印染废水的处理和综合利用技术

介绍了高温印染废水通过热交换加热常温软水、低浓度碱减量水洗废水用于烟道气除尘脱硫、厌氧-好氧处理一般印染废水等印染废水综合处理技术，该技术具有较好的经济效益，达到了以废治废的目的，生物污泥全部回流硝化，不加任何药剂，无二次污染，处理后水质达到城市截污管网标准要求，是一种较为理想的印染废水处理工艺。     

多晶硅生产废水处理系统的运行调试研究

针对无锡某多晶硅生产企业生产废水的特点,对不同水质废水分流处理。酸性、碱性废水分别经过混凝、沉淀工艺,去除水中的氟化物和SS。酸水处理利用工业废弃物,达到以废治废的目的。混合废水进入高效浅层气浮池,进一步去除SS和部分COD;之后进入水解酸化池,提高废水的可生化性;经过水解酸化后的水进入接触氧化池,利用好氧微生物去除大部分的有机物;最后经塔式生物滤池,提高出水水质。经过上述工艺处理,该厂的生产废水可达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)三级排放标准,且处理效果好、运行稳定、耐冲击负荷、经济效益高。     

煤化工废水近零排放分盐技术工业应用

废水近零排放分盐技术可产出硫酸钠、氯化钠进行资源化利用,减少外排固废量,创造环境友好煤化工项目。结合中安煤化污水场项目从废水水质特征、分盐工艺选择、污染因子、结垢因子、特征因子的控制、长周期稳定运行等方面探讨了废水近零排放分质结晶技术的工业化应用。     

组合膜分离技术资源化处理印染废水工艺的研究

为解决印染废水的资源化处理问题,针对实际印染废水研究了以超滤和纳滤膜分离技术为核心的印染废水处理及回用工艺在工程上的可行性。实验结果表明:还原染料废水采用超滤系统处理,膜出水水质即能够满足印染厂内回用水质要求;活性染料废水通过纳滤浓缩能够获得较好的染料回收效果。采用双膜膜分离系统(UF+NF)能够使两种染料废水的污染物均得到明显去除,还原性染料废水的总悬浮物、COD、浊度和色度的去除率达到了100%、95.21%、92.86%和100%;活性染料废水上述各项指标去除率达到100%、82.85%、98.46%和99.43%。双膜膜分离系统适用于工业印染废水处理及染料回收,是资源化处理印染废水的发展方向。     

水解酸化—多级接触氧化—过滤工艺处理高浓度餐饮废水工程

山东某餐饮有限公司废水处理站设计规模30m3/d,采用水解酸化—多级接触氧化—过滤工艺对高浓度餐饮废水进行处理且回用,出水水质可达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)标准,回用于道路清扫和绿化.分析了工艺运行中出现的问题并提出了优化方案,以期对同类废水的处理提供技术参考.     

泡菜废水零排放处理技术中试研究

针对某泡菜废水盐渍水(10m~3/d)和清洗废水(100m~3/d),采用分质预处理-综合生化处理-膜浓缩-MVR工艺进行了处理。结果显示,出水水质含盐量240mg/L、COD 6mg/L、氨氮3mg/L、总磷0.5mg/L,达到《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T 19923-2005)水质标准,可以回用作为冷却水、锅炉补给水、清洗水等,实现废水零排放和资源回收利用,直接运行费用约33元/m~3。     

开发区工业废水处理厂提标改造工程设计

以武汉某开发区工业废水处理厂难降解废水为研究对象,基于该厂进水水质特性及现有工艺存在问题进行分析研究,对该废水处理厂提标改造工艺进行优选。确定以再生粉末活性炭浸没式膜分离器(PAC-UF)工艺作为深度处理主体工艺,同时强化废水生物处理、强化除磷,进行废水处理厂提标改造。最终使出水水质能够稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。     

以聚结技术为核心工艺处理油库含油废水的工程实践

对机场油库废水的水质进行了分析,针对其特点,以聚结技术为核心工艺,开发了一套油库含油废水集成处理装置.集成了不同的过滤分离技术,以纯物理的工艺对机场油库废水进行处理,取得了较好的效果,出水可满足<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)一级排放要求.     

CMF工艺处理再生水的工程实例及技术探讨

介绍了采用以 CMF 为主体工艺处理再生水的工程实例,包括 CMF 膜组件尺寸,设计参数及处理效果。工程实践表明,CMF 工艺能有效去除 SS、微生物等污染物质,且出水水质稳定,达到《城市污水再生利用 城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)标准。通过 CMF 进、出和反冲洗排水水质以及膜性能参数,分析了 CMF 工艺运行中的技术问题。     

面向染料清洁生产和染料废水处理的纳滤技术

综述了纳滤膜对含盐染料溶液的分离原理、纳滤膜的选择、纳滤脱盐浓缩工艺过程与应用研究、纳滤处理染料废水与资源化方面的应用研究、纳滤技术的经济性以及应用过程中膜污染的控制。指出利用纳滤技术改进染料生产工艺是可行的,能够实现染料清洁生产,具有明显的经济效益和环境效益;采用纳滤处理染料废水,浓缩液和透过液可以分开处理,易于资源化,并且有利于染料废水的后继处理,是高浓度高含盐染料废水的一种有效处理方法。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.