污水生物处理技术的进展

本文论述了固定化微生物、遗传工程等生物技术在污水处理中的应用、发展及需开发的课题。强化生物处理废水的关键在于使生物反应器内具有高效、高浓度的微生物。固定化技术为提高微生物浓度开辟了一个新途径;遗传工程为组建、筛选、培养高效的优势菌种提供了先进的科学手段;微生物的资源化,是“化废为宝”、综合利用、提高经济效益的有效措施;进一步完善组合现有生物处理法,可使之朝着高效、快速和多功能的方向发展。     

遗传工程生物农药—因杀得

据美国《化学工程新闻》报道,目前农作物病虫草害的防冶主要还是依靠化学药品,而新兴的微生物农药所占的比重还不太大。但是科学家们预言在今后几年内,随着遗传工程的飞速发展,微生物农药将会在农作物保护中发挥越来越大的作用。微生物农药分传统微生物农药和重组微生物农药两大类。前者包括直接用于植物保护的微生物,如苏云金杆菌杀虫剂,核多角体病毒杀虫剂,以及通过常规发酵方法制造的农用抗主素等;后者是通过遗传工程技术,     

农药与遗传工程

近年来,遗传工程领域的迅速发展,引起了人们广泛的兴趣。这里所谈的遗传工程是指用于改变生物染色体组或基因组的那些特定的分子技术和遗传技术。然而,生物技术的范畴则更为广泛,它不仅包括遗传工程,而且还包括相关的现代生物学研究,如发酵科学、免疫学、细胞生物学等等。农作物以及作物——-微生物相互关系的遗传工程的研究开发,目前正在世界各地的许多实验室中顺利进行。本文只谈谈现在和将来遗传工程对农药,特别是对     

微生物染色

正天然色素具有安全无毒性、无致癌性和可生物降解等特点,随着各国对绿色环保产品的追求,天然色素在市场上的需求逐年增加,单单依靠动植物中的提取已经不能满足人类的需求。而微生物的分布广,种类繁多,因此,微生物染色在纺织领域具有广阔的应用前景。1微生物色素微生物色素是微生物的一种次级代谢产物,色素颜色种类较多,有红、橙、黄、绿、青、紫、黑、棕等各种     

现代生物技术在难降解有机废水处理中的应用

主要介绍了微生物与难降解有机废水处理的最新研究情况,重点综述了高效菌种筛选技术、固定化微生物技术和遗传工程技术等现代生物技术在难降解有机废水中的应用,也简单介绍了聚合酶链式反应技术用于检测废水中的微生物种类．最后对难降解有机废水的现代生物技术处理的发展趋势进行了展望。     

微生物催化在靛蓝及靛蓝类色素生产中的应用

靛蓝及靛蓝类色素的微生物催化合成因其环境友好、安全稳定等优点成为当前的研究热点。本论文从基因工程、诱变育种、发酵工艺、辅酶再生及双液相催化的应用方面,对微生物法合成靛蓝及靛蓝类色素的技术应用进行阐述,并结合微生物合成靛蓝方面的实际应用,为靛蓝及靛蓝类色素的微生物合成的产业化应用提供指引。     

将乙酰辅酶A转化为丁醇的微生物和生产丁醇的方法

正本发明提供了能够将乙酰辅酶A转化为克罗伊醇的微生物,以及单独或与丙酮和/或异丙醇组WO/2018/102125生产克罗伊醇的发酵方法。微生物可以被遗传工程来表达和/或破坏下列酶中的一种或多种:乙醛脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶、双官能乙醛/醇脱氢酶、醛氧化还原酶、磷酸转乙酰酶、乙酸激酶、CoA     

细菌性杀虫剂的最新进展

总的说来,现在生物杀虫剂有很大的潜力,特别是细菌性杀虫剂在逐渐取代目前所使用的一些污染环境的、广谱的、成本高的化学杀虫剂。许多化学杀虫剂能长期存留在环境中,杀死多种生物。而且,据说靶标生物对化学合成的杀虫剂比那些微生物来源的杀虫剂可能更易产生抗药性。已经了解自然界中有1,500种微生物或微生物的代谢物具有杀虫特性。并且,这些微生物正在增加新型的产毒菌株——遗传工程的产品。在虫体寄生菌中,形成孢子的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)已成为大多数杀虫剂研究者的课题。值得注意的有苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis)、日本甲虫芽孢杆菌(B.popilliae)、球形芽孢杆菌(B.sphaericus)和缓病芽孢杆菌(B.lentimorbus)。商品化发展集中于苏云金芽孢杆菌的毒素,全世界将它施     

将乙酰辅酶A转化为丁醇的微生物和生产丁醇的方法

正本发明提供了能够将乙酰辅酶A转化为克罗伊醇的微生物,以及单独或与丙酮和/或异丙醇组合生产克罗伊醇的发酵方法。微生物可以被遗传工程来表达和/或破坏下列酶中的一种或多种:乙醛脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶、双官能乙醛/醇脱氢酶、醛氧化还原酶、磷酸转乙酰酶、乙酸激酶、Co A转移酶A、Co A转移酶B、乙酰乙酸脱羧酶;仲醇脱氢酶、丁酰辅酶     

遗传工程农药的现状和前景

遗传工程农药包括遗传工程生物农药和遗传工程作物2个方面。美刊《化工市场报道》的专题报告指出,遗传工程生物农药已经进入商品化,而遗传工程作物仍处在摇篮时代。目前,农业生物技术在全世界220亿美元     

二氧化碳和氢气转化为液体燃料的研究进展

非光合作用法固定CO2可使其转化为有用的工业化学前驱体和燃料。开发电燃料生产微生物需要用到合成生物学、遗传代谢工程和计算机模拟。利用大量微生物和能源可生产多种目标分子。对当前电燃料工程进行考察主要是集中研究氢气利用有机体中氢化酶和碳酸酐酶的生物化学特性,并对已知碳固定途径进行动力学和能量学分析,研究当前和可能成为电燃料生产微生物的遗传系统状态。     

高工程化颜料的基本概念与工程化问题

传统的颜料颗粒粒径分布较宽,大多数颗粒的尺度一般在5～50μm之间。经过研磨加工的颜料制备物（俗称颜料色浆）其粒径分布要窄得多,大多数颗粒的尺度一般在0．5～5μm之间,高工程化颜料的颗粒粒径分布更窄,在0．1～0．15μm之间。高工程化颜料的饱和值和透明性都接近它的最佳状态,因此可以用于液晶显示屏等高技术领域,但加工到这么小的尺度是有困难的。该文从粒径分布和加工方式以及应用领域诸方面讨论了高工程化颜料与颜料色浆的区别。同时结合理论分析,指出了制造高工程化颜料的技术瓶颈。     

A Review of Pigments Derived from Marine Natural Products

Since the early 20th century, a number of active natural pigments have been identified from marine sources, especially algae and marine microorganisms. This review presents 81 marine pigments, covering over 90 % known natural marine pigments. The objective of this article is to provide an overview on the types of pigments, their structural characterization, origins and biological functions that make them unique. We divide the major categories of pigments by chemical structure, either as carotenoids, indole derivatives (quinones and violacein), alkaloids (prodiginines and tambjamines), polyenes, macrolides, peptides, or terpenoids. Many of these pigments have a variety of biological activities, including antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory. In addition, we discuss the development of biotechnology, and the contribution and utilization of marine natural pigments and the potential applications in the field of pharmaceutical research.     

法夫酵母生物法生产虾青素的研究进展

介绍了虾青素在功能饲料、食品、化妆品和医药等方面的应用前景以及虾青素的合成方法。在微生物合成中,重点介绍了法夫酵母生产虾青素的方法,阐述了通过基因工程培养、诱变及发酵工艺优化等方法来提高法夫酵母生物合成虾青素的新进展。     

Understanding the influence of microbial contamination on colour alteration of pigments used in wall paintings—The case of red and yellow ochres and ultramarine blue

This article reports biocolonization assays carried out on yellow and red ochres and ultramarine blue pigments. These pigments have been most commonly used in traditional limewash of heritage buildings from southern Portugal (Alentejo) and, in the case of the yellow and red ochres, also in historical decorative wall paintings since Roman times. The research aim was to assess the potential role played by microorganisms in colour alterations observed in indoor and outdoor paint layers for conservation purposes.The assays accomplished several microorganisms previously isolated from degraded wall paintings with signs of biocontamination. The results show that apart from the clear physical stress induced in paint layers by the biometabolic activity, filamentous fungi, yeast, and bacteria are capable of inducing discoloration (in particular, the fungus Aspergillus niger). Raman analysis corroborates their active role in painting discolouration. This methodology, applied to bioprocesses, can be used as noninvasive methodology to signal microbial involvement.     

工程菌群在水处理中的研究和应用

对工程菌群技术的原理、特点及其在难降解有机废水和垃圾堆肥过程中的作用机理做以阐述,并对传统生物法和工程菌群法的处理效果加以对比,对此技术的现存问题和发展趋势进行了探讨和展望。     

Biosynthesis and synthesis of natural colours

In nature, the detection of colours requires an organism having some type of eye with a retina and two or three types of photoreceptor connected to a nervous system, which can interpret the signals received. Evidence that certain simple organisms were coloured 1 billion years ago, and some more advanced creatures, which could have possessed eyes a few hundreds of million years ago, is exemplified. A vast array of chemicals essential to life are produced by living organisms and their biosynthesis depends upon individual genetic patterns, which determine the enzyme catalysts involved. Plants photosynthesise many pigments, which are essential for them to maximise the absorption of energy from the sun, while others offer protection from any harmful radiation. Such pigments, for example chlorophylls and the carotenoids, flavonoids and betalains, have traditionally been used as natural dyes, food colorants and medicines. This review compares the chemical processes involved in their biosynthesis and the laboratory methods adopted to confirm their chemical structure. Some engineered biosynthetic methods are now used for commercial production of natural colours and these methods may involve the controversial use of genetic engineering.     

Gezielte Nutzung biologischer Systeme

Directed exploitation of biological systems . During the past few decades, our knowledge of molecular process responsible for genetics has increased dramatically. Discovery of the giant molecule deoxyribonucleic acid – abbreviated as DNA – as the carrier of genetic information heralded in a development which nowadays permits us to effect directed changes in the genetic material of an organism. Thus we can provide easily cultured microorganisms with genes which were previously located in a completely different genetic environment. This helps us to obtain high yields of proteins or other substances which were formerly very difficult to obtain. Higher organisms such as animals and plants can also undergo modification of their genetic equipment. This adds a new dimension to the breeding of such species. Above all, genetic engineering provides new insights into the enormously complex interplay of molecules which go to make up a living cell. The resulting understanding of life processes on a molecular level permits recognition of malfunction and therapy of the ensuring disease by new drugs. In addition to these positive aspects, genetic engineering provides scope for conducting experiments whose ethical implications demand very earnest consideration.     

Die nutzung gentechnischer methoden zur produktion wertvoller proteine in mikroorganismen

The genetic make-up of living systems especially of isolated cells can be altered by a variety of methods including chemical or light-induced mutation. More modern procedures are the in vitro recombination of nucleic acids and the cell-cell fusion. The new methods are especially useful to reprogram microorganisms to produce valuable proteins or other natural products in excess quantties. In the following we will elucidate the importance of the new techniques by describing the bacterial production of glucose dehydrogenase, of the proteinase inhibitor stefin A and by outlining the methods and promisses of substractive cloning. Although the economic value of genetic engineering techniques still awaits justification, the importance of the methodology for basic biological research is well documented.