Durability of crosslinked polydimethylsyloxanes: the case of composite insulators

Abstract

Most applications of silicones are linked to their hydrophobic properties and (or) their high resistance to ageing (e.g. thermal ageing and photoageing). However, when placed in extreme environments, these materials can fail as in the case of epoxy/fiber glass composite powerlines insulators, where crosslinked polymethylsyloxanes (PDMSs) are used as the protective envelope (housing) of the insulator. We report on the behavior of both pure/noncrosslinked PDMSs and typical formulations used in industrial insulators, i.e. containing peroxide crosslinked PDMS, alumina trioxide hydrated (ATH) and silica. Special attention is paid on both (i) the sources of potential degradation and (ii) the best analytical methods that can be applied to the study of very complex formulations. (i) Aside from conventional types of ageing such as photo-ageing and thermal, hydrolytic, and service life ageings, treatments with acidic vapors, plasma and ozone possibly generating species from the reaction of a high electric field with air were also performed, which allowed to accelerate electrical and out-door ageings and to obtain differently aged materials. (ii) Aside from conventional analytical methods of polymer degradation such as FTIR/ATR spectroscopy and SEC, TG, hardness measurements, more specific methods like photo/DSC, TG/IR, thermoporosimetry, resistivity and density measurements were also performed to characterize the chemical and physical evolutions of polymer materials. In particular, it was found that treatment with nitric acid vapor has detrimental effects on the properties of both fire retardants (e.g. ATH) and PDMSs, affecting the hardness and resistivity of the formulated material.     

Finite element analysis of substation composite insulators

Composite insulators are rapidly replacing their porcelain counterparts in electrical substation applications. These insulators consist of a glass-reinforced polymer (GRP) rod, with two metal end fittings radially crimped onto the ends of the rod during assembly. In this paper, axisymmetric finite element models are developed to evaluate the mechanical performance of composite insulators under externally applied axial compression. The analyses are performed by assuming both a perfectly bonded interface between the composite rod and the end fittings, and an imperfect interface which permits large relative sliding with Coulomb friction. Results indicate that the perfect interface model is unrealistic since it predicts singular stresses at the interface comer and an overall linear structural response. On the other hand, the imperfect interface model is found to simulate accurately the structural non-linearity caused by relative sliding of the GRP rod within the end fittings. The imperfect interface model has therefore been used to evaluate the effects of interface friction, and the extent of crimping, on the maximum load-bearing capacity of substation composite insulators.     

T300／4211复合材料的使用寿命评估

选用Ｔ３００．４２１１环氧基碳纤维增强复合材料，应用半经验数学模型，结合短期不同气候区的自然老化数据和人工加速老化数据，预测其长期使用下（５１年和３０年）力学性能的变化，估算复合材料结构的工作寿命，为复合材料飞机构件的性能评定提供参考依据。     

T700碳纤维复合材料的海水腐蚀研究

对T700碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料进行海水腐蚀试验,研究了复合材料的吸湿、去湿,以及它们对复合材料性能的影响。结果发现,碳纤维复合材料的吸湿和去湿过程符合Fick扩散定律,复合材料接近平衡吸湿以前的吸湿速率,与其比表面积成正比;吸湿破坏了复合材料的力学性能,降低了复合材料的玻璃化温度,去湿可在一定程度上恢复材料的力学性能。     

双层结构纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶与硅橡胶在同时硫化的条件下制备出了双层结构的纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、MTT和力学性能测试等手段对复合材料进行表征.结果表明,两层材料的界面结合紧密,材料的细胞相容性好,力学性能与硅橡胶的力学性能相近,能够达到医用植入硅橡胶材料的要求.     

混凝土结构耐久性的研究综述

混凝土是当今重要的结构工程材料,混凝土结构的耐久性问题日益突出.介绍了国内外混凝土结构耐久性研究概况以及主要研究内容,简述了混凝土结构耐久性的影响因素及相应的提高措施,同时提出了关于混凝土结构耐久性的未来发展趋势,为目前我国混凝土结构耐久性设计、施工和管理提供参考.     

Impurity band Mott insulators: a new route to high Tc superconductivity

Last century witnessed the birth of semiconductor electronics and nanotechnology. The physics behind these revolutionary developments is certain quantum mechanical behaviour of ‘impurity state electrons’ in crystalline ‘band insulators’, such as Si, Ge, GaAs and GaN, arising from intentionally added (doped) impurities. The present article proposes that certain collective quantum behaviour of these impurity state electrons, arising from Coulomb repulsions, could lead to superconductivity in a parent band insulator, in a way not suspected before. Impurity band resonating valence bond theory of superconductivity in boron doped diamond, recently proposed by us, suggests possibility of superconductivity emerging from impurity band Mott insulators. We use certain key ideas and insights from the field of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates and organics. Our suggestion also offers new possibilities in the field of semiconductor electronics and nanotechnology. The current level of sophistication in solid state technology and combinatorial materials science is very well capable of realizing our proposal and discover new superconductors.     

聚酯(PET)硅橡胶复合膜制备与渗透汽化分离性能的研究

讨论了以聚酯(PET)为支撑层,以聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS107)为皮层的硅橡胶复合膜的制备工艺,并以乙醇水物系为料液,分析了硅橡胶、交联剂正硅酸乙酯(TAOS)、催化剂(二月桂酸二丁基锡)对分离系数及渗透通量的影响,并考察了膜下侧渗透压、料液浓度对膜分离性能的影响.     

PDMS/PSF中空纤维渗透汽化复合膜制备的研究

采用干湿相转化法制备了聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜;将PDMS、交联剂、催化剂按一定的比例溶解在正己烷中,采用浸渍法将PDMS溶液涂在PSF中空纤维膜的外表面,制备了PDMS/PSF中空纤维复合膜.在料液温度为50℃、渗透物侧压力lmmHg、料液乙醇含量5%条件下,考察了涂膜液中PDMS浓度、交联剂、催化剂用量以及涂膜次数等因素对膜渗透汽化性能的影响.     

硅橡胶-聚砜中空纤维复合膜的制备及性能研究

主要讨论硅橡胶 -聚砜中空纤维复合膜的制备工艺 ,并对所制备的膜组件进行透气性能研究 .考察了涂膜液浓度、涂膜压力对膜组件性能的影响 ,发现过高的涂膜压力不利于组件富氧空气通量的提高 .     

细胞对硅橡胶复合膜渗透蒸发分离性能的影响

利用自制的硅橡胶复合膜对乙醇-水模型溶液、含有干酵母的乙醇-水模型溶液、以及实际发酵液进行渗透蒸发分离乙醇实验,研究了细胞对膜性能的影响、结果表明：与纯乙醇模型溶液的分离相比,膜对含有干酵母的乙醇-水模型溶液、真实发酵液的分离表现出更好的性能,显示细胞的存在和活动对膜传质有一定的促进作用．连续发酵过程中,在一定的细胞浓度下（10g／L）,硅橡胶膜维持了长期稳定的分离性能;产品乙醇的有效分离降低了其对酵母细胞的抑制作用,使沉积在膜面上的细胞层促进了膜的分离性能;但提高细胞浓度（15g／L）后却因更厚的细胞层的堆积造成膜面传递状况劣化,使膜性能下降．因此发酵液中的细胞浓度、膜面上的细胞沉积以及膜性能之间存在一种最佳的相互促进和搭配关系．     

二醛交联PVA/PAN复合膜的渗透汽化脱水性能

探索了渗透汽化脱水用PVA/PAN复合膜的二醛交联处理方法 ,以质量分数为 95%的乙醇水为脱水对象 ,在 70℃下的测试结果为 :用乙二醛处理时 ,分离因子约为 60 0 ,渗透通量约为 1 50 g/ (m2 ·h) ;用戊二醛处理时 ,分离因子约为 2 0 0 ,渗透通量约为 2 0 0 g/ (m2 ·h) ;用对苯二甲醛处理时 ,分离因子约为 4 60 ,渗透通量约为 2 80 g/ (m2 ·h) .研究中还发现二醛的分子大小和结构对交联后膜性能有一定影响 .     

Impurity band Mott insulators: a new route to high Tc superconductivity

Abstract

Last century witnessed the birth of semiconductor electronics and nanotechnology. The physics behind these revolutionary developments is certain quantum mechanical behaviour of ‘impurity state electrons’ in crystalline ‘band insulators’, such as Si, Ge, GaAs and GaN, arising from intentionally added (doped) impurities. The present article proposes that certain collective quantum behaviour of these impurity state electrons, arising from Coulomb repulsions, could lead to superconductivity in a parent band insulator, in a way not suspected before. Impurity band resonating valence bond theory of superconductivity in boron doped diamond, recently proposed by us, suggests possibility of superconductivity emerging from impurity band Mott insulators. We use certain key ideas and insights from the field of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates and organics. Our suggestion also offers new possibilities in the field of semiconductor electronics and nanotechnology. The current level of sophistication in solid state technology and combinatorial materials science is very well capable of realizing our proposal and discover new superconductors.     

基于深度信念网络的玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料耐久性预测

采用紫外线老化试验箱模拟大气环境中的紫外线进行加速老化试验,对玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料（BFRP）及环氧树脂在紫外线环境中的耐久性进行了研究。通过BFRP及环氧树脂经紫外线老化后的拉伸强度、弹性模量、断裂延伸率的变化,结合深度信念网络（DBN）的方法,预测BFRP及环氧树脂拉伸强度、弹性模量的变化趋势;并提出以同批次非破坏性试件的弹性模量作为BFRP耐久性的评价指标。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,BFRP及环氧树脂的拉伸强度及断裂延伸率均先提高后下降,但弹性模量趋于平缓下降; DBN得到的预测值与试验值相对误差基本在10%以内,表明DBN进行BFRP及环氧树脂耐久性预测的有效性;以非破坏性试件的弹性模量来评价BFRP的耐久性更具科学性。      

氯盐环境下混凝土耐久性研究进展

氯盐环境下混凝土结构的耐久性是沿海地区混凝土结构的一项关键指标,直接影响其正常使用寿命。从环境、材料、构件及结构4个层次系统论述了氯盐环境下混凝土耐久性的研究成果。分析认为当前的研究成果仍无法直接应用到实际工程中,还需继续研究。氯离子侵蚀环境和试件本身的受力状态应作为今后研究重点考虑的因素。     

磷酸钙在纳米羟基磷灰石／硅橡胶复合材料表面的仿生合成

将纳米羟基磷灰石，硅橡胶复合材料浸泡于模拟体液（SBF）中仿生合成了磷酸钙，利用IR、XRD、ICP和SEM等测试手段对表面沉积物进行表征．结果表明：在模拟体液中浸泡后，复合材料表面形成了分布均匀的以羟基磷灰石为主要成分的晶粒，表面羟基磷灰石的比例得到提高，生物学性能得以进一步改善；表明纳米羟基磷灰石，硅橡胶复合材料是一种生物活性材料．     

Stress and damage analysis of composite–aluminium joints used in electrical insulators subject to traction and bending

Numerical and experimental stress and failure studies are performed on metal/fibreglass-reinforced-plastic (GRP) joints used in composite electrical insulators consisting of an epoxy tube reinforced with E-glass fibres and of two aluminium fittings fastened to the tube with an adhesive. Subjected to traction and bending, the joints are modelled with axisymmetric 2D and solid 3D finite elements respectively. Numerical stress and strain distributions through the bond are calculated and the damage initiation in the composite is highlighted. The simulations are compared to experimental data obtained from several joint specimens tested on an experimental set-up equipped with strain gauges and an acoustic emission system. Good correlation between the numerical predictions and the experimental results is found.     

Flight service environmental effects on composite materials and structures

NASA Langley and the U.S. Army have jointly sponsored programs to assess the effects of realistic flight environments and ground-based exposure on advanced composite materials and structures. Composite secondary structural components were initially installed on commercial transport aircraft in 1973; secondary and primary structural components were installed on commercial helicopters in 1979; and primary structural components were installed on commercial aircraft in the mid-to-late 1980's. Over 5.3 million total component flight hours have been accumulated on 350 composite components since 1973. Service performance, maintenance characteristics, and residual strength of numerous composite components are reported. In addition to data on flight components; 10-year ground-based exposure test results on material coupons are reported. Comparisons between flight and ground-based environmental effects for several composite material systems are also presented. Test results indicate excellent in-service performance with the composite components during the 15 year evaluation period. Good correlation between ground-based material performance and operational structural performance has been achieved.     

PDMS/PVDF复合膜分离VOC/N2的性能研究

采用涂布法制备了聚二甲基硅氧烷/聚偏氟乙烯(PDMS/PVDF)复合膜,并用于VOC/N2体系(正已烷/N2、环己烷/N2、正庚烷/N2二元混合气体)的分离,系统地考察了原料气浓度、原料气流速、操作温度对PDMS/PVDF复合膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,随着原料气浓度的升高、流速的增大,VOC的渗透率及选择性均增大,而随着操作温度的升高,VOC的渗透率和选择性有所降低.连续运行三个月,膜分离性能稳定,正庚烷的渗透率为1.2×10-6 mol/(s·m2·Pa),选择性可达145.     

PAA-PSF交联复合膜的制备及对低浓度有机醇水溶液反渗透分离性能研究

进行了ＰＡＡ（ＰｏｌｙａｃｒｙｌｉｃＡｃｉｄ）－ＰＳＦ（Ｐｏｌｙｓｕｌｆｏｎｅ）交联复合膜的制备，研究了交联剂、添加剂对膜性能的影响，并通过扫描电镜观察了膜的断面结构．研究了ＰＡＡ－ＰＳＦ交联复合膜对低浓度有机醇类水溶液反渗透分离性能．发现对于１０００×１０－６乙醇水溶液截留率达到６６．２％，透过流束可达０．９×１０－６（ｍ３·ｍ－２·ｓ－１）．随醇的分子量的增加，截留率不断上升，对戊醇的截留率达９４．３％，而透过流束则保持相对稳定．对不同结构醇类的分离性能研究表明，截留率存在有：ｔｅｒｔ－＞ｓｅｃ－＞ｉｓｏ－＞ｎ－的规律．