均上网电价的要求设定合理的电价上限具有较好的参考价值,最后通过具体算例验证了该模型的有效性。     

Grid Security Through Load Reduction in the ERCOT Market

As an independent system operator, the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) is responsible for the security and reliability of the ERCOT grid. Participation by load in the restructured ERCOT market is viewed as a means of enhancing competition in those markets, mitigating unwarranted price spikes, and preserving system reliability. Customers with interruptible loads that can meet various performance requirements can be qualified to provide operating reserves under the Load Acting as a Resource (LaaR) program. Qualified LaaRs can participate into various ancillary services to maintain and enhance the system reliability. This paper introduces the successful LaaR program in the ERCOT market, and operation experiences to maintain and enhance the system security through load participation in the LaaR program.      

The Annual Black Start Service Selection Analysis of ERCOT Grid

This paper evaluates ERCOT's existing annual Black Start service selection analysis and subsequently presents novel selection procedures. ERCOT procures Black Start resources annually through a competitive process. It selects and awards contracts to qualifying resources after completing a Black Start unit selection analysis, which selects a group of Black Start resources that meet a set of system selection criteria consisting of system reliability and minimum cost parameters. A current analysis methodology exists, but due to its inherent limitations, it is very labor intensive. Further analysis methodology development is performed to streamline the selection process, enable additional functions, reduce the manual intervention of personnel, and overall to improve the selection analysis. This paper analyzes the current Black Start automatic program analysis, and proposes new methodologies, programming improvements, and enhanced user ability.     

需求侧实行峰谷分时电价策略的影响分析

从原理上分析了需求侧实行峰谷分时电价策略对电能损耗和用户自身利益的影响,并以江苏省某市供电公司负荷控制中心实测日的负荷数据,利用基于用户反应度的峰谷分时模型进行了仿真分析,结果表明合理的峰谷分时电价策略对改善负荷曲线形状,提高系统负荷率,降低电网电能损耗,保护用户的利益具有重要意义.     

Assessing the limitations of just-in-time energy delivery in the ERCOT interconnection

In February of 2021, an atypical continental weather pattern imposed lower-than-average temperatures on the southern U.S. Prolonged subfreezing temperatures in turn put substantial strain on Texas’s energy systems. The electric grid of Texas, operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), was crippled by a number of technical and operational difficulties initiated by the extreme weather. Freeze-offs on natural gas equipment and wind shortages resulted in significant under-generation, at times approaching 50% of load forecasts. Blackouts and prolonged rolling outages were the result. These rolling outages, necessary to retain broader stability and grid synchronism, proved effective in providing necessary grid stabilization. However, such actions left millions of Texas residents without power, heat, water, and other life sustaining resources during several of coldest days in recent memory, causing hundreds of fatalities. Analysis of the event indicates that the lack of both sufficient baseload and dispatchable generating capacity is the result of a number of interweaved operational constraints placed on grid operators by alterations in the interconnection’s fuel resource availability. Fuel supplies are no longer readily stored on-hand in sufficient quantity, and just-in-time delivery creates dependence on suppliers who are themselves subject to the forces of extreme weather.     

储能设备对孤立风力发电系统的影响

采用序贯蒙特卡罗法对含有储能设备的风/柴孤立发电系统进行充裕度评估。针对样例系统,在发电系统强迫停运率、储能设备容量以及峰值负荷取值不同的情况下,计算发电系统的充裕度指标;研究储能设备对孤立发电系统充裕度的影响,并对产生影响的原因进行分析。结果表明,加入储能设备可改善发电系统的充裕度,提高系统的供电可靠性水平,减少风力发电机组输出功率波动对系统的影响。分析方法和结果可为储能设备在风力发电系统中的应用和储能设备容量的选择等方面提供参考。     

美国得克萨斯州电力可靠性委员会在风电调度运行管理方面的经验和启示

近年来,美国得克萨斯州电力可靠性委员会（electric reliability council of Texas,ERCOT）在风电调度运行管理方面积累了丰富经验。该地区电网风电发展迅猛,风电装机容量位居美国各州首位。主要介绍了在ERCOT地区电网电力市场模式下风电的功率预测、日前和实时调度运行以及ERCOT地区电网...     

施耐德电气走节能增效光明路

作为拥有170多年创新历史和全球电力与控制专家,施耐德电气正以其创新科技支持中国的可持续发展.2007年4月10～12日,施耐德电气在四川成都娇子国际会议中心举办全球巡展"源创力2007",向中国用户集中展现其创新的电力和控制技术成果,并揭开了在华20周年的庆典序幕.     

“2010年投入产出表”分析及其对电价调整影响研究

智能体响应均衡模型可以动态地反映出价格变动下行业的自我决策过程,实时更新行业间的消耗关系,因此,可以较好地模拟实际经济运行情况。在通过该方法外推得到的2010年投入产出表基础上,利用投入产出模型定量分析了平均销售电价分别上升0.03,0.05和0.07元/(kW.h)的情景下,差别电价对产品价格的影响程度。研究表明,电价调整对居民消费价格的作用较小,对工业品出厂价格稍大,且不同行业产品价格的变化程度各异,其中重工业产品价格上升幅度最为显著。     

浅谈提高热工测量准确性与节能工作的关系及策略

介绍了提高热工测量系统准确性对节能工作的影响,同时提出了一些提高发电机组运行参数测量准确性的实用措施及节能综合分析方法。     

满足激励相容和平衡账户约束的发电市场最高限价机制

在不完全竞争的电力市场中,发电商往往会通过行使市场力赚取超额利润,同时也会加大系统购电成本。如果均衡价格持续接近最高限价,将会造成平衡账户严重亏空,电力市场也会面临巨大经营风险。电力市场中为了抑制发电商行使市场力,规避平衡账户亏空的风险,设置合理的最高限价尤为重要。在单一购买者的市场模式和市场清算电价(market clearing price,MCP)结算机制下,基于机制设计理论的相关原理,设定密封的动态最高限价,并提出相应的结算机制和奖惩机制。该机制满足发电商的激励相容约束和平衡账户约束,能够激励发电商按真实成本报价,并保证平衡账户资金维持在最低额度上。算例分析结果证明了该机制的正确性和有效性。     

特征价格模型在电能定价中的应用

在总结国内外电能定价现状的基础上,提出将特征价格模型用于电能多特征定价的思想,探讨建立电能特征价格模型的可行性,并将电能按照生产成本、电能质量和可靠性3方面进行特征划分,给出电能特征定价的框架和实施的可行性,为合理进行电能定价提供了一种方法。     

美国得克萨斯州风电消纳的市场运行机制及启示

美国得克萨斯州风电装机容量一直稳居美国第一。作为得州电网独立运营机构的得州电力可靠性委员会（ERCOT）,曾面临集中式开发和外送的风电消纳困难,在2009年全年全网弃风率达到17%。经过对电网的投资建设和在电力市场及调度运行方面的优化与提升,得州电网内的弃风量显著降低,近几年一直维持在2%以下。主要分析ERCOT在适应风电消纳方面所采用的市场机制,通过借鉴ERCOT在风电管理和消纳方面的实践经验,提出对中国集中式风电消纳的启示和建议。     

北京居民用户能源价格响应特征分析

能源产业是国民经济的基础产业,制定合理的能源价格机制来保证能源供给与能源需求的相对平衡具有重要的意义.基于对北京市居民进行的问卷调查和深度访谈,分析了北京市居民的能源消费结构,并运用协整计量经济模型和回归分析,探究了北京市居民的能源价格响应情况.结果表明,居民电力和天然气的收入弹性为正,液化石油气和煤炭的收入弹性为负;居民能源自价格弹性最大的是液化石油气,最小的是煤炭,电力和天然气的自价格弹性分别为-0.22和-0.44;电力和天然气之间的交叉价格弹性相对较大,替代关系较强.电动汽车具有很多潜在用户,从未来来看,随着电动汽车补贴等政策激励机制的加强,电力和石油之间的交叉弹性将增大.     

Multifractal behavior of Electricity Bid Price in Indian Energy Market

The bid price of power generation in a country is of extreme importance due to its obvious impact on the industry although it is difficult to explore correlation among cost of a product in any industry with fluctuations of biding price of power. This is due to the fact that the fluctuations are nonlinear and extremely complex. Recent years have witnessed the study of this type of complex systems with powerful tool involving fractal methodology. This paper reports for the first time in Indian scenario a study on the fluctuation pattern of biding price of power in five different bid areas of India with a robust and rigorous technique based on chaos and fractal behavior. The exhaustive study reveals very interesting patterns of the fluctuation process, namely in all domains, the fluctuations are multifractal in time and degree of multifractality is quite different in different zones. The data is completely new and has serious implications on product cost of industry and ultimately on stock price indices. The paper includes possible future applications including predictability of next day price.     

圆环坐标系下自供能转换器球冠型拓扑的建模与优化

电容式集能转换器的设计和优化直接影响自供能装置的整体性能。集能效率的优化可转化为体积约束条件下的拓扑参数优化,由此提出一种改进的球冠型集能转换器拓扑,并在圆环坐标系下基于分离变量法建立了其解析模型。提出储能增量系数的概念,并导出以球冠开口半径与球半径之比为变量的储能增量系数表达式。针对不同尺寸的球冠型拓扑,储能增量系数的实测结果与理论值吻合地较好,从而验证了所建立的球冠型转换器拓扑解析模型的正确性。研究结果为自供能装置集能转换器的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

考虑模糊分时能源价格需求响应的综合能源分布式优化调度方法

为充分挖掘综合能源系统的可调度潜力,提出了一种考虑模糊分时能源价格需求响应的综合能源分布式优化调度方法。首先,为增强价格信号对需求响应的激励效应,在分时价格的基础上结合模糊数学理论提出了模糊分时能源价格,进而建立了价格型综合需求响应模型;其次,综合考虑电–热–气系统的耦合约束以及天然气网络的管道动态特性,构建了综合能源系统的日前调度模型;最后,针对电–热–气系统的复杂性以及信息的不透明特性,提出了基于正则化交替方向乘子法的调度方法,将优化调度模型分解为电–热–气3个子问题,通过多个协调变量进行信息传递,并在迭代求解各子问题的同时通过添加含协调变量的正则项以加快收敛速度。结合具体算例验证了所提模型和方法的有效性。     

Integration of compressed air energy storage systems co-located with wind resources in the ERCOT transmission system

In this paper, we investigate optimal locations and capacity for integrating storage systems in the electric transmission grid to improve wind power production. The impacts on wind power production and conventional thermal generation due to operation of utility-scale storage systems are simulated. A compressed air energy storage (CAES) is chosen as an utility-scale storage technology, which can provide several hundred MWs of electric power. A mixed integer programming (MIP) is implemented for the mathematical formulation. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) wind, load data and its simplified transmission system are used for a case study. To mandate wind power production, we apply 20% goal for renewable portfolio standard (RPS). Operation of 1350 MW CAESs improves wind power production and RPS target achievements, however, thermal generation does not significantly decrease under the given simulation condition.