Minimization of IC engine rubber mount displacement using genetic algorithm

Though many computationally expensive internal combustion engine vibration models are available, simple and computationally efficient tools are required for preliminary design work. The unbalanced forces of rotating and reciprocating parts are the primary sources for the engine vibrations which in turn reduce the durability and reliability of consumer and commercial automotives. So, a significant vibration isolation is needed for both engine and interface between the engine mounts, and it could be obtained with the help of rotating balancing disks attached at both ends of the crank shaft. The masses of the balancing disks and their lead angles influence the effectiveness of vibration isolation that can be measured by the engine mount displacement caused due to engine vibrations. The optimized masses of balancing disks and their lead angles minimize the engine mount displacements that ensure the effective vibration isolation. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the masses of the balancing disks and their lead angles with an objective of minimizing the engine mount displacements.     

双活塞液压自由活塞发动机原理样机的研制及其压缩比

液压自由活塞发动机是将内燃机和液压泵集成为一体,以液体为工作介质,利用油液的压力能实现动力非刚性传输的一种特种发动机。提出一种特殊结构的液压自由活塞发动机设计方案,并据此研制了双活塞液压自由活塞发动机原理样机。由于压缩比对自由活塞发动机的性能具有重要影响,所以从结构设计、安装方式与行程控制等不同层面,对双活塞液压自由活塞发动机原理样机压缩比进行了详细而系统的研究。研究结果为液压自由活塞发动机的结构设计、控制及安装方式的选择皆有指导意义。     

Vibration and noise control of structural systems using squeeze mode ER mounts

This paper presents vibration and noise control of flexible structures using squeeze mode electro-rheological mounts. After verifying that the damping force of the ER mount can be controlled by the intensity of the electric fild, two different types of ER squeeze mounts have been devised. Firstly, a small size ER mount to support 3 kg is manufactured and applied to the frame structure to control the vibration. An optimal controller which consists of the velocity and the transmitted force feedback signals is designed and implemented to attenuate both the vibration and the transmitted forces. Secondly, a large size of ER mount to support 200 kg is devised and applied to the shell structure to reduce the radiated noise. Dynamic modeling and controller design are undertaken in order to evaluate noise control performance as well as isolation performance of the transmitted force. The radiated noise from the cylindrical shell is calculated by SYSNOISE using forces which are transmitted to the cylindrical shell through two-stage mounting system.     

柴油机动平衡问题的多体系统动力学仿真

如何确定曲柄连杆机构中平衡块的几何形状、质量特性参数以及辅助平衡装置的方案和参数，是柴油机设计人员需要考虑的主要问题之一。将三维CAD软件Pro-E和多体系统（MBS）动力学仿真软件Workingmodel 3D结合起来，建立了单缸柴油机曲柄连杆机构的多体系统动力学分析模型，并用该模型仿真研究了S195柴油机曲柄连杆机构在额定转速下的动平衡问题，为柴油机动平衡问题的分析计算及平衡装置的设计提供了一种新的方法。     

Numerical analysis of the piston secondary dynamics in reciprocating compressors

In this study, a numerical analysis for the piston secondary dynamics of small refrigeration reciprocating compressors is performed. In general, the length of cylinder in this class of compressors is shortened to diminish the frictional losses of the piston-cylinder system. So, the contacting length between piston and cylinder wall is in variable with the rotating crank angle around the BDC of the reciprocating piston. In the problem formulation of the piston dynamics, the variation in bearing length of the piston and all corresponding forces and moments are considered in order to determine the piston trajectory, velocity and acceleration at each step. A Newton-Raphson procedure was employed in solving the secondary dynamic equations of the piston. The developed computer program can be used to calculate the entire piston trajectory and the lubrication characteristics as functions of crank angle under compressor running conditions. The results explored the effects of some design parameters and operating conditions on the stability of the piston, the oil leakage, and friction losses.     

直接起动阶段直喷汽油机运动特性的模拟

建立了直喷汽油机的三维数值模型和运动学模型,并进行了试验验证。模拟了直喷汽油机在直接起动过程中不同喷油策略和点火时刻下的燃烧特性、反转和正转过程的运动特性。结果表明：与单次喷油相比,采用两次喷油策略时,首个着火气缸内混合气燃烧后的最大气缸压力较大,而且其大小受到点火时刻的影响;首个着火气缸内混合气燃烧后的最大气缸压力较大,则直喷汽油机反转过程中转过的最大角度较大;在各种喷油条件下,第2个着火气缸在反转到其最大转角前2°左右点火,正转过程转速较高,有利于直喷汽油机的直接起动。     

Multiobjective optimization for force and moment balance of a four-bar linkage using evolutionary algorithms

In this study, force and moment balance of a planar four-bar linkage is implemented using evolutionary algorithms. In the current problem, the concepts of inertia counterweights and physical pendulum are utilized to complete balance of all mass effects, independent of input angular velocity. A proposed multiobjective particle swarm optimization, and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II are applied to minimize two objective functions subject to some design constraints. The applied algorithms produced a set of feasible solutions called pareto optimal solutions for the design problem. Finally, a fuzzy decision maker is utilized to select the best solution among the obtained pareto solutions. The results show that optimal solutions minimize the weights of applied counterweights and eliminate both shaking forces and moments transmitted to the ground, simultaneously.     

Engine wear and used oil analysis—A comparative study in high speed diesel engines

The operational life and reliability of I.C. engines are limited to a certain extent by the break down of the engine components due to wear. It is advantageous to know the condition of an engine and its components without disassembling for detailed measurements. This paper describes the possibility of employing chemical analysis of the used crank case oil to predict the wear of engine components. It is concluded that the acidity and carbon contents of the crank case oil play a significant role in assessing the wear of copper-lead bearings used for the big end of the connecting rod.     

An Approach to Evaluate the Abrasive Land Wear of High-Speed Bearings

State-of-the-art bearing materials, such as Pyrowear 675(P675) have been developed to meet the requirements of the next generation of gas turbine engines. P675 bearings have exhibited higher land wear compared to conventional M50 bearings under contaminated test conditions. Surface modification techniques can be applied to enhance the wear resistance of bearing land surfaces. A coating has been developed to minimize abrasive wear of land surfaces. A new procedure using a 40 mm bearing test rig has been developed to effectively evaluate land wear under simulated contaminated condition. Test conditions including contamination concentration, test duration, test temperature and lubricant flow rate were optimized to obtain measureable wear on the land surfaces in a reasonable test time. Results obtained using M50 Nil, P675 and M50 bearings are presented to illustrate the viability of the test procedure.     

Dynamic investigation of the main journals of two-cylinder engine crankshaft with damping

The paper considers a model of a crankshaft of a two-cylinder four-stroke engine with using torsional waves and taking into account their reflections. The considered model of the crankshaft consists of elastically deformable main journals and of rigid bodies. The moments of external forces and mass moments are approximated by piece-wisely constant functions. Damping of the considered system is described by an equivalent damping. The analytical solutions for the functions utilized for determining displacements at an arbitrary time instant, have been obtained in the form of recurrence formulae. The stability condition of the solutions is given, under which the displacements of the main journals are relatively small. The plots of displacements have been drawn for selected parameters of the crankshaft for the centrelines of crank pins which can be either coincident or shifted.     

摆盘发动机动力平衡的优化设计

在对摆盘发动机进行动力学分析的基础上,通过确定设计变量、选择目标函数,给出约束条件,建立动力优化的数学模型.并以某一型号摆盘发动机为例,分别给出限定振动力和限定振动力矩两种约束条件下不同的目标函数,并用二次规划法对摆盘发动机动平衡进行优化,最后比较两种目标函数下的优化结果.结果表明,在保证下降百分比一定的情况下,利用限定振动力矩这一约束条件所得到的优化结果要好于限定振动力所得到的结果,从而更有利于控制发动机机架的振动和降低噪声.     

车辆发动机悬架系统现状与进展

理想的发动机悬架系统应隔离发动机工作转速范围内由发动机干扰力所引起的发动机振动，并阻止由冲击而激起的发动机弹跳，这意味着发动机悬架的动态刚度和阻尼是与频率和振幅有关的，改善依赖于频率和振幅特性的动态刚度与阻尼是发动机悬架系统发展的关键所在。传统的弹性悬架不能满足所有的要求，它仅能在静偏转和隔振之间进行折衷，特别在低频域，被动的液压悬架能比弹性悬架提供更好的特性，通常半主动技术，由于其可调性而被用来进一步改善液压悬架的特性，为了隔振、低频时主动发动机悬架系统非常硬，而在高频域内被调整的非常软，主动的发动机悬架已被认为是发动机悬架的新一代，发动机悬架系统的优化是相当可取的，但发动机悬架的优化工作出现一些局限性，文中综述国内，外发动机悬架技术的现状与进展。     

基于最大驱动力矩的曲柄摇块机构解析综合

以获得最大驱动力矩为准则,使用解析方法对曲柄摇块机构进行优化设计。机构中连杆使用移动副驱动,曲柄在给定角度范围内摆动。当曲柄处于摆角中间位置时,曲柄具有最大输出力矩;曲柄在摆动范围内具有最大平均输出力矩。基于上述准则进行机构优化设计,能获得较好的力传输比。     

Vibration control of a frame structure using electro-rheological fluid mounts

A squeeze-mode electro-rheological (ER) mount has been designed, manufactured, and applied to the vibration control of a frame structure subjected to external excitations. After verifying that the damping force of the ER mount can be controlled by controlling the applied voltage, a frame structure system supported by spring mounts and the proposed ER mounts has been assembled. The governing equation of the structural system is derived in the modal coordinate and is rewritten as a state-space control model. An optimal controller, which consists of the velocity feedback signal of the frame structure and the force feedback signal transmitted from the exciting point to the mount position, is formulated in order to attenuate the imposed excitations. The controller has been optimized experimentally and control responses such as the acceleration of the frame structure and the transmitted force at each mount position are presented in both time and frequency domains.     

Reduction of wear of crankshaft bearings of V-8 engines by compensating the total unbalanced mass of the crank gear mechanism parts

The work presents the theoretical principles of how to compensate the total mass of crank gear parts and to eliminate the auxiliary free total unbalanced moment emerging when reconditioned or improved pistons, connecting rods, piston rings, and conrod liners are installed in V-8 engines. It is achieved by increasing the mass of the counterweights and the distance between the center of gravity and the axis of rotation, by altering the angles of their arrangement, the mass-geometrical parameters, and the design of the sump plugs in the conrod necks, and by creating an engine-plane-directed imbalance correction. These methods enable compensation of the total unbalanced mass in order to eliminate the above-mentioned moment; they make it possible to balance the crankshaft, improve durability, and reduce the vibration and noise of the V-8 engine.     

混凝土泵车发动机万有特性模型与工况优化研究

将底盘传动系纳入发动机动力系统,提出了混凝土泵车发动机万有特性模型的现场测试方法.该方法无须将发动机从底盘上拆除进行台架测试试验,利用混凝土泵车液压系统对发动机进行现场加载,通过对液压参数的测试获得发动机输出扭矩,避免了对发动机转矩的直接测试.运用曲面插值法实现了发动机万有特性曲线的绘制,并以此为依据对该型号混凝土泵车工况进行优化,获得4种工况下与液压系统最佳匹配的发动机转速.试验验证：利用曲面插值法建立的某型号混凝土泵车发动机万有特性模型最大相对误差不超过5%,建模方法简单、精度高,以该模型为依据优化后的发动机工况节油效果明显,最大节油率为16.67%.     

全喂入水稻联合收割机切割机构的动力学分析与惯性力平衡

对全喂入水稻联合收割机切割机构进行了运动学和动力学分析,建立计算模型。应用动力学方程序列求解法对该机构动力学模型进行了求解,并对曲柄转动轴的作用力进行了详细分析,对曲柄的配重半径进行了优化分析,为机器减少振动奠定理论基础。     

发动机液压悬置动态特性研究分析

分析了发动机液压悬置的基本结构和特性。通过实验测试了某车动力总成液压悬置的动刚度和阻尼特性。建立了液压悬置的集总参数的力学和数学模型,并利用ADAMS软件建立了液-固耦合的分析模型。对液压悬置的动态特性进行了仿真分析,并将仿真结果与实测结果进行对比分析。对比分析结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果比较吻合,验证了模型的实用性和可信性。     

横置动力总成悬置系统的布置设计分析

以横置的动力总成悬置系统为研究对象,系统地阐述了悬置系统的布置设计思想,解释了悬置系统中主惯性轴、扭矩轴以及弹性轴的定义,并对目前横置动力总成悬置系统的主要布置形式进行了研究与分析。在怠速扭矩激励下,悬置的安装位置应满足系统的扭矩轴和弹性轴重合,从而获得良好的隔振性能。同时对悬置系统的解耦作了相关的说明。横置动力总成悬置系统的布置设计分析,为悬置系统前期开发中悬置的安装位置和刚度的选择提供了参考价值。     

Friction model of a marine diesel engine piston assembly

In modern marine diesel engines, power output and in-cylinder firing pressures are constantly increasing, leading to higher friction in engine components and especially in the piston assembly. A good understanding of the friction contributions of the various engine components is needed, if mechanical efficiency is to be improved. A friction model for the engine piston assembly has been developed and is presented in this paper. The model, based on lubrication theory, considers the detailed engine geometry and the complete lubricant action, and thus can be applied to a wide range of engines. In detail, the analysis takes into account the friction components of compression rings, oil control rings, piston skirt and gudgeon pin of the engine piston assembly. The model was applied to a four-stroke (medium speed) marine diesel engine and the effect of engine speed and load on friction was examined and compared with results from other semi-empirical models. The engine friction was predicted at constant rotational speed (generator operation) and variable rotational speed (propulsion operation).