城市剩余污泥处置与利用技术研究新进展

综述并讨论了城市剩余污泥常规处置与利用技术以及新技术最新进展,常规处置技术包括土地利用、填埋及焚烧,新技术包括建筑材料、合成燃料及吸附材料,最后对城市剩余污泥处置与利用技术前景进行展望,提出了厌氧消化与农用或热解相结合是一条可行的污泥处置途径。     

城市污水处理厂污泥中能源物质利用的研究进展

城市化发展导致城市水处理负荷及污水厂污泥数量的显著增加。污泥中能源物质的回收利用也日益受到关注。该文综述了几种从污水厂污泥中回收得到的产物,包括沼气、氢气、合成气、生物柴油、生物质的发电以及污泥协同焚烧中对热值的利用,讨论了有关能源物质资源化利用的技术方法,分析了有关特点及问题,指出高含固率污泥厌氧消化技术是今后污泥消化研究重点;污泥生物发酵制氢的产氢稳定性研究需要加强;热化学法制氢及合成气转化率高,但工艺设备复杂,能耗高,需优化制备条件,并注意目标产物的净化;污泥制生物柴油和微生物燃料电池技术是今后污泥能源化利用的发展趋势,但要关注污泥的后续处置问题;水泥窑协同焚烧污泥需重点对烟气污染物的排放及控制加以研究。     

典型城市污泥厌氧消化技术工艺探讨

该文系统阐述了"直接厌氧消化"和"预处理+厌氧消化"两类消化工艺及厌氧消化技术在国内外的应用情况;从泥质分析、运行管理、政策指引三方面,分析了我国大部分污泥厌氧消化处理系统存在的问题;通过解析国内厌氧消化工程成功案例、探讨工艺经济可行性,得出了"高温预处理+厌氧消化"工艺可作为我国典型城市污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

污泥协同消化微生物的研究进展

近年来,厌氧消化技术作为一种极具潜力的污泥处理处置技术,可以在控制环境污染的同时实现能源的回收。污泥厌氧消化的本质是微生物群落的新陈代谢活动,而污泥与有机废弃物协同消化可以解决单一底物厌氧消化的弊端,因此受到关注。本文综述了污泥协同消化全过程中的微生物种类及种间代谢关系,并阐述了有机负荷、p H和温度等因素对微生物优势种与群落演替的影响。为协同消化实现工业化提供调控因素的参考。     

污泥能源化技术研究进展

总结了目前国内外关于污泥能源化利用方面的研究进展,包括污泥制氢、污泥制油、污泥制沼气、污泥制合成燃料、微生物燃料电池发电等,并对污泥处置方法未来的发展进行了展望。     

城镇污泥热水解与厌氧消化联用技术的原理、效能及应用

污泥厌氧消化在实现污泥减量化、无害化的同时,能够实现污泥中有机物的资源化和能源化,是我国政府主推的污泥处理处置技术之一。为了提高污泥厌氧消化的效率,污泥热水解预处理技术常作为污泥厌氧消化的前处理技术,并已得到工业化应用。污泥热水解预处理技术能够提高污泥的产气率,提高系统的稳定化运行效能。在分析污泥热水解和污泥厌氧消化技术特征的前提下,对当前主要使用的污泥热水解和厌氧消化技术相应的配套装备进行了介绍,分析单元/组合技术的优势,并以实际案例为支撑凝练了各装备的运行效能。在此基础上,对"污泥热水解+厌氧消化装备"的未来发展前景进行了预测。     

基于碳减排的污水厂污泥处理处置全流程最佳技术路线分析

按照IPCC提供的计算方法，选取符合我国国情的排放因子，以污水厂浓缩污泥为起点，比较了3种污泥处理处置技术路线(深度脱水+填埋、脱水+干化焚烧+填埋/建材利用、厌氧消化+脱水+干化焚烧+填埋/建材利用)的碳排放强度，从碳减排的角度提出了最优选污泥处理处置的全流程技术路线。研究结果表明，浓缩污泥VS含量在50%～65%时，从污泥处理处置全流程看，深度脱水+填埋路线是高碳排放处理处置方式，且会产生二次污染，应尽量避免；脱水+干化焚烧+填埋/建材利用和厌氧消化+脱水+干化焚烧+填埋/建材利用路线的碳排放强度仅为深度脱水+填埋碳排放的约20%,且后者略低。研究认为，浓缩污泥经过厌氧消化后干化焚烧，残留的焚烧飞灰建材利用是最佳的碳减排处理处置技术路线，且当浓缩污泥VS含量和污泥脱水后含水率达到一定要求时，可以实现污泥处理处置全流程碳中和，应加快推广应用。     

餐厨垃圾与生活垃圾焚烧协同处置的工程应用

某市建设的循环经济环保科技示范项目集生活垃圾焚烧、污泥干化、餐厨垃圾和粪便联合厌氧消化为一体,总体工艺设计从循环经济园区角度考虑,共用公辅设施、互为能源原料、工艺系统联通,实现多种垃圾的协同处置。其中餐厨和粪便处理采用"预处理+联合厌氧消化"工艺,利用焚烧系统蒸汽热源满足工艺需求,产生沼气作为辅助燃料回馈焚烧炉,厌氧产渣作为固体燃料与生活垃圾掺混处理,污水产物进入生活垃圾渗滤液处理系统。相较于单一处理模式的独立设厂,建设造价大为减少,运营成本明显降低,人力资源占用少,园区内处理避免不同处理厂间物料渣滓运输对环境造成危害,实现经济效益与环境保护共赢,契合国家垃圾分类及完善垃圾处理终端设施的政策要求和市场走向。     

不同污泥干化焚烧技术路线全链条碳足迹分析

碳足迹分析是目前国际上常用的技术能耗评估和资源优化配置的方法.文中采用IPCC《国家温室气体清单指南》提供的方法,对干化-焚烧、深度脱水-干化-焚烧、厌氧消化-深度脱水-干化-焚烧3种基于焚烧的污泥处理处置技术路线进行碳足迹分析.结果表明,污泥干化-焚烧技术路线净碳排放量最低.厌氧消化虽然是污泥资源化利用的重要方式,但...     

城市污泥与煤炭混烧处理技术的新进展

通过系统地分析国内外近期相关研究成果,深入地讨论了城市污泥与煤炭及其他燃料混烧处理技术的环境相容性、混烧热工特性和混烧工艺可行性,研究了城市污泥混烧处理工艺的技术特点和存在问题,认为污泥混烧处理技术具有明显的技术合理性和良好的发展前景,但在污泥预处理与混烧技术的结合方面还需要进一步完善和发展。     

Thermochemical Conversion of Sewage Sludge by TGA-FTIR Analysis: Influence of Mineral Matter Added

Thermal treatments, such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis, have been proven to be a convenient alternative to conventional sludge disposal technologies. Today, process development implies scaling up and so improving the reactor's design. In continuously operated reactors, fresh sewage sludge is in contact with solid residues (reacted material rich in mineral matter and char). Mineral matter has been reported to catalyze the thermo-chemical reactions involved but few works focus on this aspect. In this work, sewage sludge residues were added to fresh sewage sludge. Non-isothermal thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with infrared spectrometry (FTIR) showed that added residues reduce the characteristic reaction temperatures during char combustion and gasification (air, air-N₂, and CO₂ atmospheres). However, any considerable influence of residues was observed during pyrolysis experiments (N₂ atmosphere). The analysis of gas produced during those experiments revealed further details about the solid decomposition, showing considerable differences between different atmospheres.     

城市污泥/褐煤共水热碳化产物的热化学转化特性及规律研究

污泥和褐煤通过共水热碳化预处理以制备高品质固体燃料,为污泥和低阶煤的有效处理提供了一种可行方案。本研究主要考察了城市污泥(SS)和褐煤(LC)在不同温度下(120,180,240和300℃)进行共水热碳化制得的固相产物(水热炭)的热化学转化特性和规律,包括燃烧、热解和半焦CO₂气化过程,并分析了这些过程中的协同作用。结果表明,共水热碳化预处理对城市污泥和褐煤的热利用行为有显著影响。一方面,共水热碳化处理后的水热炭相对其计算值具有更高的产率、煤化程度、热值等,同时具有更低的灰分含量。另一方面,混合物水热炭在燃烧、热解和半焦CO₂气化过程均表现出一定的协同作用(促进燃烧和热解行为,降低气化活性),且水热温度在240℃附近时,这种作用最为明显。鉴于热解和气化过程的协同效果均低于燃烧过程,共水热碳化产物被认为更适合用于燃烧。这些发现表明,将共水热碳化改性提质处理与后续热化学工艺相结合,对于能源的产生和有机废弃物的利用都有一定的积极意义。     

造纸污泥生物质资源化利用

造纸污泥是一种很有价值的生物质资源,对其开发利用既能解决二次环境污染问题,又能产生一定的经济效益。本文介绍了造纸污泥的分类及组成,综述了造纸污泥热解制油、热解气化、水热处理、制氢、焚烧发电、厌氧消化、农用、制备活性炭及吸附剂等国内外造纸污泥生物质利用的现状,并对中国造纸污泥的资源化利用进行了展望。     

Schwelbrennverfahren zur thermischen Entsorgung von Müll und Klärschlamm

Combined pyrolysis combustion plant for disposal of refuse and sewage sludge. The present article describes a novel, environmentally compatible process for the disposal of refuse. It features a combination of pyrolysis and high-temperature combustion and utilizes well-proven equipment. Thermal decomposition of refuse by pyrolysis precedes high-temperature combustion leading to full energy utilization and resulting in optimum combustion and refuse disposal. The salient components of the process – the pyrolysing drum and the high-temperature combustion – are explained in detail. The report draws upon the operational experience obtained with pyrolysis plants and special waste incineration plants already installed.     

Pyrolyse von Biomasse

Pyrolysis of biomass . Alongside combustion and gasification the pyrolysis of biomass can be looked upon as an attractive alternative for the production of gas and oil. Special procedures using very short pyrolysis times lead to extensive (app. 80%) conversion of wood, for example, into organic liquids. Because of their very high heat- and mass-transfer rates, fluidized bed processes are predestined for this purpose. Longer residence times at higher temperatures raise the overall gas yield and exert a positive effect on defunctionalization of the oil compounds. Apart from the production of charcoal, the pyrolysis of biomass has so far not been run economically, however. The situation will become quite different as soon as this method of disposal itself attracts major attention. In this respect, the pyrolysis of sewage sludge shows considerable promise as a thermal process, because heavy metals can hardly be eluted from the pyrolysis residue and in addition good fuel gases and useful oils are produced.     

城市污泥资源化利用研究进展

传统的城市污水厂污泥处理方法具有不能有效利用可再用资源、易造成二次环境危害的弊端,提出积极进行污泥资源化研究才是解决我国城市污泥处理处置的有效途径.详细介绍了污泥资源化技术的多样性,它包括:堆肥利用技术、建材化技术、能源化技术、材料化技术、污泥蛋白质利用技术,其中污泥堆肥技术效果显著、适用范围广、成本较低,适合我国小城...     

Verwertung von Klärschlamm

Gasification and pyrolysis of sewage sludges. Gasification and pyrolysis of sewage sludge were examined as alternatives to sewage sludge combustion. For this purpose, experimental gasification and pyrolysis tests were carried out with primary sewage sludge of Emschergenossenschaft. Main objective of these tests was the evaluation of yields and qualitites for products gained via sludge gasification or pyrolysis and an assessment of the environmentally relevant properties of the related residues. Both process alternatives enable the utilization of sewage sludge without any negative impact on the environment. Due to the total use of the organic components out of the sewage sludge in combination with an almost complete utilization resulting from the valuable hydrogen produced, gasification is an attractive alternative compared to the burning of sewage sludge, both from an environmental and an economic point of view. In the case of sewage sludge pyrolysis a portion of the organic components, however, will remain in the pyrolysis residue. Therefore, pyrolysis allows only a minor reduction of the residual product.     

重质石油烃利用技术-重质烃气化-裂解集成工艺的模拟研究

我国是一个石油资源紧缺的发展中国家,石油供给高度依赖于世界石油市场. 世界原油资源的重质化和对轻质产品需求的增加,使重质石油烃利用技术成为我国能源和石化工业的一个重要课题. 现有的重质石油烃利用技术中,减粘裂化、焦化、催化裂化和加氢转化仍然是最主要的技术手段. 同时,气化和裂解制烯烃也显示出良好的技术潜力. 本工作提出的重质石油烃气化-裂解集成工艺利用燃烧裂解结焦为气化和裂解过程提供热量,同时产出合成气和部分低碳烯烃. 模拟研究显示,通过调整O2和水蒸汽流量可实现对气化-裂解温度的控制,在近零焦炭添加量的情况下可同时获得合成气和低碳烯烃,可在控制反应停留时间的条件下获得产物中烯烃的最大组成.     

作物秸秆能源转化技术研究进展

利用作物秸秆生产可再生能源是解决秸秆环境污染和开辟新的能量资源的重要途径之一。作物秸秆能源转化技术主要有热解气化、厌氧消化、液化、乙醇化、直接燃烧和固化等。简要介绍了我国作物秸秆的资源量及利用现状,着重对国内外作物秸秆能源转化技术的发展、研究现状及工业化应用情况进行了详细介绍。通过对各技术特点和存在问题的分析,探讨了未来发展趋势。建议加强作物秸秆液化与乙醇化技术的系统性研究以及工艺过程的开发。     

Methods for polyurethane and polyurethane composites,recycling and recovery: A review

Recent progress in the recycling and recovery of polyurethane and polyurethane composites is reviewed. The various types of polyurethane waste products, consisting of either old recycled parts or production waste, are generally reduced to a more usable form, such as flakes, powder or pellets, depending on the particular type of polyurethane that is being recycled. The various recycling technologies for material and chemical recycling of PU materials have greatly contributed to improve the overall image regarding the recyclability of polyurethanes in recent years, by far the most important being regrinding and glycolysis. These technologies open an emerging, effective and economic route for recycling polyurethane rigid foams and composite. Polyurethane foam in automotive seating has been successfully recycled using regrind technology. Glycolysis of polyurethanes can be economically acceptable, but still requires more development in order to tolerate more contamination in the post-consumer material. Current technologies can recover the inherent energy value of polyurethanes and reduce fossil fuel consumption. Energy recovery is considered the only suitable disposal method for recovered material for which no markets exist or can be created. Increasing waste-to-energy and other thermal processing activities involving gasification, pyrolysis and two-stage combustion has contributed for the disposal of significant amounts of scrap PU without many difficulties. It is concluded that many of the plastic feedstock recycling processes appear to be technically feasible and robust enough to warrant further development in the future.